Selina Mårdh - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Selina Mårdh

Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunn... more Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunnel, and especially in a long tunnel, maintaining the highest possible level of safety is paramount. In Sweden, the Stockholm Bypass tunnel (FFS), has been scheduled to commence construction in 2013. The tunnel will be approximately 18 km in length. The length of the tunnel is expected to affect the drivers' experiences pertaining drowsiness, arousal, distraction and feelings of safety and security. The study included 24 participants, 12 men and 12 women, aged 30-45. All of the participants drove two versions of the tunnel, one version with a decoration design in terms of strings of lights in the ceiling of the tunnel and one version of the tunnel without any decoration design. The results revealed that 58 per cent of the participants preferred the tunnel with the strings of light in the ceiling and 29 per cent preferred the tunnel without the ceiling lighting. 13 per cent prefer neither one design more than the other. The participants perceived feelings of their driving through the tunnel suggested that the tunnel with the ceiling light design was experienced as being more "visually cluttered" than the tunnel without the light strings but at the same time it was also experienced as more "arousing/stimulating". The results also revealed that 58 per cent of the participants preferred the tunnel with the strings of light in the ceiling and 29 per cent preferred the tunnel without the ceiling lighting. 13 per cent did not prefer either one design over the other. The negative safety implications of the elaborate interior lighting features would appear to be minimal in terms of distraction and irritation whereas the safety benefits in this particularly long road tunnel, in terms of subjective feelings of visual stimulation is encouraging. Based on the participants' experiences of the interior design concept of the 18 km long tunnel, having stimulating lighting features in different locations alone the length of the tunnel is recommended.

Emotional changes are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, damage to brain regions in... more Emotional changes are common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, damage to brain regions involved in emotion is abundant in AD. Although these finding imply that emotion memory is severely co ...

Förbifart Stockholm-utvärdering av ett gestaltningsförslag för tunnel Referat Förbifart Stockholm... more Förbifart Stockholm-utvärdering av ett gestaltningsförslag för tunnel Referat Förbifart Stockholm är en ny vägförbindelse i form av en tunnel som väntas byggas väster om Stockholm. Tunneln kommer att bli drygt 18 kilometer lång och den inre utsmyckningen väntas ha betydelse vad gäller upplevd trötthet, stimulans, distraktion och/eller trygghet vid körning i tunneln. Hur stora dessa effekter kan bli har studerats genom en simulatorstudie vid VTI:s simulator III i Linköping. Studien hade 24 testförare varav 12 män och 12 kvinnor i åldersspannet 30-45 år. Studien genomfördes i VTI:s personbilssimulator i Linköping. Tunneln som studerades var den planerade tunneln för Förbifart Stockholm (version FST Plan 2011-11-08) som skapades virtuellt. Resultaten av lateral position-analyserna (det vill säga, hur föraren kunde hålla sig i sitt körfält) var att det fanns generellt stora statistiska effektstorlekar men i praktiska termer var medelvärdena relativt små. Det fanns dock ett antal ofrivilliga linjeöverträdelser vilka endast två försöksdeltagare stod för. Betydelsen av dessa överträdelser bedöms dock komma från ett för litet underlag för att kunna dra långtgående slutsatser om vid de aktuella tunnelsträckorna. I begränsad omfattning (slinga 7, bara män) fanns dock en signifikant effekt av gestaltning där ljusslingorna tycktes stödja bättre filhållning vid just denna plats. Ögonrörelsedata analyserades på de delar av tunneln där det fanns ljusslingor i taket och genomsnittliga blicktider varierade mellan 234,3 ms utan gestaltningen till 445,3 ms i tunneln med ljusslingorna och var signifikant längre än i tunneln utan gestaltning men blicktiderna kan ändå betraktas som lindriga ur säkerhetssynpunkt. Medelhastighet var inte signifikant annorlunda med gestaltning jämfört med utan gestaltning. Däremot fanns det en signifikant skillnad i undersökningsdeltagarnas medelhastighet beroende på var i tunnel de befann sig. Vid frågan om vilken tunnelutformning de föredrog, ville 58 procent ha en tunnel med ljusslingor, 29 procent ville ha en tunnel utan ljusslingor och 13 procent hade ingen preferens när det gällde att välja den ena designen framför den andra. Med allt att döma, ett gott betyg för hela gestaltningskonceptet i tunneln.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2013

Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunn... more Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunnel, and especially in a long tunnel, maintaining the highest possible level of safety is paramount. In Sweden, the Stockholm bypass tunnel has been scheduled to commence construction in 2013. The tunnel will be approximately 18 km in length. The length of the tunnel is expected to affect the drivers' experiences pertaining drowsiness, arousal, distraction and feelings of safety and security. The study included 24 participants, 12 men and 12 women, aged 30-45. All of the participants drove two versions of the tunnel, one version with a decoration design in terms of string lighting in the ceiling of the tunnel and one version of the tunnel without any decoration design. Eye tracking behaviour was measured during the study. CR10 ratings of four subjective dimensions (distraction, visually cluttered, visually stimulating/arousal and safety and well-being) during the drive were also measured. The results revealed that 58 per cent of the participants preferred the tunnel with the strings of light in the ceiling and 29 per cent preferred the tunnel without the ceiling lighting. 13 per cent prefer neither one design more than the other. The participants perceived feelings of their driving through the tunnel suggested that the tunnel with the ceiling light design was experienced as being more "visually cluttered" than the tunnel without the light strings but at the same time it was also experienced as more "arousing/stimulating". Mean glance duration times suggested that although there was a significant main effect of the tunnel with the string lighting and in specific areas of the tunnel, the drivers were looking at the ceiling lighting but using short glances (445.3 ms with lighting and 234.3 ms without lighting). The negative safety implications of the elaborate interior lighting features would appear to be minimal in terms of distraction and irritation whereas the safety benefits in this particularly long road tunnel, in terms of subjective feelings of visual stimulation is encouraging. Based on the participants' experiences of the interior design concept of the 18 km long tunnel, having stimulating lighting features in different locations alone the length of the tunnel is recommended.

Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunn... more Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunnel, and especially in a long tunnel, maintaining the highest possible level of safety is paramount. In Sweden, the Stockholm Bypass tunnel (FFS), has been scheduled to commence construction in 2013. The tunnel will be approximately 16.5 km in length. The length of the tunnel is expected to affect the drivers' experiences pertaining drowsiness, arousal, distraction and feelings of safety and security. The study included 24 participants, 12 men and 12 women, aged 30-45. All of the participants drove two versions of the tunnel, one version with a decoration design in terms of strings of lights in the ceiling of the tunnel and one version of the tunnel without any decoration design. The results revealed that 58 per cent of the participants preferred the tunnel with the strings of light in the ceiling and 29 per cent preferred the tunnel without the ceiling lighting. 13 per cent prefer neither one design more than the other. The participants perceived feelings of their driving through the tunnel suggested that the tunnel with the ceiling light design was experienced as being more "visually cluttered" than the tunnel without the light strings but at the same time it was also experienced as more "arousing/stimulating". The results also revealed that 58 per cent of the participants preferred the tunnel with the strings of light in the ceiling and 29 per cent preferred the tunnel without the ceiling lighting. 13 per cent did not prefer either one design over the other. The negative safety implications of the elaborate interior lighting features would appear to be minimal in terms of distraction and irritation whereas the safety benefits in this particularly long road tunnel, in terms of subjective feelings of visual stimulation is encouraging. Based on the participants' experiences of the interior design concept of the 16 km long tunnel, having stimulating lighting features in different locations alone the length of the tunnel is recommended. 2(12) 1.

Methods for the evaluation of traffic safety effects of Antilock Braking System (ABS) and Electro... more Methods for the evaluation of traffic safety effects of Antilock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC)-a literature review Abstract (background, aim, method, result) max 200 words: In today's vehicles, active safety systems are introduced addressing a large variety of safety issues such as providing optimal stability control, braking effect, preventing spin and rollover, as well as collision avoidance, to mention just a few. In this study a literature review was performed in order to establish how the traffic safety performances of active safety systems with focus on Antilock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) are assessed. The areas covered were statistical evaluation, testing and driver behaviour. The literature review showed that in particular statistical methods, based on odds ratios, had been used in order to evaluate the traffic safety effect. In order to evaluate the effect of ESC in physical testing there are several test methods described in this report. Estimations of driver behaviour effects have been carried out by surveys among vehicle owners. Experiments performed in field or in simulator have also been found in the literature. From EU projects a variety of measures and test methods are available for assessment of driver behavioural effects. Future studies are suggested, based on the findings in this literature review in the area of statistical methods, physical testing and driver behaviour.

