Adil Shamoo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Adil Shamoo
Oxford University Press eBooks, Feb 19, 2009
Oxford University Press eBooks, May 19, 2022
Collaboration is essential to scientific research. Collaboration may occur among researchers work... more Collaboration is essential to scientific research. Collaboration may occur among researchers working in different institutions, scientific disciplines, or countries. Collaboration raises many different ethical, legal, and practical issues that researchers should address including authorship, publication, conflict of interest, data management, roles and responsibilities, regulation, oversight, and deadlines. International collaborations can lead to a variety of ethical problems and concerns because different members of the research team may have different understandings of research norms, procedures, and traditions, and have different cultural, educational, legal, and political backgrounds. Collaborations between academia and industry can create various ethical problems and concerns because academic values may conflict with corporate values and interests.
Routledge eBooks, Dec 5, 2016
Oxford University Press eBooks, Feb 19, 2009
Garland Science eBooks, Apr 2, 2021
Oxford University Press eBooks, Feb 19, 2009
Elsevier eBooks, 1985
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses calcium transport systems and associated regulatory syst... more Publisher Summary This chapter discusses calcium transport systems and associated regulatory systems in cardiac muscle cells and the smooth muscle cell. It also illustrates the overall system by schematic and generalized figures. The skeletal muscle cell provides an excellent system for the study of the basal level of Ca 2+ transport systems with few specific regulatory mechanisms. The regulation of calcium occurs at two membranous sites––the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and, to a lesser extent, at the mitochondrial inner membrane level. The chapter also discusses two hypotheses of the mechanism of calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum: the calcium-induced calcium release and the depolarization-induced calcium release. In pathological states, such as ischemia and anoxia, there are increased cytosolic calcium levels. The increased cytosolic calcium leads to several modifications of cell function, such as shape changes, activation of lipases and proteases, and formation of various deleterious metabolites, such as fatty acids and lysophosphatides; however, which mechanism causes the cell injury and when cell injury becomes irreversible are still to be answered. Thus, the understanding of the basic and molecular interactions and mechanisms involved in the calcium transport in the skeletal muscle serves as the basis for studying the regulation of calcium transport in the cardiac and smooth muscle cells.
Plenum Press eBooks, 1977
Section I. Xenobiotics and Membrane Transport.- Effect of P-Chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), Ouabain... more Section I. Xenobiotics and Membrane Transport.- Effect of P-Chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), Ouabain and 4-Acetamido-4?ISO-Thiocyamatostilbene-2,2?-Disulfonic Acid (Sits) on Proximal Tubular Transport Processes.- Heavy Metals and Membrane Functions of an Alveolar Epithelium.- The Localization of Ion-Selective Pumps and Paths in the Plasma Membranes of Turtle Bladders.- Membrane Water Channels and SH-Groups.- Membrane Transport of Antifolates as a Critical Determinant of Drug Cytotoxicity.- Section II. Modification of Membrane Function by Toxicological Agents.- Liver Endoplasmic Reticulum: Target Site of Halocarbon Metabolites.- The Role of Membrane Damage in Radiation-Induced Cell Death.- Mechanisms by Which Small Molecules Alter Ionic Permeability Through Lipid Bilayer Membranes.- Effects of Neomycin on Polyphosphoinositides in Inner Ear Tissues and Monomolecular Films.- High Affinity SH-Groups on the Surface of Pancreas Cells Involved in Secretin Stimulation.- Section III. Cellular Responses to Toxins.- Cell Membranes in Cytotoxicity.- Altered Drug Permeability in Mammalian Cell Mutants.- Lectin Receptors and Lectin Resistance in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells.- Biological Applications and Evolutionary Origins of Ionophores.- Penicillin-Binding Proteins of Bacteria.- Section IV. Toxic Chemicals as Molecular Probes of Membrane Structure and Function.- Toxic Chemical Agents as Probes for Permeation Systems of the Red Blood Cell.- Chemical and Enzymatic Modification of Membrane Proteins and Anion Transport in Human Red Blood Cells.- On the Nature of the Transport Pathway Used for Ca-Dependent K Movement in Human Red Blood Cells.- Toxic Chemicals as Probes of Nerve Membrane Function.- Section V. Effects on Membranes and Receptors.- Interactions of Acetylcholine Receptors with Organic Mercury Compounds.- Lead Actions on Sodium-Plus-Potassium-Activated Adenosinetriphosphatase from Electroplax, Rat Brain, and Rat Kidney.- Lipid Model Membrane Studies on Immune Cytotoxic Mechanisms.- Diffusional Transport of Toxic Materials in Membranes Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- Author Index.
