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Papers by Shad Muhammad
Sensors, 2020
Various operational communication models are using Delay-Tolerant Network as a communication tool... more Various operational communication models are using Delay-Tolerant Network as a communication tool in recent times. In such a communication paradigm, sometimes there are disconnections and interferences as well as high delays like vehicle Ad hoc networks (VANETs). A new research mechanism, namely, the vehicle Delay-tolerant network (VDTN), is introduced due to several similar characteristics. The store-carry-forward mechanism in VDTNs is beneficial in forwarding the messages to the destination without end-to-end connectivity. To accomplish this task, the cooperation of nodes is needed to forward messages to the destination. However, we cannot be sure that all the nodes in the network will cooperate and contribute their computing resources for message forwarding without any reward. Furthermore, there are some selfish nodes in the network which may not cooperate to forward the messages, and are inclined to increase their own resources. This is one of the major challenges in VDTNs and i...
International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2014
Ad-hoc mobile/802.11 networks are fully considered as networks with no fixed physical line connec... more Ad-hoc mobile/802.11 networks are fully considered as networks with no fixed physical line connections. Ad-hoc networks have no fixed topology due to the movement of the end nodes. All the nodes in ad-hoc networks are mobile. Each node taking part in this network can act as host and router which can send and receive data. In this type of situations some kind of routing protocols are needed for these mobile nodes to fully operate and function properly. Ad-hoc network has some common features, which need some routing protocol. The most significant one is the dynamic routing protocols, which quickly change the topology. Reactive routing protocols search a route to destination/remote device on needed basis. Proactive protocols maintain the whole routing table at each node. In order to show the performance, NS2 network simulator has been used. The purpose of this study is to show the performance of two widely known ad-hoc routing protocols, AODV and DSR, in terms of packet delivery ratio...
Sensors, 2020
Various operational communication models are using Delay-Tolerant Network as a communication tool... more Various operational communication models are using Delay-Tolerant Network as a communication tool in recent times. In such a communication paradigm, sometimes there are disconnections and interferences as well as high delays like vehicle Ad hoc networks (VANETs). A new research mechanism, namely, the vehicle Delay-tolerant network (VDTN), is introduced due to several similar characteristics. The store-carry-forward mechanism in VDTNs is beneficial in forwarding the messages to the destination without end-to-end connectivity. To accomplish this task, the cooperation of nodes is needed to forward messages to the destination. However, we cannot be sure that all the nodes in the network will cooperate and contribute their computing resources for message forwarding without any reward. Furthermore, there are some selfish nodes in the network which may not cooperate to forward the messages, and are inclined to increase their own resources. This is one of the major challenges in VDTNs and i...
International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 2014
Ad-hoc mobile/802.11 networks are fully considered as networks with no fixed physical line connec... more Ad-hoc mobile/802.11 networks are fully considered as networks with no fixed physical line connections. Ad-hoc networks have no fixed topology due to the movement of the end nodes. All the nodes in ad-hoc networks are mobile. Each node taking part in this network can act as host and router which can send and receive data. In this type of situations some kind of routing protocols are needed for these mobile nodes to fully operate and function properly. Ad-hoc network has some common features, which need some routing protocol. The most significant one is the dynamic routing protocols, which quickly change the topology. Reactive routing protocols search a route to destination/remote device on needed basis. Proactive protocols maintain the whole routing table at each node. In order to show the performance, NS2 network simulator has been used. The purpose of this study is to show the performance of two widely known ad-hoc routing protocols, AODV and DSR, in terms of packet delivery ratio...