Senthil Kumar Kaliyavaradhan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Senthil Kumar Kaliyavaradhan

European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering , 2023

3D concrete printing (3DCP) is a recent trend in the construction sector. In 3DCP, the concrete i... more 3D concrete printing (3DCP) is a recent trend in the construction sector. In 3DCP, the concrete is pumped layer by layer through a nozzle attached to a robotic arm to print structural components or the entire building. The application of 3DCP is not just limited to the earth; it’s also gaining traction in space habitat construction. However, there are constraints associated with using 3DCP in construction projects. This review details the top challenges faced in the 3DCP process related to material, strength, printer and highlights the applications of 3DCP in the construction sector. By choosing the suitable materials and configuring the printing parameters, it is possible to overcome the material and structural strength-related challenges such as workability, hardening time, mechanical and durability properties. The use of 3DCP on construction sites certainly provides cost and waste reductions, faster build rates, safer working environments and the possibility of more intricate architecture. Reinforcing methods and sustainable processes are the most frequently encountered issues with the 3DCP. Lack of technology, material variability, process optimization and many other issues are barriers to advancing 3D printing technology for concrete. It is concluded that 3DCP has potential and opportunity for the construction if the challenges are addressed.

Automation in Construction

Materials Today: Proceedings

Journal of Building Engineering

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022

In recent decades, the use of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) in densely populated cities... more In recent decades, the use of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) in densely populated cities has increased. CLSM is designed for future excavation with great fluidity, appropriate early strength, and low final strength. CLSM mixtures exhibit variable strength properties and performance due to the distinctive features of wastes (i.e., combustion residues, industry slags, and construction and other solid wastes) produced from various sources. CLSM should increase early strength quickly enough to allow traffic to resume within a few hours while maintaining a low strength for future re-excavation. It is suggested that the initial mixture design for each waste reported in the literature be changed until the combination meets the application standards defined in ACI 229R-13. The effects of adjusting other ingredients (i.e., cement, water, and admixtures) in the wastes incorporated into CLSM mixtures on the strength and re-excavatability properties are also detailed and discussed in this review. From practical and economic perspectives, the supply of materials in the waste streams, transport distance, and material properties and cost are important aspects to consider before their introduction to the construction industry.

Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete, 2019

Abstract Recycling of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cables and wires from electronic waste (e-waste) t... more Abstract Recycling of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cables and wires from electronic waste (e-waste) to produce a new product such as fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) is one of the best solutions for disposing of PVC cables, and it could reduce the hazardous burden on the environment. In recent years, few studies have been done on the use of PVC fibres in concrete mixes. The performance of concrete with PVC fibres in the fresh and hardened state will be presented in this chapter. It is suggested that the use of PVC fibres, either 0.8% (by weight of cement) or 0.2% (by volume of concrete), could significantly improve the performances of concrete. Limitations and practical issues on the utilization of PVC fibres in concrete mixes are identified. Recommendations and future research needs on the practical implications of the use of PVC fibres are given at the end of the chapter.

Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 2017

The paper reports the impact of e-waste plastic [high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] mixing in concre... more The paper reports the impact of e-waste plastic [high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] mixing in concrete on its radioactivity profile. The concrete was prepared with HIPS as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in varying percentages by volume and radioactivity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were measured using gamma-ray spectrometer and radon activity by solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) technique. Both gamma radiation and radon activity in standard concrete and concrete with HIPS were well within the permissible limit. However, the gamma-radiation level and radon activity decreased with an increase in HIPS content of the concrete. The study concludes that the concrete with HIPS does not pose any radiation hazard and, hence, is suitable as a construction material.

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2018

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of temperature and therma... more AbstractThis paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of temperature and thermal shock on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete (M25) incorporating electronic waste (...

Construction and Building Materials, 2018

Journal of CO2 Utilization, 2017

Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 2016

This experimental investigation employing leaching characteristics of concrete made with E-waste ... more This experimental investigation employing leaching characteristics of concrete made with E-waste plastic [high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] was carried out using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The heavy metals, such as Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb, were analyzed from concrete with varying percentages of HIPS (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 %) at various ages, such as 28, 60, and 90 days. The concentrations of Cd in the TCLP extracts of all the samples were found to be lower than the regulatory level of 1 mg/l at 28, 60, and 90 days. The Cu, Zn leachate content decreased with curing, and all samples were found well below the prescribed level of 100 mg/L and 500 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of Pb in the TCLP extracts of all the samples were found to be lower than the regulatory level of 5 mg/L at 28, 60, and 90 days. The results are also compared with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) prescribed limits for Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb, which are 0.5 mg/L, 130 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1.5 mg/L, respectively, and which are within limits.

Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 2016

An experimental program was carried out to study the transport properties of concrete made with E... more An experimental program was carried out to study the transport properties of concrete made with E-waste plastic (high impact polystyrene (HIPS)). The concrete was prepared with different percentages (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) of HIPS as partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate by volume. The transport properties of concrete, such as water absorption and sorptivity, were investigated and results were reported. The percentage of water absorption of concrete with HIPS shows higher value compared to the control concrete. The increase in HIPS increases the water absorption of concrete but the values were within the permissible limit. The sorptivity values were increased with increase in HIPS content; all values were higher than control concrete; however, it decreased with increase in curing age. The sorptivity results were in line with that of water absorption results. Recycling of E-waste plastic (HIPS) as an aggregate in concrete as a new construction material may be one of the feasible solution to environment pollution, natural aggregate depletion and E-waste recycling.

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2017

AbstractElectronic waste (e-waste) in concrete is the new revolutionary concept of sustainable co... more AbstractElectronic waste (e-waste) in concrete is the new revolutionary concept of sustainable concrete because it reduces the environmental pollution and solid waste problem. In this paper the extracted outer casing insulation of electrical wire was made into fibers. These fibers were added to the concrete at 0.6, 0.8, and 1% with respect to the weight of cement. Fibers were added to the concrete with the aspect ratio of 35 to make fiber reinforced concrete. The fresh and hardened properties like slump, fresh density, dry density, compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and Young’s modulus of fiber-reinforced concrete and normal concrete was compared at the respective age of curing. In order to reduce the cement content and to enhance the properties of concrete, silica powder was added to the fiber-reinforced concrete with 10% replacement of cement with respect to volume of cement and the properties were compared with normal concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete. The experimenta...

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2017

AbstractIn this study, the electronic waste (e-waste) from PVC cable outer casing was used as fib... more AbstractIn this study, the electronic waste (e-waste) from PVC cable outer casing was used as fiber in concrete. Fiber-reinforced concrete was made using e-waste fibers of aspect ratio 35 that were...

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2015

ABSTRACT

Journal of Waste Management, 2014

The fresh and hardened properties of concrete with E-waste plastic, that is, high impact polystyr... more The fresh and hardened properties of concrete with E-waste plastic, that is, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). Face-centred central composite response surface design was used in this study. The statistical models were developed between the factors (HIPS and water cement ratio) and their response variables (slump, fresh density, dry density, compressive strength, spilt tensile strength, and flexural strength). The Design-Expert 9.0.3 software package was used to analyze the experimental values. The relationships were established and final mathematical models in terms of coded factors from predicted responses were developed. The effects of factors on properties for all variables were seen visually from the response surface and contour plot. Validation of experiments has shown that the experimental value closely agreed with the predicted value, which validates the calculated response sur...

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2014

Journal of Cleaner Production

Journal of Environmental Management

The exponential growth of waste generation is posing serious environmental issues and thus requir... more The exponential growth of waste generation is posing serious environmental issues and thus requires urgent management and recycling action to achieve green sustainable development. Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is a highly flowable cementitious backfill material with self-consolidating properties. The CLSM efficiency during construction and final performance at the site depends on its plastic properties. Plastic properties are responsible for workability, pumpability, stability, and lateral pressure on adjacent soils. This paper presents a critical review to date on the use of waste materials and/or by-products and their impacts on the plastic properties of the CLSM. Extensive previous studies demonstrated that the basic properties and content of waste materials as well as the amount of water in the mix design, play a dominant role in determining the plastic properties of CLSM. The discussed plastic properties of CLSM include flowability, bleeding, segregation, and hardening time, which are found to be inter-related. Proper mix design adjustment to accommodate the use of waste materials is possible to produce sustainable CLSM with acceptable plastic properties. Additionally, the discussion and analysis presented in this paper could provide a basis for future research advances and the development of sustainable CLSM prepared with waste materials.

