Jaimin Shah - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Jaimin Shah

Content moderation on social media is governed by policies that are intricate and frequently upda... more Content moderation on social media is governed by policies that are intricate and frequently updated with evolving world events. However, automated content moderation systems often restrict easy adaptation to policy changes and are expected to learn policy intricacies from limited amounts of labeled data, which make effective policy compliance challenging. We propose to model content moderation as a binary question answering problem where the questions validate the loosely coupled themes constituting a policy. A decision logic is applied on top to aggregate the themespecific validations. This way the questions pass theme information to a transformer network as explicit policy prompts, that in turn enables explainability. This setting further allows for faster adaptation to policy updates by leveraging zero-shot capabilities of pre-trained transformers. We showcase improved recall for our proposed method at 95% precision on two proprietary datasets of social media posts and comments respectively annotated under curated Hate Speech and Commercial Spam policies.

International journal of scientific research, Sep 1, 2014

Although much is known about the pyogenic liver abscess, the gold standard of investigations and ... more Although much is known about the pyogenic liver abscess, the gold standard of investigations and treatment is still debatable in developing countries in the paediatric population.Liver abscess in the paediatric age group is uncommon in developing countries, except in cases of septicemia, children with major debilitating diseases, granulocyte dysfunction, or immunosuppression. We report the case of a 3year-old child from India, with no medical history, with abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant& pyrexia, tachycardia & tachypnoea. Ultrasound and CT scan showed a large,hypo dense, non-enhanced area in segment V& VII. Final diagnosis was pyogenic liver abscess based on negative serology, recent liver lesion, blood culture was negative. A percutaneous aspiration under anaesthesia was performed after 3 days of intra venous antibiotic treatment.Cultures of pus isolated E. Coli. She was started on oral antibiotics according to culture.Ultrasound showed a gradual decrease in size of cavity & complete resolution 9 months later. Even if liver abscess is uncommon in developing countries, the diagnosis must be raised in cases of isolated SOL in liver with fever. Management modality should be chosen depending on the abscess location and first day' s progression between intra venous antibiotics, percutaneous aspiration, and exploratory surgery.

Journal of Natural Remedies, Dec 16, 2022

Calcium determination is normally done by conventional titrimetric methods (complexometric titrat... more Calcium determination is normally done by conventional titrimetric methods (complexometric titration). In this study, a simple, precise, accurate, rapid and sensitive method has been developed for calcium (Ca) determination in Maxcal-C Tablet (herbo-mineral formulation) and its raw materials by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). For complete digestion of the sample, closed vessel wet digestion technique was used with 69% HNO 3 and 30% H 2 O 2 (7:1) as digestive solvents. Analysis was performed on AAS (AA-6300) at λmax 422.7 nm. Calcium nitrate Ca(NO 3) 2 was used as a standard for Calcium and the linearity of the standard was excellent over a concentration range of 0.5 to 20 μgmL-1. The regression coefficient (r 2) was 0.999. For intraday and interday precision % RSD was obtained between 0.48%-1.95% and 3.48%-5.01%, respectively which complied with the standard range for AAS. Recovery was achieved at 93.24%, 99.73%, 101.75% for 3 levels of spikes (80%, 100%, 120%) respectively, which complied with the standard range 75-125% for AAS. However, the AAS method produced accurate and reproducible results and also overcame the colour and other ions interference, which are common problems with the titrimetric method. The results of both techniques (the AAS method and the titrimetric method) were compared, which showed good estimation by AAS.