Oxford University Press eBooks, May 19, 2022
This chapter discusses the history and theory of intellectual property and its ethical, political... more This chapter discusses the history and theory of intellectual property and its ethical, political, and legal foundations. It provides an overview of the U.S. intellectual property system, including discussions of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and ownership of research data. This chapter also examines utilitarian and rights-based rationales for protecting intellectual property and considers some moral objections to intellectual property protections. This chapter reviews some instrumental pieces of legislation and legal cases pertaining to intellectual property and discusses some ethical controversies concerning particular types of intellectual property, such as patents on computer programs and algorithms, DNA sequences, and biological materials.
Garland Science eBooks, Apr 2, 2021
Every community consists of a group of individuals who agree to comply with a set of shared compr... more Every community consists of a group of individuals who agree to comply with a set of shared compromises between the rights of the community and the rights of its members. These compromises accumulate as the community builds a productive and civil society. If the community always sacrifices the interests of individuals to the collective interest ("the greater good"), the advantages of community membership become questionable and enforcement of rules becomes difficult. On the other hand, if the community always puts the interests of the individuals first, there is no shared community, just a free-for-all. Communities must thus balance the rights of the community vs. the rights of the individual. For example, traffic laws enable members of the community to travel safely through intersections. Members of the U.S. community pay taxes to support shared benefits, such as education, national defense, and parks.
Oxford University Press eBooks, May 19, 2022
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Apr 1, 1973
Material that increases black lipid-membrane (oxidized cholesterol) conductance has been demonstr... more Material that increases black lipid-membrane (oxidized cholesterol) conductance has been demonstrated in the acid-soluble fraction of tryptic digests of membrane fractions from Electrophorus electric organ and beef kidney. The conductance change elicited by this material is highly selective for Na+. The activity of the material was greatly enhanced by passage through DEAEcellulose. Activity could be destroyed by further incubation with Pronase. Since conductivity increases exponentially with dose of ionophore, the conductive unit may be an oligomer. Coupling of ion transport to metabolic energy sources evidently requires that the internal energy of the source (e.g., ATP) be transferred to a macromolecular system that also interacts with the ion to produce the active transport of the ion. The argument in support of a stoichiometric coupling of the energy and carrier functions at the molecular level and for the cyclic nature of these molecular "machines" has been discussed (1, 2). Considerable experimental evidence exists for the transfer of energy from a high-energy phosphate bond of ATP to an acceptor protein in the form of a phosphorylated intermediate, which is an integral component of plasma membranes (3, 4). Although the kinetics of Na+ and K+ activation of the ATPase reaction and of the active transport process have been described, little is known about the physical basis of the interaction of cations with the transport system.
Oxford University Press eBooks, May 19, 2022
Data plays a key role testing scientific theories and hypotheses and forms the backbone of scient... more Data plays a key role testing scientific theories and hypotheses and forms the backbone of scientific inference. The different steps of research should be planned, monitored, reviewed, and documented carefully, and research design should include built-in safeguards to ensure the quality, objectivity, reproducibility, and integrity of research data. Scientific records include data as well as other important records, such as protocols, standard operating procedures, regulatory approvals, software used in data analysis, and drafts of manuscripts. All research records should be kept accurately, stored securely, and backed-up. This chapter addresses ethical issues pertaining to data acquisition and management, including hypothesis formation and testing, biases, research design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, data storage, and data sharing.