European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering , 2023

3D concrete printing (3DCP) is a recent trend in the construction sector. In 3DCP, the concrete i... more 3D concrete printing (3DCP) is a recent trend in the construction sector. In 3DCP, the concrete is pumped layer by layer through a nozzle attached to a robotic arm to print structural components or the entire building. The application of 3DCP is not just limited to the earth; it’s also gaining traction in space habitat construction. However, there are constraints associated with using 3DCP in construction projects. This review details the top challenges faced in the 3DCP process related to material, strength, printer and highlights the applications of 3DCP in the construction sector. By choosing the suitable materials and configuring the printing parameters, it is possible to overcome the material and structural strength-related challenges such as workability, hardening time, mechanical and durability properties. The use of 3DCP on construction sites certainly provides cost and waste reductions, faster build rates, safer working environments and the possibility of more intricate architecture. Reinforcing methods and sustainable processes are the most frequently encountered issues with the 3DCP. Lack of technology, material variability, process optimization and many other issues are barriers to advancing 3D printing technology for concrete. It is concluded that 3DCP has potential and opportunity for the construction if the challenges are addressed.

Automation in Construction

Materials Today: Proceedings

Journal of Building Engineering

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022

In recent decades, the use of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) in densely populated cities... more In recent decades, the use of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) in densely populated cities has increased. CLSM is designed for future excavation with great fluidity, appropriate early strength, and low final strength. CLSM mixtures exhibit variable strength properties and performance due to the distinctive features of wastes (i.e., combustion residues, industry slags, and construction and other solid wastes) produced from various sources. CLSM should increase early strength quickly enough to allow traffic to resume within a few hours while maintaining a low strength for future re-excavation. It is suggested that the initial mixture design for each waste reported in the literature be changed until the combination meets the application standards defined in ACI 229R-13. The effects of adjusting other ingredients (i.e., cement, water, and admixtures) in the wastes incorporated into CLSM mixtures on the strength and re-excavatability properties are also detailed and discussed in this review. From practical and economic perspectives, the supply of materials in the waste streams, transport distance, and material properties and cost are important aspects to consider before their introduction to the construction industry.

Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete, 2019

Abstract Recycling of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cables and wires from electronic waste (e-waste) t... more Abstract Recycling of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) cables and wires from electronic waste (e-waste) to produce a new product such as fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) is one of the best solutions for disposing of PVC cables, and it could reduce the hazardous burden on the environment. In recent years, few studies have been done on the use of PVC fibres in concrete mixes. The performance of concrete with PVC fibres in the fresh and hardened state will be presented in this chapter. It is suggested that the use of PVC fibres, either 0.8% (by weight of cement) or 0.2% (by volume of concrete), could significantly improve the performances of concrete. Limitations and practical issues on the utilization of PVC fibres in concrete mixes are identified. Recommendations and future research needs on the practical implications of the use of PVC fibres are given at the end of the chapter.

Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 2017

The paper reports the impact of e-waste plastic [high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] mixing in concre... more The paper reports the impact of e-waste plastic [high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] mixing in concrete on its radioactivity profile. The concrete was prepared with HIPS as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in varying percentages by volume and radioactivity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were measured using gamma-ray spectrometer and radon activity by solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) technique. Both gamma radiation and radon activity in standard concrete and concrete with HIPS were well within the permissible limit. However, the gamma-radiation level and radon activity decreased with an increase in HIPS content of the concrete. The study concludes that the concrete with HIPS does not pose any radiation hazard and, hence, is suitable as a construction material.

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2018

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of temperature and therma... more AbstractThis paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of temperature and thermal shock on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete (M25) incorporating electronic waste (...

Construction and Building Materials, 2018

Journal of CO2 Utilization, 2017

Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 2016

This experimental investigation employing leaching characteristics of concrete made with E-waste ... more This experimental investigation employing leaching characteristics of concrete made with E-waste plastic [high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] was carried out using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The heavy metals, such as Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb, were analyzed from concrete with varying percentages of HIPS (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 %) at various ages, such as 28, 60, and 90 days. The concentrations of Cd in the TCLP extracts of all the samples were found to be lower than the regulatory level of 1 mg/l at 28, 60, and 90 days. The Cu, Zn leachate content decreased with curing, and all samples were found well below the prescribed level of 100 mg/L and 500 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of Pb in the TCLP extracts of all the samples were found to be lower than the regulatory level of 5 mg/L at 28, 60, and 90 days. The results are also compared with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) prescribed limits for Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb, which are 0.5 mg/L, 130 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1.5 mg/L, respectively, and which are within limits.

Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 2016

An experimental program was carried out to study the transport properties of concrete made with E... more An experimental program was carried out to study the transport properties of concrete made with E-waste plastic (high impact polystyrene (HIPS)). The concrete was prepared with different percentages (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50) of HIPS as partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate by volume. The transport properties of concrete, such as water absorption and sorptivity, were investigated and results were reported. The percentage of water absorption of concrete with HIPS shows higher value compared to the control concrete. The increase in HIPS increases the water absorption of concrete but the values were within the permissible limit. The sorptivity values were increased with increase in HIPS content; all values were higher than control concrete; however, it decreased with increase in curing age. The sorptivity results were in line with that of water absorption results. Recycling of E-waste plastic (HIPS) as an aggregate in concrete as a new construction material may be one of the feasible solution to environment pollution, natural aggregate depletion and E-waste recycling.

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2017

AbstractElectronic waste (e-waste) in concrete is the new revolutionary concept of sustainable co... more AbstractElectronic waste (e-waste) in concrete is the new revolutionary concept of sustainable concrete because it reduces the environmental pollution and solid waste problem. In this paper the extracted outer casing insulation of electrical wire was made into fibers. These fibers were added to the concrete at 0.6, 0.8, and 1% with respect to the weight of cement. Fibers were added to the concrete with the aspect ratio of 35 to make fiber reinforced concrete. The fresh and hardened properties like slump, fresh density, dry density, compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and Young’s modulus of fiber-reinforced concrete and normal concrete was compared at the respective age of curing. In order to reduce the cement content and to enhance the properties of concrete, silica powder was added to the fiber-reinforced concrete with 10% replacement of cement with respect to volume of cement and the properties were compared with normal concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete. The experimenta...

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2017

AbstractIn this study, the electronic waste (e-waste) from PVC cable outer casing was used as fib... more AbstractIn this study, the electronic waste (e-waste) from PVC cable outer casing was used as fiber in concrete. Fiber-reinforced concrete was made using e-waste fibers of aspect ratio 35 that were...

Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 2015

ABSTRACT

Journal of Waste Management, 2014

The fresh and hardened properties of concrete with E-waste plastic, that is, high impact polystyr... more The fresh and hardened properties of concrete with E-waste plastic, that is, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). Face-centred central composite response surface design was used in this study. The statistical models were developed between the factors (HIPS and water cement ratio) and their response variables (slump, fresh density, dry density, compressive strength, spilt tensile strength, and flexural strength). The Design-Expert 9.0.3 software package was used to analyze the experimental values. The relationships were established and final mathematical models in terms of coded factors from predicted responses were developed. The effects of factors on properties for all variables were seen visually from the response surface and contour plot. Validation of experiments has shown that the experimental value closely agreed with the predicted value, which validates the calculated response sur...

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2014

Journal of Cleaner Production

Journal of Environmental Management

The exponential growth of waste generation is posing serious environmental issues and thus requir... more The exponential growth of waste generation is posing serious environmental issues and thus requires urgent management and recycling action to achieve green sustainable development. Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is a highly flowable cementitious backfill material with self-consolidating properties. The CLSM efficiency during construction and final performance at the site depends on its plastic properties. Plastic properties are responsible for workability, pumpability, stability, and lateral pressure on adjacent soils. This paper presents a critical review to date on the use of waste materials and/or by-products and their impacts on the plastic properties of the CLSM. Extensive previous studies demonstrated that the basic properties and content of waste materials as well as the amount of water in the mix design, play a dominant role in determining the plastic properties of CLSM. The discussed plastic properties of CLSM include flowability, bleeding, segregation, and hardening time, which are found to be inter-related. Proper mix design adjustment to accommodate the use of waste materials is possible to produce sustainable CLSM with acceptable plastic properties. Additionally, the discussion and analysis presented in this paper could provide a basis for future research advances and the development of sustainable CLSM prepared with waste materials.

Use of Recycled Plastics in Eco-efficient Concrete, 2018

Recycling of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) cables and wires from the electronic waste (E-waste) to pro... more Recycling of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) cables and wires from the electronic waste (E-waste) to produce a new product such as fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is one of the best solutions for disposing of PVC cables, and it could reduce the hazardous burden on the environment. In recent years, few studies have been done on the use of PVC fibres in concrete mixes. The performance of concrete with PVC fibres in the fresh and hardened state will be presented in this chapter. It is suggested that the use of PVC fibres either 0.8% (by weight of cement) or 0.2% (by volume of concrete) could significantly improve the performances of concrete. Limitations and practical issues on the utilization of PVC fibres in concrete mixes are identified. Hence, recommendations and future research needs on the practical implications of the use of PVC fibres are given at the end of the chapter.