Bioengineering, Oct 27, 2022

International journal of recent surgical and medical science, Jul 27, 2022

Introduction Several factors associated with poor outcome in perforated peptic ulcer have been id... more Introduction Several factors associated with poor outcome in perforated peptic ulcer have been identified: delay in diagnosis, coexistent medical illness, shock on admission, leukocytosis, and old age. Such factors increase morbidity and mortality in perforated peptic ulcer disease. Careful resuscitation and perioperative optimization play a significant role in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with perforated peptic ulcer disease. Methods A prospective study of 60 cases who were operated for perforated peptic ulcer was done at Sheth L.G. Municipal General Hospital affiliated with AMCMET Medical College & Research Centre, Ahmedabad. Categorization of these patients was done according to Boey score and their outcome was accessed. Objective The aim of this study was to appraise and analyze Boey score in operated cases of perforated ulcer disease. Results The morbidity and mortality rate in this study were 31.67% and 11.67%, respectively. The morbidity rate increased gradually with increase in Boey score: 8.69, 36.84, 50, and 62.5% for 0, 1, 2, and 3 score, respectively (p < 0.01). The mortality rate was increased progressively with increasing Boey score: 0, 5.26, 30, and 37.5% for 0, 1, 2, and 3 score, respectively, and this relationship was statistically significant (pvalue < 0.01). The mean duration of hospital stay was 9.43 AE 4.10 days and p-value was less than 0.001. The area under curve in receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was 0.854 and 0.751 for mortality and morbidity, respectively. Conclusion Boey score is simple, clinically relevant and can precisely predict postoperative morbidity and mortality and the length of hospital stay.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, Nov 17, 2022

CRC Press eBooks, May 25, 2022

Cancers

This study evaluated the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic serotype 5 adenovirus TAV255 i... more This study evaluated the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic serotype 5 adenovirus TAV255 in CAR-deficient tumors. In vitro experiments were performed with cell lines that expressed different levels of CAR (HEK293, A549, CT26, 4T1, and MCF-7). Low CAR cells, such as CT26, were poorly transduced by Ad in vitro unless the adenovirus was encapsulated in liposomes. However, the CT26 tumor in an immune-competent mouse model responded to the unencapsulated TAV255; 33% of the tumors were induced into complete remission, and mice with complete remission rejected the rechallenge with cancer cell injection. Encapsulation of TAV255 improves its therapeutic efficacy by transducing more CT26 cells, as expected from in vitro results. In a bilateral tumor model, nonencapsulated TAV255 reduced the growth rate of the locally treated tumors but had no effect on the growth rate of the distant tumor site. Conversely, encapsulated TAV255-infected CT26 induced a delayed growth rate of both the prim...

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH

Transcatheter renal artery embolisation is an effective and minimally invasive treatment option f... more Transcatheter renal artery embolisation is an effective and minimally invasive treatment option for acute renal bleeding. However, it is associated with a variety of complications, which can be classified as early or late according to the time of presentation. Coil migration leading to renal calculi formation is a late complication of transcatheter or percutaneous renal arterial embolisation. A 47- year-old diabetic male patient presented with a recurrent right renal staghorn calculus. Four years ago, the patient underwent a right Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Following the procedure, he had to undergo a renal arterial embolisation for postoperative haemorrhage. The patient this time did not consent for repeat PCNL, therefore a staged right Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS) was performed. Complete clearance of stone and extraction of the migrated coil was achieved in a three-staged procedure. Embolisation coils in the proximity of the pelvi-calyceal system, can migrate int...

ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

This work considers a co-located MIMO radar with M T transmitting and M R receiving antennas in a... more This work considers a co-located MIMO radar with M T transmitting and M R receiving antennas in a so-called massive MIMO regime, that is, where the number of virtual spatial antennas N = M T M R is large. Recently, it has been demonstrated that as N grows to infinity, one can fully characterize the false alarm and detection probabilities with very minimal assumptions on the disturbance vector. In this work, these results are partially refined and a lower bound on the probability of detection is provided for any fixed, finite N under certain randomness models for the noise. This result can serve as a rule of thumb for the design of massive MIMO radar systems by indicating the number of antennas required to attain a desired target detection probability.