Oxford University Press eBooks, Feb 19, 2009
Oxford University Press eBooks, May 19, 2022
Collaboration is essential to scientific research. Collaboration may occur among researchers work... more Collaboration is essential to scientific research. Collaboration may occur among researchers working in different institutions, scientific disciplines, or countries. Collaboration raises many different ethical, legal, and practical issues that researchers should address including authorship, publication, conflict of interest, data management, roles and responsibilities, regulation, oversight, and deadlines. International collaborations can lead to a variety of ethical problems and concerns because different members of the research team may have different understandings of research norms, procedures, and traditions, and have different cultural, educational, legal, and political backgrounds. Collaborations between academia and industry can create various ethical problems and concerns because academic values may conflict with corporate values and interests.
Routledge eBooks, Dec 5, 2016
Oxford University Press eBooks, Feb 19, 2009
Garland Science eBooks, Apr 2, 2021
Oxford University Press eBooks, Feb 19, 2009
Elsevier eBooks, 1985
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses calcium transport systems and associated regulatory syst... more Publisher Summary This chapter discusses calcium transport systems and associated regulatory systems in cardiac muscle cells and the smooth muscle cell. It also illustrates the overall system by schematic and generalized figures. The skeletal muscle cell provides an excellent system for the study of the basal level of Ca 2+ transport systems with few specific regulatory mechanisms. The regulation of calcium occurs at two membranous sites––the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and, to a lesser extent, at the mitochondrial inner membrane level. The chapter also discusses two hypotheses of the mechanism of calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum: the calcium-induced calcium release and the depolarization-induced calcium release. In pathological states, such as ischemia and anoxia, there are increased cytosolic calcium levels. The increased cytosolic calcium leads to several modifications of cell function, such as shape changes, activation of lipases and proteases, and formation of various deleterious metabolites, such as fatty acids and lysophosphatides; however, which mechanism causes the cell injury and when cell injury becomes irreversible are still to be answered. Thus, the understanding of the basic and molecular interactions and mechanisms involved in the calcium transport in the skeletal muscle serves as the basis for studying the regulation of calcium transport in the cardiac and smooth muscle cells.
Plenum Press eBooks, 1977
Section I. Xenobiotics and Membrane Transport.- Effect of P-Chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), Ouabain... more Section I. Xenobiotics and Membrane Transport.- Effect of P-Chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB), Ouabain and 4-Acetamido-4?ISO-Thiocyamatostilbene-2,2?-Disulfonic Acid (Sits) on Proximal Tubular Transport Processes.- Heavy Metals and Membrane Functions of an Alveolar Epithelium.- The Localization of Ion-Selective Pumps and Paths in the Plasma Membranes of Turtle Bladders.- Membrane Water Channels and SH-Groups.- Membrane Transport of Antifolates as a Critical Determinant of Drug Cytotoxicity.- Section II. Modification of Membrane Function by Toxicological Agents.- Liver Endoplasmic Reticulum: Target Site of Halocarbon Metabolites.- The Role of Membrane Damage in Radiation-Induced Cell Death.- Mechanisms by Which Small Molecules Alter Ionic Permeability Through Lipid Bilayer Membranes.- Effects of Neomycin on Polyphosphoinositides in Inner Ear Tissues and Monomolecular Films.- High Affinity SH-Groups on the Surface of Pancreas Cells Involved in Secretin Stimulation.- Section III. Cellular Responses to Toxins.- Cell Membranes in Cytotoxicity.- Altered Drug Permeability in Mammalian Cell Mutants.- Lectin Receptors and Lectin Resistance in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells.- Biological Applications and Evolutionary Origins of Ionophores.- Penicillin-Binding Proteins of Bacteria.- Section IV. Toxic Chemicals as Molecular Probes of Membrane Structure and Function.- Toxic Chemical Agents as Probes for Permeation Systems of the Red Blood Cell.- Chemical and Enzymatic Modification of Membrane Proteins and Anion Transport in Human Red Blood Cells.- On the Nature of the Transport Pathway Used for Ca-Dependent K Movement in Human Red Blood Cells.- Toxic Chemicals as Probes of Nerve Membrane Function.- Section V. Effects on Membranes and Receptors.- Interactions of Acetylcholine Receptors with Organic Mercury Compounds.- Lead Actions on Sodium-Plus-Potassium-Activated Adenosinetriphosphatase from Electroplax, Rat Brain, and Rat Kidney.- Lipid Model Membrane Studies on Immune Cytotoxic Mechanisms.- Diffusional Transport of Toxic Materials in Membranes Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- Author Index.
