Scott Commins - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Scott Commins
J Allerg Clin Immunol, 2008
J Allerg Clin Immunol, 2008
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 121, Issue 2, Pages S25, February 2008, Au... more The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 121, Issue 2, Pages S25, February 2008, Authors:S. Commins; S. Lucas; J. Hosen; SM Satinover; L. Borish; TAE Platts-Mills. ...
Allergology International, 2015
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity refers to immune reactions that can be rapidly progressing and, in ... more IgE-mediated hypersensitivity refers to immune reactions that can be rapidly progressing and, in the case of anaphylaxis, are occasionally fatal. To that end, identification of the associated allergen is important for facilitating both education and allergen avoidance that are essential to long-term risk reduction. As the number of known exposures associated with anaphylaxis is limited, discovery of novel causative agents is crucial to evaluation and management of patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis. Within the last 10 years several apparently separate observations were recognized to be related, all of which resulted from the development of antibodies to a carbohydrate moiety on proteins. Interestingly, the exposure differed from airborne allergens but was nevertheless capable of producing anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions. Our recent work has identified these responses as being due to a novel IgE antibody directed against a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose ("alpha-gal"). This review will present the historical summary of the identification of cetuximab hypersensitivity due to alpha-gal IgE and discuss the non-primate mammalian meat food allergy as well as current goals and directions of our research programs.
AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism
Leptin selectively reduces white adipose tissue in mice via a UCP1-dependent mechanism in brown a... more Leptin selectively reduces white adipose tissue in mice via a UCP1-dependent mechanism in brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280: E372-E377, 2001.-We tested the hypothesis that leptin, in addition to reducing body fat by restraining food intake, reduces body fat through a peripheral mechanism requiring uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Leptin was administered to wild-type (WT) mice and mice with a targeted disruption of the UCP1 gene (UCP1 deficient), while vehicle-injected control animals of each genotype were pairfed to each leptin-treated group. Leptin reduced the size of white adipose tissue (WAT) depots in WT mice but not in UCP1-deficient animals. This was accompanied by a threefold increase in the amount of UCP1 protein and mRNA in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of WT mice. Leptin also increased UCP2 mRNA in WAT of both WT and UCP1deficient mice but increased UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA only in BAT from UCP1-deficient mice. These results indicate that leptin reduces WAT through a peripheral mechanism requiring the presence of UCP1, with little or no involvement of UCP2 or UCP3.
New England Journal of Medicine
To the Editor: For their study of asthma and neonatal airway colonization, Bisgaard et al. (Oct. ... more To the Editor: For their study of asthma and neonatal airway colonization, Bisgaard et al. (Oct. 11 issue) 1 selected a birth cohort of asymptomatic infants at high risk for the development of asthma by virtue of their mothers' history of asthma. In the accompanying editorial, von ...
Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2015
Breast milk, a living source of nutrition for babies, complements a baby's immune system,... more Breast milk, a living source of nutrition for babies, complements a baby's immune system, supplementing undeveloped defenses with immune factors while creating the foundation for the innate and adaptive immune systems. Such immune development includes tolerance of the environment and, in the case of food allergy, a lack of tolerance. Recent research questions the previous opinion that breast milk is protective against food allergy. This article reviews the immature immune system, the immunology and nutrition of breast milk, the literature exploring breast milk and food allergy, and the current recommendations regarding breast milk and the prevention of food allergy.
Allergology International, 2015
Allergens are foreign proteins or glycoproteins that are the target of IgE antibody responses in ... more Allergens are foreign proteins or glycoproteins that are the target of IgE antibody responses in humans. The relationship between subsequent exposure and the allergic symptoms is often or usually obvious; however, there is increasing evidence that in asthma, atopic dermatitis and some forms of food allergy the induction of symptoms is delayed or chronic. The primary exposure to inhaled allergens is to the particles, which are capable of carrying allergens in the air. Thus, the response reflects not only the properties of the proteins, but also the biological properties of the other constituents of the particle. This is best understood in relation to the mite fecal particles in which the contents include many different immunologically active substances. Allergic disease first became a major problem over 100 years ago, and for many years sensitization to pollens was the dominant form of these diseases. The rise in pediatric asthma correlates best with the move of children indoors, which started in 1960 and was primarily driven by indoor entertainment for children. While the causes of the increase are not simple they include both a major increase in sensitization to indoor allergens and the complex consequences of inactivity. Most recently, there has also been an increase in food allergy. Understanding this has required a reappraisal of the importance of the skin as a route for sensitization. Overall, understanding allergic diseases requires knowing about the sources, the particles and the routes of exposure as well as the properties of the individual allergens.
