Segun Adelana - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Segun Adelana

Water resources management is crucial to the development of the economy of any nation. The steadi... more Water resources management is crucial to the development of the economy of any nation. The steadily growing population in the last four decades has put tremendous pressure on the available water resources globally; subsequently pushing hydrogeologists and water practitioners to a greater task. In semi-arid regions especially, the water resources are being mined from recharge from former humid episodes. Such over-exploitation must be avoided through better management and use of water resources. In an overview of the groundwater sustainability problems worldwide the application of isotope techniques for water resources development and management have been discussed with reference to Nigeria. Studies in the quite unique Nigerian environments has proved isotope techniques are becoming an integral part of many hydrogeological investigations and sometimes a complementary tool to hydrochemical controlling processes in groundwater system for hydrological investigations. In the formulation of sustainable resource development and management without adverse effects on the environment, a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeological system is necessary. Isotope techniques are effective tools for fulfilling this critical hydrogeologic need, and in addition provide information that sometimes could not be obtained by other methods.

Water resource management in the arid to semi-arid areas requires not only exploration and assess... more Water resource management in the arid to semi-arid areas requires not only exploration and assessment of the available reserves, but also accurate determination of groundwater recharge in order to evaluate the sustainable yield of the resource. This report reviews and highlights some key groundwater recharge studies across Northern Victoria. Diverse methodologies have been used including: water balance, water table fluctuation method, environmental isotopic measurements and chloride mass balance techniques. The review provides information on recharge rates and the degree of understanding of recharge processes, and controls, which are critical for sustainable water development and management in any region. Recharge zones are located in topographically higher areas and where there is exposed weathered or fractured bedrock. The sources of recharge in the Campaspe and Loddon catchments and NW Victoria in general, are essentially rainfall and irrigation. Indirect recharge is episodically significant and occurs by seepage through the beds and floodplains of main rivers and streams in the area. This review forms the first phase in the proposed study on spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in northern Victoria, relating to the DPI Investment priority: Water use efficiency and whole farm impacts/responses of natural resources in the future.

This paper gives the hydrogeologic characterisation of the semi-arid Sokoto Basin in Northern Nig... more This paper gives the hydrogeologic characterisation of the semi-arid Sokoto Basin in Northern Nigeria, and is mainly concerned with the shallow geologic structure of the region and its implications for groundwater flow. Three major fault trends are prominent in the basin and are responsible for the existence of horst and graben structures, especially in the northern portion of the basin where the graben is filled by a sequence of about 1,120 m Recent alluvium and Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments. The geologic pattern and the hydraulic gradient indicate that the study area is part of a regional aquifer system with groundwater flowing from east to west. Generally, drawdown in the region is below 4 m except in the vicinity of Sokoto municipality where values are up to 8 m. Simulation of groundwater with a 3-dimensional flow-model predicts the effects on groundwater level if abstraction rate increases for the next 20 years.

.................................................................................................... more ................................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ V CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 1 1.1 Inventory of the water resources in the Western Cape ......................................................................................1 1.1.2 Water demand and supply quality situation.....................................................................................................5 1.1.3 Significance of the current research ................................................................................................................7 1.1.4 Objectives of the present study........................................................................................................................8 1.1.5 Delimitation of the present research work ...................................................................................................10 1.2 Review of literature .............................................................................................................................................10 1.2.1 Review of previous studies on the Cape Flats ..............................................................................................12 1.2.2 Groundwater resources evaluation...............................................................................................................15 1.2.3 Groundwater contamination.........................................................................................................................19 1.2.4 Strategies for groundwater protection and pollution control ......................................................................19 1.3 Outline of chapters...........................................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER 2: APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 25 2.1 General description of research methodology...................................................................................................25 2.2 Data collection......................................................................................................................................................26 2.3 Analytical description..........................................................................................................................................26 2.4 Data processing....................................................................................................................................................28 2.5 Accuracy of determinations ................................................................................................................................30 2.6 Interpretation methods .......................................................................................................................................30 2.7 Summary ..............................................................................................................................................................31 CHAPTER 3: PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA.. 32 3.