VTI Rapport, 2009

Older car drivers in Norway and Sweden Studies of accident involvement, visual search behaviour, ... more Older car drivers in Norway and Sweden Studies of accident involvement, visual search behaviour, attention and hazard perception Abstract (background, aim, method, result) max 200 words: Hazardous situations for older drivers and older drivers' accident involvement and visual behaviour in complex traffic situations have been studied in the reported research project. Three main methods have been used: 1) a thorough accident analysis of police reported accidents in Norway, 2) a literature study on existing research on older drivers' behaviour (i.e. cognitive aspects on car driving) and accident involvement, and 3) experimental studies comprising visual and perception tests accomplished in Norway and Sweden and a field study on the road, accomplished in Sweden. In the experimental study and in the field study it was found significantly more individual differences among the older than among the younger drivers in the samples from Norway and Sweden. From in depth analyses of fatal crashes in Norway during the years 2005-2007 it was found that tiredness was the most often suspected cause of the accident among the group aged 35-55 years (28 %) and the second most often suspected cause in the group aged 75+ (19 %). Illness could be the cause of the accident twice as often among the older drivers (28 %) as in the younger control group (14 %). Concerning suicide, the situation could be the reverse with more deliberate actions among the younger (11 %) compared to the older drivers (6 %). The definition of older people as a problem (e.g. risky car drivers), and as a homogeneous group based on chronological age, may obscure the differences between groups and individuals based on variations in health, gender, ethnicity, living or economy. There is nothing in the results from this research project that supports age based limitations for renewal of driving license for otherwise healthy older people. Instead the study strengthens arguments for further research and refining of methods for identifying hazardous behaviour in complex situations, i.e. testing of drivers in complex situations; behaviour due to temporary illness or tiredness; and in depth studies of drivers' perspectives, experiences and strategies to avoid road accidents. Furthermore research on intelligent technical systems (e.g. information access, and recommended route and speed) plus other adaptive systems in the vehicles that support older car drivers, are suggested. Also, how the ageing drivers give priority to and afford new technological solutions.

International Psychogeriatrics, Feb 21, 2013

Journal of Environmental Psychology, Dec 1, 2009

This paper examines how three Swedish landscape types (open, forested, and varied) affect driver ... more This paper examines how three Swedish landscape types (open, forested, and varied) affect driver behaviour. The study was carried out in 2007 under controlled conditions in the VTI Driving Simulator III, Linkö ping, Sweden. Qualitative (questionnaires) and quantitative (simulator measurement) data were used. Eighteen subjects were selected, nine men and nine women aged 25-65 years, all licensed to drive for at least five years. Two hypotheses were established based on previous research: 1) landscape character (open, forested, or varied) affects driving behaviour (average speed, variation in lateral vehicle position, and steering wheel grasping frequency); and 2) landscape character affects driver perception of the driving situation. The first was tested in the driving simulator and the second via questionnaires concerning the simulator drive. The results indicate that the driver is affected by different landscape types. In the open landscape, subjects drove faster, did not drive as close to the centre of the road, and grasped the steering wheel more often while simultaneously experiencing less stress. Landscape also appears to be relevant to traffic safety, which has implications for choosing new routes when planning new roads and for maintaining existing roads.

Cortex, Feb 1, 2013

Introduction The present study explored the nature of the semantic deterioration normally display... more Introduction The present study explored the nature of the semantic deterioration normally displayed in the course of Alzheimer's disease. The aim was to disentangle the extent to which semantic memory problems in patients with Alzheimer's disease are best characterized as loss of semantic knowledge rather than difficulties in accessing semantic knowledge. Method A longitudinal approach was applied. The same semantic tests as well as same items were used across three test occasions a year apart. Twelve Alzheimer patients and 20 matched control subjects, out of a total of 25 cases in each group, remained at the final test occasion. Results and Conclusions Alzheimer patients were impaired in all the semantic tasks as compared to the matched comparison group. A progressing deterioration was evident during the study period. Our findings suggest that semantic impairment is mainly due to loss of information rather than problems in accessing semantic information.

Förbifart Stockholm är en ny vägförbindelse i form av en tunnel som väntas byggas väster om Stock... more Förbifart Stockholm är en ny vägförbindelse i form av en tunnel som väntas byggas väster om Stockholm. Tunneln kommer att bli drygt 18 kilometer lång och den inre utsmyckningen väntas ha betydelse vad gäller upplevd trötthet, stimulans, distraktion och/eller trygghet vid körning i tunneln. Hur stora dessa effekter kan bli har studerats genom en simulatorstudie vid VTI:s simulator III i Linköping. Studien hade 24 testförare varav 12 män och 12 kvinnor i åldersspannet 30\u96-45 år. Studien genomfördes i VTI:s personbilssimulator i Linköping. Tunneln som studerades var den planerade tunneln för Förbifart Stockholm (version FST Plan 2011-11-08) som skapades virtuellt. Resultaten av lateral position-analyserna (det vill säga, hur föraren kunde hålla sig i sitt körfält) var att det fanns generellt stora statistiska effektstorlekar men i praktiska termer var medelvärdena relativt små. Det fanns dock ett antal ofrivilliga linjeöverträdelser vilka endast två försöksdeltagare stod för. Betyde...