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 2015
Hypersensitivity in the allergic setting refers to immune reactions, stimulated by soluble antige... more Hypersensitivity in the allergic setting refers to immune reactions, stimulated by soluble antigens that can be rapidly progressing and, in the case of anaphylaxis, are occasionally fatal. As the number of known exposures associated with anaphylaxis is limited, identification of novel causative agents is important in facilitating both education and other allergen-specific approaches that are crucial to long-term risk management. Within the last 10 years, several seemingly separate observations were recognized to be related, all of which resulted from the development of antibodies to a carbohydrate moiety on proteins where exposure differed from airborne allergens but which were nevertheless capable of producing anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions. Our recent work has identified these responses as being due to a novel IgE antibody directed against a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). This review will present the history and biology of alpha-gal and discuss our current approach to management of the mammalian meat allergy and delayed anaphylaxis.
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 2015
Although IgE antibodies to cow&am... more Although IgE antibodies to cow's milk and wheat are common in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), titers are low and responses to diet are not dependent on having IgE antibodies. To better define specific IgE antibody responses to foods, focusing on those foods that appear to play a role in EoE. Adult (n = 46) and pediatric (n = 51) patients with EoE were recruited for skin prick testing and serum measurement (whole and diluted) of IgE antibodies specific for aeroallergens, food extracts, and component allergens by ImmunoCAP. Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip analysis was also used to measure the specificity of IgE antibodies to 112 allergen molecules. In adults and children, there was a higher prevalence of sensitization to food extracts by ImmunoCAP than by skin prick testing. Using Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip to assess the specificity of IgE antibodies to 112 allergen molecules, we found that results for food allergens were mostly negative. In contrast, ImmunoCAP assays for specific milk allergens gave positive IgE antibody results in 31 of 34 sera. The correlations between specific IgE antibody to Bos d 4 or Bos d 5 and milk extract were strong (R = 0.89 and 0.76, respectively; P < .001). The evidence that IgE antibodies to foods were directed at minor components of the extracts was further supported by measurements on diluted sera. The IgE responses in cow's milk-sensitized patients with EoE are frequently to whey proteins Bos d 4 and Bos d 5, minor components of the extract. These IgE assays may be able to identify the proteins that are relevant to EoE even though IgE is not the primary mechanism.
Immunology and allergy clinics of North America, 2015
In 2007, the monoclonal antibody cetuximab caused severe hypersensitivity reactions during the fi... more In 2007, the monoclonal antibody cetuximab caused severe hypersensitivity reactions during the first infusion in a region of the southeastern United States. Investigation of pretreatment sera established that they contained immunoglobulin (Ig) E against the oligosaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), which is present on the Fab of cetuximab. Alpha-gal is a blood group substance of nonprimate mammals. These IgE antibodies are also associated with delayed anaphylaxis to red meat (ie, to meat or organs of animals that carry this oligosaccharide). Evidence shows that the primary cause of these IgE antibodies is bites from the tick Amblyomma americanum or its larvae.
The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice
Anaphylaxis is traditionally recognized as a rapidly developing combination of symptoms that ofte... more Anaphylaxis is traditionally recognized as a rapidly developing combination of symptoms that often includes hives and hypotension or respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, when a specific cause is identified, exposure to this cause is usually noted to have occurred within minutes to 2 hours before the onset of symptoms. This case is of a 79-year-old woman who developed a severe episode of anaphylaxis 3 hours after eating pork. Before 2012, she had not experienced any symptoms after ingestion of meat products. Delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian meat has many contrasting features to immediate food-induced anaphylaxis. The relevant IgE antibody is specific for the oligosaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, a blood group substance of nonprimate mammals. There is evidence from Australia, Sweden, and the United States that the primary cause of this IgE antibody response is tick bites. These bites characteristically itch for 10 days or more. Diagnosis can be made by the presence of specific ...
Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jan 30, 2015
Only limited evidence is available regarding the cytokine repertoire of effector T cells associat... more Only limited evidence is available regarding the cytokine repertoire of effector T cells associated with peanut allergy, and how these responses relate to IgE antibodies to peanut components. To interrogate T-cell effector cytokine populations induced by Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 among peanut allergic (PA) children in the context of IgE, and to evaluate their modulation during oral immunotherapy (OIT). Peanut-reactive effector T cells were analyzed in conjunction with specific IgE profiles in PA children using intracellular staining and multiplex assay. Cytokine-expressing T cell subpopulations were visualized using SPICE. Ara h 2 dominated the antibody response to peanut as judged by prevalence and quantity among a cohort of children with IgE to peanut. High IgE (>15 kUA /L) was almost exclusively associated with dual sensitization to Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, and was age-independent. Among PA children, IL-4-biased responses to both major allergens were induced, regardless of whether IgE a...
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2015
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be rapidly progressing and fatal, and therefor... more Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be rapidly progressing and fatal, and therefore establishing its cause is pivotal to long-term risk management. Our recent work has identified a novel IgE antibody response to a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). IgE to alpha-gal has been associated with 2 distinct forms of anaphylaxis: (1) immediate-onset anaphylaxis during first exposure to intravenous cetuximab and (2) delayed-onset anaphylaxis 3 to 6 hours after ingestion of mammalian food products (eg, beef and pork). Results of our studies and those of others strongly suggest that tick bites are a cause, if not the only significant cause, of IgE antibody responses to alpha-gal in the southern, eastern, and central United States; Europe; Australia; and parts of Asia. Typical immune responses to carbohydrates are considered to be T-cell independent, whereas IgE antibody production is thought to involve sequential class-switching that re...
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, Jan 12, 2015
The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice
The Journal of biological chemistry, Jan 20, 2000
The three known subtypes of beta-adrenoreceptors (beta(1)-AR, beta(2)-AR, and beta(3)-AR) are dif... more The three known subtypes of beta-adrenoreceptors (beta(1)-AR, beta(2)-AR, and beta(3)-AR) are differentially expressed in brown and white adipose tissue and mediate peripheral responses to central modulation of sympathetic outflow by leptin. To assess the relative roles of the beta-AR subtypes in mediating leptin's effects on adipocyte gene expression, mice with a targeted disruption of the beta(3)-adrenoreceptor gene (beta(3)-AR KO) were treated with vehicle or the beta(1)/beta(2)-AR selective antagonist, propranolol (20 microgram/g body weight/day) prior to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of leptin (0.1 microgram/g body weight/day). Leptin produced a 3-fold increase in UCP1 mRNA in brown adipose tissue of wild type (FVB/NJ) and beta(3)-AR KO mice. The response was unaltered by propranolol in wild type mice, but was completely blocked by this antagonist in beta(3)-AR KO mice. In contrast, ICV leptin had no effect on leptin mRNA in either epididymal or retroperitoneal w...
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2000
Obesity-resistant (A/J) and obesity-prone (C57BL/6J) mice were weaned onto low-fat (LF) or high-f... more Obesity-resistant (A/J) and obesity-prone (C57BL/6J) mice were weaned onto low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets and studied after 2, 10, and 16 wk. Despite consuming the same amount of food, A/J mice on the HF diet deposited less carcass lipid and gained less weight than C57BL/6J mice over the course of the study. Leptin mRNA was increased in white adipose tissue (WAT) in both strains on the HF diet but to significantly higher levels in A/J compared with C57BL/6J mice. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and UCP2 mRNA were induced by the HF diet in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and WAT of A/J mice, respectively, but not in C57BL/6J mice. UCP1 mRNA was also significantly higher in retroperitoneal WAT of A/J compared with C57BL/6J mice. The ability of A/J mice to resist diet-induced obesity is associated with a strain-specific increase in leptin, UCP1, and UCP2 expression in adipose tissue. The findings indicate that the HF diet does not compromise leptin-dependent regulation of adipocyte gene ex...