Groundwater Pollution in Africa, 2006

... 135-140. Mbonu, M. & Ibrahim-Yusuf, AI 1994. Groundwater quality in the Basement Complex ... more ... 135-140. Mbonu, M. & Ibrahim-Yusuf, AI 1994. Groundwater quality in the Basement Complex region of north-central Nigeria-A preliminary survey of nitrate concentration. ... Preliminaryinvestigation of nitrate content of groundwater and limitation of the nitrate input. ...

Research Basins and Hydrological Planning, 2004

... Current dis-posal practices have increased the use of land to dis-pose off various forms of w... more ... Current dis-posal practices have increased the use of land to dis-pose off various forms of waste with no due ... The share of agricultural-induced emissions are lower in the city area, due to decreased use of mineral and organic fertilizers ... Impact Publishers, Ibadan, 380p. ...

Chloride (Cl) and stable isotope (δ18O, δD) compositions in rainfall, river water, shallow and de... more Chloride (Cl) and stable isotope (δ18O, δD) compositions in rainfall, river water, shallow and deeper groundwaters have been used to investigate the recharge, flow and mixing processes through the aquifer system within the Werribee basin, southwest of Melbourne (Australia). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) contents and nitrate concentrations are generally lower at the upper and mid-catchments compared to the lower catchment. The Cl- and TDS, together with δ18O/Cl- and Cl-/Br- ratios imply that evaporation (e.g. from shallow watertable) and transpiration (e.g. from the all-year-round cropping) during recharge represent the main processes controlling groundwater composition, in addition to mineral weathering. Measured groundwater δ18O and δD values scatter around the local meteoric water line indicating that groundwater is primarily of meteoric origin.. The shallow groundwater, particularly at the delta (delta aquifer) must have been derived from a combination of sources: the sea, recycle...

IAH - Selected Papers on Hydrogeology, 2008

... is need to restate and reform the law relating to the use of land, air, and ... management&am... more ... is need to restate and reform the law relating to the use of land, air, and ... management'must ensure that resources are sustained for future generations and adverse environmental effects are avoided ... it may be very difficult, if not impossible, to force changes in landuse practices in ...

Less than 30% of households in Yaounde have direct access to pipe-borne water. It is important to... more Less than 30% of households in Yaounde have direct access to pipe-borne water. It is important to generate a time series on quality and quantity of spring water, which is an alternative source of water. Accordingly, temporal variation of NO 3 and dissolved oxygen (DO), lag time of springs recharge by rainfall, discharge of springs and annual discharge of water from the Akok-Ndoue catchment was evaluated. Eleven springs, 3 wells and 1 rain gauge were investigated for 24 months. Flow rate, electrical conductivity, water temperature, DO, pH, water level in wells, rainfall amount and major ions were measured monthly. Temporally, the months of March, April, September and October are when the springs and shallow wells are polluted by NO 3 . Spatially, springs at lower altitudes are also susceptible to NO 3 pollution. Rainfall depths from 125 to 275 and >275 mm/month recharge springs after 1 to 2 months, and less than 1 month, respectively. Moreover, when rainfall amount is <100 mm, ...

Hydrological Processes, 2014

ABSTRACT A study of the hydrologic effects of catchment change from pasture to plantation was car... more ABSTRACT A study of the hydrologic effects of catchment change from pasture to plantation was carried out in Gatum, south-western Victoria, Australia. This study describes the hydrologic characteristics of two adjacent catchments: one with 97% grassland and the other one with 62% Eucalyptus globulus plantations. Streamflow from both catchments was intermittent during the 20-month study period. Monthly streamflow was always greater in the pasture-dominated catchment compared with the plantation catchment due to lower evapotranspiration in the pasture-based catchment. This difference in streamflow was also observed even during summer 2010/2011 when precipitation was 74% above average (1954-2012) summer rainfall. Streamflow peaks in the plantation-based catchment were smaller than in the pasture-dominated system. Flow duration curves show differences between the pasture and plantation dominated catchments and affect both high and low flow periods. Groundwater levels fell (up to 4.4 m) in the plantation catchment during the study period but rose (up to 3.2 m) in the pasture catchment. Higher evapotranspiration in the plantation catchment resulted in falling groundwater levels and greater disconnection of the groundwater system from the stream, resulting in lower baseflow contribution to streamflow. Salt export from each catchment increases with increasing flow and is higher at the pasture catchment, mainly due to the higher flow. Reduced salt loading to streams due to tree planting is generally considered environmentally beneficial in saline areas of south-eastern Australia but this benefit is offset by reduced total streamflow. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Groundwater Pollution in Africa, 2006

... a maximum of 4170mg/L and a mean value of 971mg/L). Fluoride contents are ... However, in the... more ... a maximum of 4170mg/L and a mean value of 971mg/L). Fluoride contents are ... However, in thevulnerability assessment of the Cape Flats, few areas of medium to high pollution ... of the pilot abstraction wellfield rightly belong in this class, based on vulnerability mapping (Adelana ...