Elvägar, där el överförs kontinuerligt till fordon på vägen, kan vara ett sätt att nå målet om en... more Elvägar, där el överförs kontinuerligt till fordon på vägen, kan vara ett sätt att nå målet om en fossiloberoende transportsektor. För att testa och utvärdera elvägar och elfordon på elvägar i ett tidigt stadium utvecklades en demonstrationsmiljö i körsimulator. En studie genomfördes med 25 förare där varje förare fick köra en 40 kilometer lång vägsträcka, dels med en hybridlastbil på elväg, dels med en konventionell lastbil utan elväg. Körning på elväg uppvisade inga anmärkningsvärda skillnader på förarens upplevelser vad gäller säkerhet och estetik eller körbeteende jämfört med körning utan elväg. Undantaget var medelhastigheten vilken var cirka 2 kilometer/timme högre på elväg. Energianvändningen var cirka 35 procent lägre på elväg. För att sprida projektresultatet till aktörer och intressenter av elvägar har ett stort antal demonstrationer genomförts, samt kommunikation via pressreleaser och tidningsartiklar. Det har även tagits fram en mindre, mobil körsimulator för elvägar som...

Generally, more elderly will be travelling and be out on the roads as active road-users in the fu... more Generally, more elderly will be travelling and be out on the roads as active road-users in the future. Research exists on the travelling habits of the elderly; but more in-depth knowledge on the el ...

www.vti.se/publications Methods for the evaluation of traffic safety effects of Antilock Braking ... more www.vti.se/publications Methods for the evaluation of traffic safety effects of Antilock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic

$Research paper thumbnail of Äldre bilförare i Norge och Sverige \u96 : studier av olycksinblandning, visuellt sökbeteende, uppmärksamhet och riskmedvetande$

I det här projektet identifieras riskfyllda situationer för äldre bilförare och analyseras äldre ... more I det här projektet identifieras riskfyllda situationer för äldre bilförare och analyseras äldre förares olycksinblandning samt deras visuella beteende i komplexa trafiksituationer. Projektet använder huvudsakligen tre metoder: 1) en grundlig analys av polisrapporterade trafikolyckor i Norge, 2) en litteraturstudie över tidigare forskning om äldre förares beteende (det vill säga kognitiva aspekter på bilkörning) och deras olycksinblandning, och 3) experimentella studier i Norge och Sverige med test av visuellt beteende och perception samt en fältstudie med körning på väg som genomfördes i Sverige. I fältstudien och testerna ingick 100 försökspersoner i Norge och Sverige, varav 53 \u94äldre\u94 (65-\u9681 år) och 47 \u94yngre\u94 (27-\u9655 år). Samtliga försökspersoner var vana bilförare. I projektets resultat framträder signifikant fler individuella skillnader i gruppen äldre bilförare än i gruppen yngre bilförare som ingår i fältstudien och de experimentella studierna i Norge och ...

The aim of the present thesis was twofold, first to map the semantic memory decline in Alzheimer ... more The aim of the present thesis was twofold, first to map the semantic memory decline in Alzheimer patients over time, second to take the patient’s perspective and create a multifaceted picture of the individual with Alzheimer’s disease through the study of memory, awareness, central coherence and emotions. Further issues concerned how Alzheimer individuals handled their cognitive erosion in everyday life and if they were well calibrated with their spouse in disease related matters. Two studies were performed, the first involved a longitudinal study of sematic deterioration, the second had a mixed methods design involving both quantitative and qualitative measures as in neuropsychological assessment and interviews. Through the longitudinal study it could be concluded that the nature of semantic deterioration is best described as loss of memory information rather than problems in accessing the information. It was further concluded that semantic concepts gradually lose their specific fe...