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2015
Clinical and Translational Allergy, 2014
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2015
J Allerg Clin Immunol, 2008
J Allerg Clin Immunol, 2008
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 121, Issue 2, Pages S25, February 2008, Au... more The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Volume 121, Issue 2, Pages S25, February 2008, Authors:S. Commins; S. Lucas; J. Hosen; SM Satinover; L. Borish; TAE Platts-Mills. ...
Allergology International, 2015
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity refers to immune reactions that can be rapidly progressing and, in ... more IgE-mediated hypersensitivity refers to immune reactions that can be rapidly progressing and, in the case of anaphylaxis, are occasionally fatal. To that end, identification of the associated allergen is important for facilitating both education and allergen avoidance that are essential to long-term risk reduction. As the number of known exposures associated with anaphylaxis is limited, discovery of novel causative agents is crucial to evaluation and management of patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis. Within the last 10 years several apparently separate observations were recognized to be related, all of which resulted from the development of antibodies to a carbohydrate moiety on proteins. Interestingly, the exposure differed from airborne allergens but was nevertheless capable of producing anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions. Our recent work has identified these responses as being due to a novel IgE antibody directed against a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose ("alpha-gal"). This review will present the historical summary of the identification of cetuximab hypersensitivity due to alpha-gal IgE and discuss the non-primate mammalian meat food allergy as well as current goals and directions of our research programs.
AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism
Leptin selectively reduces white adipose tissue in mice via a UCP1-dependent mechanism in brown a... more Leptin selectively reduces white adipose tissue in mice via a UCP1-dependent mechanism in brown adipose tissue. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280: E372-E377, 2001.-We tested the hypothesis that leptin, in addition to reducing body fat by restraining food intake, reduces body fat through a peripheral mechanism requiring uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Leptin was administered to wild-type (WT) mice and mice with a targeted disruption of the UCP1 gene (UCP1 deficient), while vehicle-injected control animals of each genotype were pairfed to each leptin-treated group. Leptin reduced the size of white adipose tissue (WAT) depots in WT mice but not in UCP1-deficient animals. This was accompanied by a threefold increase in the amount of UCP1 protein and mRNA in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of WT mice. Leptin also increased UCP2 mRNA in WAT of both WT and UCP1deficient mice but increased UCP2 and UCP3 mRNA only in BAT from UCP1-deficient mice. These results indicate that leptin reduces WAT through a peripheral mechanism requiring the presence of UCP1, with little or no involvement of UCP2 or UCP3.
New England Journal of Medicine
To the Editor: For their study of asthma and neonatal airway colonization, Bisgaard et al. (Oct. ... more To the Editor: For their study of asthma and neonatal airway colonization, Bisgaard et al. (Oct. 11 issue) 1 selected a birth cohort of asymptomatic infants at high risk for the development of asthma by virtue of their mothers' history of asthma. In the accompanying editorial, von ...
Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2015
Breast milk, a living source of nutrition for babies, complements a baby's immune system,... more Breast milk, a living source of nutrition for babies, complements a baby's immune system, supplementing undeveloped defenses with immune factors while creating the foundation for the innate and adaptive immune systems. Such immune development includes tolerance of the environment and, in the case of food allergy, a lack of tolerance. Recent research questions the previous opinion that breast milk is protective against food allergy. This article reviews the immature immune system, the immunology and nutrition of breast milk, the literature exploring breast milk and food allergy, and the current recommendations regarding breast milk and the prevention of food allergy.
Allergology International, 2015
Allergens are foreign proteins or glycoproteins that are the target of IgE antibody responses in ... more Allergens are foreign proteins or glycoproteins that are the target of IgE antibody responses in humans. The relationship between subsequent exposure and the allergic symptoms is often or usually obvious; however, there is increasing evidence that in asthma, atopic dermatitis and some forms of food allergy the induction of symptoms is delayed or chronic. The primary exposure to inhaled allergens is to the particles, which are capable of carrying allergens in the air. Thus, the response reflects not only the properties of the proteins, but also the biological properties of the other constituents of the particle. This is best understood in relation to the mite fecal particles in which the contents include many different immunologically active substances. Allergic disease first became a major problem over 100 years ago, and for many years sensitization to pollens was the dominant form of these diseases. The rise in pediatric asthma correlates best with the move of children indoors, which started in 1960 and was primarily driven by indoor entertainment for children. While the causes of the increase are not simple they include both a major increase in sensitization to indoor allergens and the complex consequences of inactivity. Most recently, there has also been an increase in food allergy. Understanding this has required a reappraisal of the importance of the skin as a route for sensitization. Overall, understanding allergic diseases requires knowing about the sources, the particles and the routes of exposure as well as the properties of the individual allergens.