IAH - Selected Papers on Hydrogeology, 2008

Page 182. CHAPTER 11 An overview of the geology and hydrogeology of Nigeria SMA Adelana, PI Olase... more Page 182. CHAPTER 11 An overview of the geology and hydrogeology of Nigeria SMA Adelana, PI Olasehinde & RB Bale Geology Department, University ofIlorin, Ilorin, Nigeria P. Vrbka Dieburger Str. 108, Groß-Zimmern, Germany ...

Proceedings of the International Conference, Hefei/Anhui, China, 22-31 March 2004, 2004

Water Encyclopedia, 2005

The word contaminant is a general term to describe dissolved constituents, nonaqueous phase liqui... more The word contaminant is a general term to describe dissolved constituents, nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), or industrial solvents which, when added to water as a result of human activities, impair groundwater quality. To an important extent, the complexity of a groundwater contamination problem can be determined by whether or not NAPLs are present. Obviously, contaminants related to anthropogenic activities are one of the major threats facing groundwater resources today. Groundwater contamination can have a significant impact on the present and future use of groundwater resources as a source of drinking water for an increasing population living in cities and rural areas. Keywords: stable isotopes; radioactive isotopes; groundwater contamination; hydrogeology; organic contaminants; inorganic contaminants; urban groundwater; pollution vulnerability

Water Encyclopedia, 2005

... Standard Article. Nitrate Health Effects. Segun Michael Ade Adelana. ... Province, &amp;g... more ... Standard Article. Nitrate Health Effects. Segun Michael Ade Adelana. ... Province, &amp;gt;10 mg/L NO 3 -N, km 2, %Area of Province, Total Infants &amp;lt;1 yr/Province, 1996, %HIV+, Oct/Nov 1998, Estimated% Groundwater Dependency, PATEP b. Free State, 45,739, 35, 48,418, 23, 30, 1167. ...

Water Resources Management, 2008

In water supply reservoirs, selective withdrawal is commonly implemented to control released wate... more In water supply reservoirs, selective withdrawal is commonly implemented to control released water temperature for quality purposes. This study investigated the effects of selective withdrawal on hydrodynamics of a stratified reservoir through numerical modeling and analytical analysis. A 3-D hydrodynamic model was applied where observations of water temperature time series recorded every 30 min at the thermocline and measured temperature profiles along the water column were used to validate the numerical model. The effect of selective withdrawal from four outlets located along the water intake structure of Tahtali Reservoir in Turkey on water temperatures was investigated and the effects on thermal stratification structure were discussed. Withdrawal of the water at the bottom outlet was found to be the most effective choice encouraging the mixing of the water column and thus reducing anoxia. The results of this study can be used to guide the further investigations in stratified lakes for better management practices.

Water Encyclopedia, 2005

Water is essential for life and health and has both cultural and religious significance. Water pl... more Water is essential for life and health and has both cultural and religious significance. Water plays a vital role in transmitting infectious diseases, and 80% of diseases reported are directly or indirectly water-related. Scarce and unclean water supplies are critical public health problems in many parts of the world. These have been identified as leading factors that will limit economic development in the near future. Based on projected population growth, the amount of water available for use per person per year is expected to drop annually. Apart from the pressure of population growth on water resources, the supply of freshwater available to humanity is shrinking, in effect, because of increasing pollution. On the whole both water scarcity and water pollution pose serious health problems. Unclean water is by far the largest environmental killer around the world. Water shortages, polluted water, and unsanitary living conditions claim millions of lives annually via various water-related diseases. About 60% of all infant mortality is linked to infectious and parasitic diseases most are waterrelated, and a large percentage of these diseases is attributable to inadequate water supply and sanitation. Keywords: water scarcity; water stress; health risks; drinking water; sanitation services; water-related diseases