Cancer Research

Adenoviral vectors have been used extensively for gene therapy. However, efficient infection of c... more Adenoviral vectors have been used extensively for gene therapy. However, efficient infection of cells requires expression of the coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR). Many tumor cells lack adequate expression of CAR and, hence, are not good targets for adenoviral based vectors. We have developed a unique nanoparticle (Epi-039) that can be used to efficiently introduce adenoviral vectors into tumor cells that have low or no CAR expression. We used the CAR-negative 4T1 mammary carcinoma model system, which represents a typical triple-negative breast cancer cell line (ER−, PR−, HER2−) and which is refractory to adenoviral infection to demonstrate effective transduction of an encapsulated oncolytic adenovirus. The adenovirus that was used is called AdAPT-001. This armed oncolytic virus, which is currently in a phase I/II clinical trial called BETA PRIME for the treatment of refractory cancers, expresses a TGFb receptor trap to neutralize the immunosuppressive cytokine, TGF beta. Overexpr...

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration

Cureus

Background: An epidemic of Mucorales was reported following the second wave of COVID-19 in India,... more Background: An epidemic of Mucorales was reported following the second wave of COVID-19 in India, and intracranial extension of the same was one of the most dreadful complications. Methods: A total of 62 patients with cerebral mucormycosis were recruited and followed up till 12 weeks to evaluate the risk factors, incidence, clinical manifestations, management, and prognosis of cerebral mucormycosis. Findings: A median age of 51.5 years with male predominance (74%) was noted. The majority of subjects reported a history of COVID infection (93.5%) and diabetes mellitus (83.87%). The first symptom of mucormycosis appeared after a mean period of 17.63 ± 8.9 days following COVID. Facial swelling and ptosis were the most common symptoms. Only 55% of patients had neurological presentations, and hemiparesis was the most common neurological sign (30.6%). Radiologically, the involvement of maxillary sinus (90.32%) and ethmoid sinus (87.10%) was commonly noted. Cerebral findings included temporal lobe (50%) and parietal lobe (30.06%) involvement, cavernous sinus thrombosis (30.06%), and internal carotid artery thrombosis (22.58%). Acute cerebral infarction was notable in 37% of subjects (p-value=0.0015, significant association with the outcome). Conventional and liposomal amphotericin B were used in 91.94% and 53.23% of patients, respectively. Retrobulbar amphotericin injections used in 11.3% of subjects significantly affected the outcome (p-value=0.03, significant). Posaconazole step-down therapy was used in 72.5% of subjects (p-value=0.0005, significant). Surgical interventions were performed in 53 (85.48%) subjects (p-value=0.004, significant). Functional endoscopic sinus surgery was the most common (in 64.52% of subjects), followed by maxillectomy (20.97% of subjects) and craniotomy (17.7% of subjects). At the end of 12 weeks, 33.87% of patients died and 59.68% were alive; the rest (6.45%) were lost to follow-up. Interpretation: The absence or late presentation of neurological symptoms led to a delayed diagnosis of cerebral mucormycosis. The presence of acute cerebral infarction indicated a worse prognosis. However, there was a significant influence of step-down posaconazole therapy, retrobulbar amphotericin injections, and surgical intervention on the prognosis of cerebral mucormycosis.

Journal of evolution of medical and dental sciences, Jun 27, 2022

Reproductive BioMedicine Online

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANATOMY RADIOLOGY AND SURGERY, 2021

Introduction: Circumcision is most often an elective surgery performed on babies and children, fo... more Introduction: Circumcision is most often an elective surgery performed on babies and children, for religious or cultural reasons. In other cases, it may be done as a treatment for certain medical conditions or for preventive reasons. Circumcision is done in cases of phimosis, balanoposthitis and chronic Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). Various techniques are available for circumcision (Plastibell, Gomco clamp, Mogen clamp, etc.,). However, the practices and procedures of circumcision and complications of various procedures are not well documented. The conventional or plastibell device method is one of the methods most frequently employed for circumcision. Aim: To compare the outcome of circumcision done by conventional technique against plastibell methods. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study conducted from May 2017 to January 2019 in the Department of Surgery at LG Hospital, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad. Study included 60 male patients younger t...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are two devastat... more Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are two devastating and fatal neurodegenerative conditions. While distinct, they share many clinical, genetic, and pathological characteristics1, and both show selective vulnerability of layer 5b extratelencephalic-projecting cortical populations, including Betz cells in ALS2,3and von Economo neurons (VENs) in FTLD4,5. Here, we report the first high resolution single-cell atlas of the human primary motor cortex (MCX) and its transcriptional alterations in ALS and FTLD across ~380,000 nuclei from 64 individuals, including 17 control samples and 47 sporadic andC9orf72-associated ALS and FTLD patient samples. We identify 46 transcriptionally distinct cellular subtypes including two Betz-cell subtypes, and we observe a previously unappreciated molecular similarity between Betz cells and VENs of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and frontal insula. Many of the dysregulated genes and pathways are shared across exci...