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2011

Autonomous vehicles can be used to create realistic simulations of surrounding vehicles in drivin... more Autonomous vehicles can be used to create realistic simulations of surrounding vehicles in driving simulators. However, the use of autonomous vehicles makes it difficult to ensure reproducibility between subjects. In this paper, an effort is made to solve the problem by combining autonomous vehicles and controlled events. A controlled event can be compared to a theatre play. The aim is to achieve the same initial play conditions for each subject, which can be problematic since the traffic situation around the subject will be dependent upon each subject's actions while driving in autonomous traffic. This paper presents an algorithm that achieves the transition from autonomous traffic to a predefined start condition for a play. The algorithm has been tested in the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) driving simulator III with promising results. In most of the cases we examined the algorithm could reconstruct the specified start condition and conduct the transition from autonomous to controlled mode in a inconspicuous way. Some problems were observed regarding moving unwanted vehicles away from the closest area around the simulator vehicle, and this part of the algorithm has to be enhanced. The experiment also showed that the subjects drove faster in the presence of controlled everyday life traffic normally used in the VTI driving simulator than in autonomous traffic.

doctoral studies are carried out within broad problem areas. Research is organized in interdiscip... more doctoral studies are carried out within broad problem areas. Research is organized in interdisciplinary research environments and doctoral studies mainly in graduate schools. Jointly, they publish the series Linköping Studies in Arts and Science. This thesis comes from the unit for Cognition, Development and Disability at the Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning. Distributed by:

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2013

Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunn... more Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunnel, and especially in a long tunnel, maintaining the highest possible level of safety is paramount. In Sweden, the Stockholm bypass tunnel has been scheduled to commence construction in 2013. The tunnel will be approximately 18 km in length. The length of the tunnel is expected to affect the drivers' experiences pertaining drowsiness, arousal, distraction and feelings of safety and security. The study included 24 participants, 12 men and 12 women, aged 30-45. All of the participants drove two versions of the tunnel, one version with a decoration design in terms of string lighting in the ceiling of the tunnel and one version of the tunnel without any decoration design. Eye tracking behaviour was measured during the study. CR10 ratings of four subjective dimensions (distraction, visually cluttered, visually stimulating/arousal and safety and well-being) during the drive were also measured. The results revealed that 58 per cent of the participants preferred the tunnel with the strings of light in the ceiling and 29 per cent preferred the tunnel without the ceiling lighting. 13 per cent prefer neither one design more than the other. The participants perceived feelings of their driving through the tunnel suggested that the tunnel with the ceiling light design was experienced as being more "visually cluttered" than the tunnel without the light strings but at the same time it was also experienced as more "arousing/stimulating". Mean glance duration times suggested that although there was a significant main effect of the tunnel with the string lighting and in specific areas of the tunnel, the drivers were looking at the ceiling lighting but using short glances (445.3 ms with lighting and 234.3 ms without lighting). The negative safety implications of the elaborate interior lighting features would appear to be minimal in terms of distraction and irritation whereas the safety benefits in this particularly long road tunnel, in terms of subjective feelings of visual stimulation is encouraging. Based on the participants' experiences of the interior design concept of the 18 km long tunnel, having stimulating lighting features in different locations alone the length of the tunnel is recommended.

Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunn... more Maintaining high levels of road traffic safety is always important and when the road is in a tunnel, and especially in a long tunnel, maintaining the highest possible level of safety is paramount. In Sweden, the Stockholm Bypass tunnel (FFS), has been scheduled to commence construction in 2013. The tunnel will be approximately 16.5 km in length. The length of the tunnel is expected to affect the drivers' experiences pertaining drowsiness, arousal, distraction and feelings of safety and security. The study included 24 participants, 12 men and 12 women, aged 30-45. All of the participants drove two versions of the tunnel, one version with a decoration design in terms of strings of lights in the ceiling of the tunnel and one version of the tunnel without any decoration design. The results revealed that 58 per cent of the participants preferred the tunnel with the strings of light in the ceiling and 29 per cent preferred the tunnel without the ceiling lighting. 13 per cent prefer neither one design more than the other. The participants perceived feelings of their driving through the tunnel suggested that the tunnel with the ceiling light design was experienced as being more "visually cluttered" than the tunnel without the light strings but at the same time it was also experienced as more "arousing/stimulating". The results also revealed that 58 per cent of the participants preferred the tunnel with the strings of light in the ceiling and 29 per cent preferred the tunnel without the ceiling lighting. 13 per cent did not prefer either one design over the other. The negative safety implications of the elaborate interior lighting features would appear to be minimal in terms of distraction and irritation whereas the safety benefits in this particularly long road tunnel, in terms of subjective feelings of visual stimulation is encouraging. Based on the participants' experiences of the interior design concept of the 16 km long tunnel, having stimulating lighting features in different locations alone the length of the tunnel is recommended. 2(12) 1.

VTI Rapport, 2009

International Psychogeriatrics, Feb 21, 2013

Journal of Environmental Psychology, Dec 1, 2009

Cortex, Feb 1, 2013

$Research paper thumbnail of Äldre bilförare i Norge och Sverige \u96 : studier av olycksinblandning, visuellt sökbeteende, uppmärksamhet och riskmedvetande$

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2011