Water resources management is crucial to the development of the economy of any nation. The steadi... more Water resources management is crucial to the development of the economy of any nation. The steadily growing population in the last four decades has put tremendous pressure on the available water resources globally; subsequently pushing hydrogeologists and water practitioners to a greater task. In semi-arid regions especially, the water resources are being mined from recharge from former humid episodes. Such over-exploitation must be avoided through better management and use of water resources. In an overview of the groundwater sustainability problems worldwide the application of isotope techniques for water resources development and management have been discussed with reference to Nigeria. Studies in the quite unique Nigerian environments has proved isotope techniques are becoming an integral part of many hydrogeological investigations and sometimes a complementary tool to hydrochemical controlling processes in groundwater system for hydrological investigations. In the formulation of sustainable resource development and management without adverse effects on the environment, a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeological system is necessary. Isotope techniques are effective tools for fulfilling this critical hydrogeologic need, and in addition provide information that sometimes could not be obtained by other methods.

Water resource management in the arid to semi-arid areas requires not only exploration and assess... more Water resource management in the arid to semi-arid areas requires not only exploration and assessment of the available reserves, but also accurate determination of groundwater recharge in order to evaluate the sustainable yield of the resource. This report reviews and highlights some key groundwater recharge studies across Northern Victoria. Diverse methodologies have been used including: water balance, water table fluctuation method, environmental isotopic measurements and chloride mass balance techniques. The review provides information on recharge rates and the degree of understanding of recharge processes, and controls, which are critical for sustainable water development and management in any region. Recharge zones are located in topographically higher areas and where there is exposed weathered or fractured bedrock. The sources of recharge in the Campaspe and Loddon catchments and NW Victoria in general, are essentially rainfall and irrigation. Indirect recharge is episodically significant and occurs by seepage through the beds and floodplains of main rivers and streams in the area. This review forms the first phase in the proposed study on spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in northern Victoria, relating to the DPI Investment priority: Water use efficiency and whole farm impacts/responses of natural resources in the future.

This paper gives the hydrogeologic characterisation of the semi-arid Sokoto Basin in Northern Nig... more This paper gives the hydrogeologic characterisation of the semi-arid Sokoto Basin in Northern Nigeria, and is mainly concerned with the shallow geologic structure of the region and its implications for groundwater flow. Three major fault trends are prominent in the basin and are responsible for the existence of horst and graben structures, especially in the northern portion of the basin where the graben is filled by a sequence of about 1,120 m Recent alluvium and Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments. The geologic pattern and the hydraulic gradient indicate that the study area is part of a regional aquifer system with groundwater flowing from east to west. Generally, drawdown in the region is below 4 m except in the vicinity of Sokoto municipality where values are up to 8 m. Simulation of groundwater with a 3-dimensional flow-model predicts the effects on groundwater level if abstraction rate increases for the next 20 years.

.................................................................................................... more ................................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ V CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 1 1.1 Inventory of the water resources in the Western Cape ......................................................................................1 1.1.2 Water demand and supply quality situation.....................................................................................................5 1.1.3 Significance of the current research ................................................................................................................7 1.1.4 Objectives of the present study........................................................................................................................8 1.1.5 Delimitation of the present research work ...................................................................................................10 1.2 Review of literature .............................................................................................................................................10 1.2.1 Review of previous studies on the Cape Flats ..............................................................................................12 1.2.2 Groundwater resources evaluation...............................................................................................................15 1.2.3 Groundwater contamination.........................................................................................................................19 1.2.4 Strategies for groundwater protection and pollution control ......................................................................19 1.3 Outline of chapters...........................................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER 2: APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................... 25 2.1 General description of research methodology...................................................................................................25 2.2 Data collection......................................................................................................................................................26 2.3 Analytical description..........................................................................................................................................26 2.4 Data processing....................................................................................................................................................28 2.5 Accuracy of determinations ................................................................................................................................30 2.6 Interpretation methods .......................................................................................................................................30 2.7 Summary ..............................................................................................................................................................31 CHAPTER 3: PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA.. 32 3.