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 2021

Introduction: Accumulation of polyglutamine (polyQ) ataxin-3 (ATXN3) contributes to the pathobiol... more Introduction: Accumulation of polyglutamine (polyQ) ataxin-3 (ATXN3) contributes to the pathobiology of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3). Recently, we showed that polyQ ATXN3 is elevated in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SCA3 patients, and has the potential to serve as a biological marker for this disease [1]. Based on these findings, we investigated whether polyQ ATXN3 can also be detected in urine samples from SCA3 patients. Methods: We analyzed urine samples from 30 SCA3 subjects (including one pre-symptomatic subject), 35 subjects with other forms of ataxia, and 37 healthy controls. To quantify polyQ ATXN3 protein levels, we used our previously developed immunoassay. Results: PolyQ ATXN3 can be detected in the urine of SCA3 patients, but not in urine samples from healthy controls or other forms of ataxia. There was a significant statistical association between polyQ ATXN3 levels in urine samples and those in plasma. Further, the levels of polyQ ATXN3 urine associated with an earlier age of SCA3 disease onset. Conclusion: As clinical trials for SCA3 advance, urine polyQ ATXN3 protein has potential to be a useful, noninvasive and inexpensive biomarker for SCA3.

Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology, 2020

Objective: To assess whether eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, improves patient-and ph... more Objective: To assess whether eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, improves patient-and physician-reported outcomes (evaluated using the myasthenia gravis activities of daily living profile and the quantitative myasthenia gravis scale, respectively) in patients with refractory anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis across four domains, representing ocular, bulbar, respiratory, and limb/gross motor muscle groups. Methods: Patients with refractory anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis were randomized 1:1 to receive either placebo or eculizumab during the REGAIN study (NCT01997229). Patients who completed REGAIN were eligible to continue into the open-label extension trial (NCT02301624) for up to 4 years. The four domain scores of each of the myasthenia gravis activities of daily living profile and the quantitative myasthenia gravis scale recorded throughout REGAIN and through 130 weeks of the open-label extension were analyzed. Results: Of the 125 patients who participated in REGAIN, 117 enrolled in the open-label extension; 61 had received placebo and 56 had received eculizumab during REGAIN. Patients experienced rapid improvements in total scores and all four domain scores of both the myasthenia gravis activities of daily living profile and the quantitative myasthenia gravis scale with eculizumab treatment. These improvements were sustained through 130 weeks of the open-label extension. Interpretation: Eculizumab treatment elicits rapid and sustained improvements in muscle strength across ocular, bulbar, respiratory, and limb/gross motor muscle groups and in associated daily activities in patients with refractory antiacetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis.

The Neurologist, 2020

Introduction: Nusinersen antisense oligonucleotide infusions have been shown to be effective in t... more Introduction: Nusinersen antisense oligonucleotide infusions have been shown to be effective in the treatment spinal muscular atrophy. The majority of the evidence has been collected in young type 1 and type 2 patients, and evidence of efficacy in adult patients is limited. Case Report: A 48-year-old woman with spinal muscular atrophy type 3 who has received the loading dose and 8 maintenance infusions over an 8-month period. Grip and pinch strength, measured by hand-held dynamometry measured at baseline and in 6 to 12 months interval improved over a 24-month period. She also reported multiple other subjective improvements in function. Conclusions: This is the first published case of nusinersen in a middleaged adult with spinal muscular atrophy. Sustained clinically meaningful improvement may be possible with nusinersen initiation in mid adulthood.