Oxford University Press eBooks, May 19, 2022
This chapter discusses the history and theory of intellectual property and its ethical, political... more This chapter discusses the history and theory of intellectual property and its ethical, political, and legal foundations. It provides an overview of the U.S. intellectual property system, including discussions of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and ownership of research data. This chapter also examines utilitarian and rights-based rationales for protecting intellectual property and considers some moral objections to intellectual property protections. This chapter reviews some instrumental pieces of legislation and legal cases pertaining to intellectual property and discusses some ethical controversies concerning particular types of intellectual property, such as patents on computer programs and algorithms, DNA sequences, and biological materials.
Garland Science eBooks, Apr 2, 2021
Every community consists of a group of individuals who agree to comply with a set of shared compr... more Every community consists of a group of individuals who agree to comply with a set of shared compromises between the rights of the community and the rights of its members. These compromises accumulate as the community builds a productive and civil society. If the community always sacrifices the interests of individuals to the collective interest ("the greater good"), the advantages of community membership become questionable and enforcement of rules becomes difficult. On the other hand, if the community always puts the interests of the individuals first, there is no shared community, just a free-for-all. Communities must thus balance the rights of the community vs. the rights of the individual. For example, traffic laws enable members of the community to travel safely through intersections. Members of the U.S. community pay taxes to support shared benefits, such as education, national defense, and parks.
Oxford University Press eBooks, May 19, 2022
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Apr 1, 1973
Material that increases black lipid-membrane (oxidized cholesterol) conductance has been demonstr... more Material that increases black lipid-membrane (oxidized cholesterol) conductance has been demonstrated in the acid-soluble fraction of tryptic digests of membrane fractions from Electrophorus electric organ and beef kidney. The conductance change elicited by this material is highly selective for Na+. The activity of the material was greatly enhanced by passage through DEAEcellulose. Activity could be destroyed by further incubation with Pronase. Since conductivity increases exponentially with dose of ionophore, the conductive unit may be an oligomer. Coupling of ion transport to metabolic energy sources evidently requires that the internal energy of the source (e.g., ATP) be transferred to a macromolecular system that also interacts with the ion to produce the active transport of the ion. The argument in support of a stoichiometric coupling of the energy and carrier functions at the molecular level and for the cyclic nature of these molecular "machines" has been discussed (1, 2). Considerable experimental evidence exists for the transfer of energy from a high-energy phosphate bond of ATP to an acceptor protein in the form of a phosphorylated intermediate, which is an integral component of plasma membranes (3, 4). Although the kinetics of Na+ and K+ activation of the ATPase reaction and of the active transport process have been described, little is known about the physical basis of the interaction of cations with the transport system.
Oxford University Press eBooks, May 19, 2022
Data plays a key role testing scientific theories and hypotheses and forms the backbone of scient... more Data plays a key role testing scientific theories and hypotheses and forms the backbone of scientific inference. The different steps of research should be planned, monitored, reviewed, and documented carefully, and research design should include built-in safeguards to ensure the quality, objectivity, reproducibility, and integrity of research data. Scientific records include data as well as other important records, such as protocols, standard operating procedures, regulatory approvals, software used in data analysis, and drafts of manuscripts. All research records should be kept accurately, stored securely, and backed-up. This chapter addresses ethical issues pertaining to data acquisition and management, including hypothesis formation and testing, biases, research design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, data storage, and data sharing.