Groundwater Pollution in Africa, 2006

... 135-140. Mbonu, M. & Ibrahim-Yusuf, AI 1994. Groundwater quality in the Basement Complex ... more ... 135-140. Mbonu, M. & Ibrahim-Yusuf, AI 1994. Groundwater quality in the Basement Complex region of north-central Nigeria-A preliminary survey of nitrate concentration. ... Preliminaryinvestigation of nitrate content of groundwater and limitation of the nitrate input. ...

Research Basins and Hydrological Planning, 2004

... Current dis-posal practices have increased the use of land to dis-pose off various forms of w... more ... Current dis-posal practices have increased the use of land to dis-pose off various forms of waste with no due ... The share of agricultural-induced emissions are lower in the city area, due to decreased use of mineral and organic fertilizers ... Impact Publishers, Ibadan, 380p. ...

Chloride (Cl) and stable isotope (δ18O, δD) compositions in rainfall, river water, shallow and de... more Chloride (Cl) and stable isotope (δ18O, δD) compositions in rainfall, river water, shallow and deeper groundwaters have been used to investigate the recharge, flow and mixing processes through the aquifer system within the Werribee basin, southwest of Melbourne (Australia). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) contents and nitrate concentrations are generally lower at the upper and mid-catchments compared to the lower catchment. The Cl- and TDS, together with δ18O/Cl- and Cl-/Br- ratios imply that evaporation (e.g. from shallow watertable) and transpiration (e.g. from the all-year-round cropping) during recharge represent the main processes controlling groundwater composition, in addition to mineral weathering. Measured groundwater δ18O and δD values scatter around the local meteoric water line indicating that groundwater is primarily of meteoric origin.. The shallow groundwater, particularly at the delta (delta aquifer) must have been derived from a combination of sources: the sea, recycle...

IAH - Selected Papers on Hydrogeology, 2008

... is need to restate and reform the law relating to the use of land, air, and ... management&am... more ... is need to restate and reform the law relating to the use of land, air, and ... management&amp;amp;#x27;must ensure that resources are sustained for future generations and adverse environmental effects are avoided ... it may be very difficult, if not impossible, to force changes in landuse practices in ...

Less than 30% of households in Yaounde have direct access to pipe-borne water. It is important to... more Less than 30% of households in Yaounde have direct access to pipe-borne water. It is important to generate a time series on quality and quantity of spring water, which is an alternative source of water. Accordingly, temporal variation of NO 3 and dissolved oxygen (DO), lag time of springs recharge by rainfall, discharge of springs and annual discharge of water from the Akok-Ndoue catchment was evaluated. Eleven springs, 3 wells and 1 rain gauge were investigated for 24 months. Flow rate, electrical conductivity, water temperature, DO, pH, water level in wells, rainfall amount and major ions were measured monthly. Temporally, the months of March, April, September and October are when the springs and shallow wells are polluted by NO 3 . Spatially, springs at lower altitudes are also susceptible to NO 3 pollution. Rainfall depths from 125 to 275 and >275 mm/month recharge springs after 1 to 2 months, and less than 1 month, respectively. Moreover, when rainfall amount is <100 mm, ...

Hydrological Processes, 2014

ABSTRACT A study of the hydrologic effects of catchment change from pasture to plantation was car... more ABSTRACT A study of the hydrologic effects of catchment change from pasture to plantation was carried out in Gatum, south-western Victoria, Australia. This study describes the hydrologic characteristics of two adjacent catchments: one with 97% grassland and the other one with 62% Eucalyptus globulus plantations. Streamflow from both catchments was intermittent during the 20-month study period. Monthly streamflow was always greater in the pasture-dominated catchment compared with the plantation catchment due to lower evapotranspiration in the pasture-based catchment. This difference in streamflow was also observed even during summer 2010/2011 when precipitation was 74% above average (1954-2012) summer rainfall. Streamflow peaks in the plantation-based catchment were smaller than in the pasture-dominated system. Flow duration curves show differences between the pasture and plantation dominated catchments and affect both high and low flow periods. Groundwater levels fell (up to 4.4 m) in the plantation catchment during the study period but rose (up to 3.2 m) in the pasture catchment. Higher evapotranspiration in the plantation catchment resulted in falling groundwater levels and greater disconnection of the groundwater system from the stream, resulting in lower baseflow contribution to streamflow. Salt export from each catchment increases with increasing flow and is higher at the pasture catchment, mainly due to the higher flow. Reduced salt loading to streams due to tree planting is generally considered environmentally beneficial in saline areas of south-eastern Australia but this benefit is offset by reduced total streamflow. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Groundwater Pollution in Africa, 2006

