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Papers by Scott Graham
The American journal of sports medicine
The effects of functional load and muscle force application on isometry of the posterior cruciate... more The effects of functional load and muscle force application on isometry of the posterior cruciate ligament were determined. Eight fresh-frozen cadaver knees were mounted in a custom-designed rig. A full range of motion and muscle forces were applied through the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius tendons during a simulated static squat maneuver. The low-load isometric posterior cruciate ligament point was located 5.63 mm proximal and 0.18 mm anterior to the anatomic center of the posterior cruciate ligament origin on the femur. The high-load state, with no gastrocnemius and hamstring muscle forces applied, shifted the isometric point 6.32 mm proximal and 6.72 mm anterior (P < 0.05). Loading the hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles also shifted the isometric point (P < 0.05). This study indicated that the most isometric region of the posterior cruciate ligament femoral attachment changed significantly when functional loads and muscle forces were applied to the knee. This fi...
American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2005
The complex anatomy of the PCL has initially been described as consisting of 2 functional primary... more The complex anatomy of the PCL has initially been described as consisting of 2 functional primary bundles. The anterolateral bundle is the primary restraint at 90°of flexion, is approximately twice the width of the posteromedial bundle, is stiffer, and has a higher ultimate load to tensile testing. Because of these findings, reconstruction of the PCL has focused on the anterolateral bundle.
Bio-medical materials and engineering, 2002
The Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) consists of two primary bundles and is the primary restrain... more The Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) consists of two primary bundles and is the primary restraint to posterior tibial translation. The emergence of the Posterior Tibial Inlay Technique (PTIT) has demonstrated a mechanical advantage over the commonly used Tibial Tunnel Method (TTM). This study was designed to investigate the effects on knee mechanics from both a Single-bundle (SB) and Double-bundle (DB) Achilles tendon PCL reconstruction using a PTIT. The investigators hypothesized that a DB graft demonstrates a mechanical advantage compared to the SB graft. A materials testing machine provided six sequential loading cycles of 100 N while total translation was measured. The testing was conducted at 90 degrees, 60 degrees, 30 degrees and 10 degrees of flexion in neutral tibial rotation. While the mechanical advantages of the DB graft were detected, specifically at small laxity values and in the physiological range of normal gait, the additional complexity of the technique may clinica...
The American journal of sports medicine
The effects of functional load and muscle force application on isometry of the posterior cruciate... more The effects of functional load and muscle force application on isometry of the posterior cruciate ligament were determined. Eight fresh-frozen cadaver knees were mounted in a custom-designed rig. A full range of motion and muscle forces were applied through the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius tendons during a simulated static squat maneuver. The low-load isometric posterior cruciate ligament point was located 5.63 mm proximal and 0.18 mm anterior to the anatomic center of the posterior cruciate ligament origin on the femur. The high-load state, with no gastrocnemius and hamstring muscle forces applied, shifted the isometric point 6.32 mm proximal and 6.72 mm anterior (P < 0.05). Loading the hamstring and gastrocnemius muscles also shifted the isometric point (P < 0.05). This study indicated that the most isometric region of the posterior cruciate ligament femoral attachment changed significantly when functional loads and muscle forces were applied to the knee. This fi...
American Journal of Sports Medicine, 2005
The complex anatomy of the PCL has initially been described as consisting of 2 functional primary... more The complex anatomy of the PCL has initially been described as consisting of 2 functional primary bundles. The anterolateral bundle is the primary restraint at 90°of flexion, is approximately twice the width of the posteromedial bundle, is stiffer, and has a higher ultimate load to tensile testing. Because of these findings, reconstruction of the PCL has focused on the anterolateral bundle.
Bio-medical materials and engineering, 2002
The Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) consists of two primary bundles and is the primary restrain... more The Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) consists of two primary bundles and is the primary restraint to posterior tibial translation. The emergence of the Posterior Tibial Inlay Technique (PTIT) has demonstrated a mechanical advantage over the commonly used Tibial Tunnel Method (TTM). This study was designed to investigate the effects on knee mechanics from both a Single-bundle (SB) and Double-bundle (DB) Achilles tendon PCL reconstruction using a PTIT. The investigators hypothesized that a DB graft demonstrates a mechanical advantage compared to the SB graft. A materials testing machine provided six sequential loading cycles of 100 N while total translation was measured. The testing was conducted at 90 degrees, 60 degrees, 30 degrees and 10 degrees of flexion in neutral tibial rotation. While the mechanical advantages of the DB graft were detected, specifically at small laxity values and in the physiological range of normal gait, the additional complexity of the technique may clinica...