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 2015
Hypersensitivity in the allergic setting refers to immune reactions, stimulated by soluble antige... more Hypersensitivity in the allergic setting refers to immune reactions, stimulated by soluble antigens that can be rapidly progressing and, in the case of anaphylaxis, are occasionally fatal. As the number of known exposures associated with anaphylaxis is limited, identification of novel causative agents is important in facilitating both education and other allergen-specific approaches that are crucial to long-term risk management. Within the last 10 years, several seemingly separate observations were recognized to be related, all of which resulted from the development of antibodies to a carbohydrate moiety on proteins where exposure differed from airborne allergens but which were nevertheless capable of producing anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions. Our recent work has identified these responses as being due to a novel IgE antibody directed against a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). This review will present the history and biology of alpha-gal and discuss our current approach to management of the mammalian meat allergy and delayed anaphylaxis.
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 2015
Although IgE antibodies to cow&am... more Although IgE antibodies to cow's milk and wheat are common in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), titers are low and responses to diet are not dependent on having IgE antibodies. To better define specific IgE antibody responses to foods, focusing on those foods that appear to play a role in EoE. Adult (n = 46) and pediatric (n = 51) patients with EoE were recruited for skin prick testing and serum measurement (whole and diluted) of IgE antibodies specific for aeroallergens, food extracts, and component allergens by ImmunoCAP. Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip analysis was also used to measure the specificity of IgE antibodies to 112 allergen molecules. In adults and children, there was a higher prevalence of sensitization to food extracts by ImmunoCAP than by skin prick testing. Using Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip to assess the specificity of IgE antibodies to 112 allergen molecules, we found that results for food allergens were mostly negative. In contrast, ImmunoCAP assays for specific milk allergens gave positive IgE antibody results in 31 of 34 sera. The correlations between specific IgE antibody to Bos d 4 or Bos d 5 and milk extract were strong (R = 0.89 and 0.76, respectively; P < .001). The evidence that IgE antibodies to foods were directed at minor components of the extracts was further supported by measurements on diluted sera. The IgE responses in cow's milk-sensitized patients with EoE are frequently to whey proteins Bos d 4 and Bos d 5, minor components of the extract. These IgE assays may be able to identify the proteins that are relevant to EoE even though IgE is not the primary mechanism.
Immunology and allergy clinics of North America, 2015
In 2007, the monoclonal antibody cetuximab caused severe hypersensitivity reactions during the fi... more In 2007, the monoclonal antibody cetuximab caused severe hypersensitivity reactions during the first infusion in a region of the southeastern United States. Investigation of pretreatment sera established that they contained immunoglobulin (Ig) E against the oligosaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), which is present on the Fab of cetuximab. Alpha-gal is a blood group substance of nonprimate mammals. These IgE antibodies are also associated with delayed anaphylaxis to red meat (ie, to meat or organs of animals that carry this oligosaccharide). Evidence shows that the primary cause of these IgE antibodies is bites from the tick Amblyomma americanum or its larvae.
The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice
Anaphylaxis is traditionally recognized as a rapidly developing combination of symptoms that ofte... more Anaphylaxis is traditionally recognized as a rapidly developing combination of symptoms that often includes hives and hypotension or respiratory symptoms. Furthermore, when a specific cause is identified, exposure to this cause is usually noted to have occurred within minutes to 2 hours before the onset of symptoms. This case is of a 79-year-old woman who developed a severe episode of anaphylaxis 3 hours after eating pork. Before 2012, she had not experienced any symptoms after ingestion of meat products. Delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian meat has many contrasting features to immediate food-induced anaphylaxis. The relevant IgE antibody is specific for the oligosaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, a blood group substance of nonprimate mammals. There is evidence from Australia, Sweden, and the United States that the primary cause of this IgE antibody response is tick bites. These bites characteristically itch for 10 days or more. Diagnosis can be made by the presence of specific ...
Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Jan 30, 2015
Only limited evidence is available regarding the cytokine repertoire of effector T cells associat... more Only limited evidence is available regarding the cytokine repertoire of effector T cells associated with peanut allergy, and how these responses relate to IgE antibodies to peanut components. To interrogate T-cell effector cytokine populations induced by Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 among peanut allergic (PA) children in the context of IgE, and to evaluate their modulation during oral immunotherapy (OIT). Peanut-reactive effector T cells were analyzed in conjunction with specific IgE profiles in PA children using intracellular staining and multiplex assay. Cytokine-expressing T cell subpopulations were visualized using SPICE. Ara h 2 dominated the antibody response to peanut as judged by prevalence and quantity among a cohort of children with IgE to peanut. High IgE (>15 kUA /L) was almost exclusively associated with dual sensitization to Ara h 1 and Ara h 2, and was age-independent. Among PA children, IL-4-biased responses to both major allergens were induced, regardless of whether IgE a...
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 2015
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be rapidly progressing and fatal, and therefor... more Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be rapidly progressing and fatal, and therefore establishing its cause is pivotal to long-term risk management. Our recent work has identified a novel IgE antibody response to a mammalian oligosaccharide epitope, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). IgE to alpha-gal has been associated with 2 distinct forms of anaphylaxis: (1) immediate-onset anaphylaxis during first exposure to intravenous cetuximab and (2) delayed-onset anaphylaxis 3 to 6 hours after ingestion of mammalian food products (eg, beef and pork). Results of our studies and those of others strongly suggest that tick bites are a cause, if not the only significant cause, of IgE antibody responses to alpha-gal in the southern, eastern, and central United States; Europe; Australia; and parts of Asia. Typical immune responses to carbohydrates are considered to be T-cell independent, whereas IgE antibody production is thought to involve sequential class-switching that re...
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, Jan 12, 2015
The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice
The Journal of biological chemistry, Jan 20, 2000
The three known subtypes of beta-adrenoreceptors (beta(1)-AR, beta(2)-AR, and beta(3)-AR) are dif... more The three known subtypes of beta-adrenoreceptors (beta(1)-AR, beta(2)-AR, and beta(3)-AR) are differentially expressed in brown and white adipose tissue and mediate peripheral responses to central modulation of sympathetic outflow by leptin. To assess the relative roles of the beta-AR subtypes in mediating leptin's effects on adipocyte gene expression, mice with a targeted disruption of the beta(3)-adrenoreceptor gene (beta(3)-AR KO) were treated with vehicle or the beta(1)/beta(2)-AR selective antagonist, propranolol (20 microgram/g body weight/day) prior to intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of leptin (0.1 microgram/g body weight/day). Leptin produced a 3-fold increase in UCP1 mRNA in brown adipose tissue of wild type (FVB/NJ) and beta(3)-AR KO mice. The response was unaltered by propranolol in wild type mice, but was completely blocked by this antagonist in beta(3)-AR KO mice. In contrast, ICV leptin had no effect on leptin mRNA in either epididymal or retroperitoneal w...
American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2000
Obesity-resistant (A/J) and obesity-prone (C57BL/6J) mice were weaned onto low-fat (LF) or high-f... more Obesity-resistant (A/J) and obesity-prone (C57BL/6J) mice were weaned onto low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets and studied after 2, 10, and 16 wk. Despite consuming the same amount of food, A/J mice on the HF diet deposited less carcass lipid and gained less weight than C57BL/6J mice over the course of the study. Leptin mRNA was increased in white adipose tissue (WAT) in both strains on the HF diet but to significantly higher levels in A/J compared with C57BL/6J mice. Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and UCP2 mRNA were induced by the HF diet in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and WAT of A/J mice, respectively, but not in C57BL/6J mice. UCP1 mRNA was also significantly higher in retroperitoneal WAT of A/J compared with C57BL/6J mice. The ability of A/J mice to resist diet-induced obesity is associated with a strain-specific increase in leptin, UCP1, and UCP2 expression in adipose tissue. The findings indicate that the HF diet does not compromise leptin-dependent regulation of adipocyte gene ex...
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2015
Clinical and Translational Allergy, 2014
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2015