... a maximum of 4170mg/L and a mean value of 971mg/L). Fluoride contents are ... However, in the... more ... a maximum of 4170mg/L and a mean value of 971mg/L). Fluoride contents are ... However, in thevulnerability assessment of the Cape Flats, few areas of medium to high pollution ... of the pilot abstraction wellfield rightly belong in this class, based on vulnerability mapping (Adelana ...

IAH - Selected Papers on Hydrogeology, 2008

Page 182. CHAPTER 11 An overview of the geology and hydrogeology of Nigeria SMA Adelana, PI Olase... more Page 182. CHAPTER 11 An overview of the geology and hydrogeology of Nigeria SMA Adelana, PI Olasehinde & RB Bale Geology Department, University ofIlorin, Ilorin, Nigeria P. Vrbka Dieburger Str. 108, Groß-Zimmern, Germany ...

Proceedings of the International Conference, Hefei/Anhui, China, 22-31 March 2004, 2004

Water Encyclopedia, 2005

The word contaminant is a general term to describe dissolved constituents, nonaqueous phase liqui... more The word contaminant is a general term to describe dissolved constituents, nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), or industrial solvents which, when added to water as a result of human activities, impair groundwater quality. To an important extent, the complexity of a groundwater contamination problem can be determined by whether or not NAPLs are present. Obviously, contaminants related to anthropogenic activities are one of the major threats facing groundwater resources today. Groundwater contamination can have a significant impact on the present and future use of groundwater resources as a source of drinking water for an increasing population living in cities and rural areas. Keywords: stable isotopes; radioactive isotopes; groundwater contamination; hydrogeology; organic contaminants; inorganic contaminants; urban groundwater; pollution vulnerability

Water Encyclopedia, 2005

... Standard Article. Nitrate Health Effects. Segun Michael Ade Adelana. ... Province, &amp;g... more ... Standard Article. Nitrate Health Effects. Segun Michael Ade Adelana. ... Province, &amp;gt;10 mg/L NO 3 -N, km 2, %Area of Province, Total Infants &amp;lt;1 yr/Province, 1996, %HIV+, Oct/Nov 1998, Estimated% Groundwater Dependency, PATEP b. Free State, 45,739, 35, 48,418, 23, 30, 1167. ...

Water Resources Management, 2008

In water supply reservoirs, selective withdrawal is commonly implemented to control released wate... more In water supply reservoirs, selective withdrawal is commonly implemented to control released water temperature for quality purposes. This study investigated the effects of selective withdrawal on hydrodynamics of a stratified reservoir through numerical modeling and analytical analysis. A 3-D hydrodynamic model was applied where observations of water temperature time series recorded every 30 min at the thermocline and measured temperature profiles along the water column were used to validate the numerical model. The effect of selective withdrawal from four outlets located along the water intake structure of Tahtali Reservoir in Turkey on water temperatures was investigated and the effects on thermal stratification structure were discussed. Withdrawal of the water at the bottom outlet was found to be the most effective choice encouraging the mixing of the water column and thus reducing anoxia. The results of this study can be used to guide the further investigations in stratified lakes for better management practices.

Water Encyclopedia, 2005

Water is essential for life and health and has both cultural and religious significance. Water pl... more Water is essential for life and health and has both cultural and religious significance. Water plays a vital role in transmitting infectious diseases, and 80% of diseases reported are directly or indirectly water-related. Scarce and unclean water supplies are critical public health problems in many parts of the world. These have been identified as leading factors that will limit economic development in the near future. Based on projected population growth, the amount of water available for use per person per year is expected to drop annually. Apart from the pressure of population growth on water resources, the supply of freshwater available to humanity is shrinking, in effect, because of increasing pollution. On the whole both water scarcity and water pollution pose serious health problems. Unclean water is by far the largest environmental killer around the world. Water shortages, polluted water, and unsanitary living conditions claim millions of lives annually via various water-related diseases. About 60% of all infant mortality is linked to infectious and parasitic diseases most are waterrelated, and a large percentage of these diseases is attributable to inadequate water supply and sanitation. Keywords: water scarcity; water stress; health risks; drinking water; sanitation services; water-related diseases

Book Description Contamination of groundwater sources is a global phenomenon and it’s becoming ev... more Book Description
Contamination of groundwater sources is a global phenomenon and it’s becoming evident that unregulated human activity will lead to further deterioration of the resource in many countries of the world. There is therefore an increasing need for research and informed policies to strategically manage groundwater along with other natural resources. This book has been structured into ten chapters, including an introductory background and contextual material for its contributions, with case studies from US, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Serbia, India, Malaysia, Netherlands and South Africa. Contributions in this book range from hydrogeochemical investigations and evaluation of groundwater usability for water supply as well as for agricultural purposes to groundwater quality descriptions and characterisation. Issues on groundwater overdevelopment and the consequent quality degradation; flow and recharge processes with management implications; groundwater dependent ecosystems and ecological implications are well covered in its content. A number of simulation variants from numerical modelling to characterise groundwater conditions and estimate groundwater resources potential in large basins are presented to support technical decisions and policy making. The prospects and problems of groundwater development are addressed in this book and novel bioremediation technology with more than 10 years of successful application in remediating groundwater contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) concludes the content. This book will be useful to all within the groundwater community, researchers and policy makers alike.

The Cape Flats, characterized by relatively flat surface and vegetation of thick Coastal Fynbos, ... more The Cape Flats, characterized by relatively flat surface and vegetation of thick Coastal Fynbos, represent the ‘Late-Tertiary and Recent sands' unit up to 50 m thick in places. The sandy aquifer is underlain by Precambrian and Palaeozoic rocks belonging to the Cape granite suite, the Malmesbury Formation, and the Table Mountain Group. With a long- term mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 600 mm, the management of the groundwater resource in this area becomes necessary. This book reviews the history and problems of groundwater development, and provides extensive information on the geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, recharge quantification, and groundwater chemistry in the Cape Flats. The aim is to utilize all of the information to aid conceptual understanding as well as develop a method suitable for the aquifer's vulnerability assessment and mapping to set the stage for groundwater protection. The analysis and interpretation of available data provided improved understanding and the characteristics of the Cape Flats aquifer showed the quality of its groundwater is suitable for development as a water resource.

Groundwater is Africa’s most precious natural resource, providing reliable water supplies to many... more Groundwater is Africa’s most precious natural resource, providing reliable water supplies to many people, and the potential to supply many more. However, sustainable groundwater development is not a trivial task. It depends critically on an understanding of the hydrogeology and skilled people to make informed decisions on how best to develop and manage groundwater. Scant attention has been paid to the systematic gathering of information on groundwater resources in the past few decades, with the result that data are patchy, knowledge is limited and investment is often poorly targeted.
This book begins the process of bridging the knowledge gap. The 29 chapters were written both by practitioners and researchers (mainly from within Africa) based on experience from recent and ongoing projects. The book highlights the variety and complexity of issues surrounding the development and management of groundwater resources across Africa, and provides a snapshot of groundwater research in the early 21st century. The book will inform practitioners within Africa as well as the wider international community that are working towards better water coverage in Africa and elsewhere.

Water resource management in the arid to semi-arid areas requires not only exploration and assess... more Water resource management in the arid to semi-arid areas requires not only exploration and assessment of the available reserves, but also accurate determination of groundwater recharge in order to evaluate the sustainable yield of the resource. This report reviews and highlights some key groundwater recharge studies across Northern Victoria. Diverse methodologies have been used including: water balance, water table fluctuation method, environmental isotopic measurements and chloride mass balance techniques. The review provides information on recharge rates and the degree of understanding of recharge processes, and controls, which are critical for sustainable water development and management in any region. Recharge zones are located in topographically higher areas and where there is exposed weathered or fractured bedrock. The sources of recharge in the Campaspe and Loddon catchments and NW Victoria in general, are essentially rainfall and irrigation. Indirect recharge is episodically significant and occurs by seepage through the beds and floodplains of main rivers and streams in the area. This review forms the first phase in the proposed study on spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in northern Victoria, relating to the DPI Investment priority: Water use efficiency and whole farm impacts/responses of natural resources in the future.