Shane Desselle - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Shane Desselle

Chronic Illness, 2022

This study aimed to examine (1) the association between patient activation (PA), health locus of ... more This study aimed to examine (1) the association between patient activation (PA), health locus of control (HLOC), sociodemographic and clinical factors, and (2) the effect of HLOC dimensions, sociodemographic and clinical factors on PA. Three hundred U.S. adults, with at least one chronic condition (CC) were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and completed an online survey which included sociodemographic questions, the Patient Activation Measure® - 10, and the Multidimensional Locus of Control (MHLC) - Form B. Statistical analyses, including descriptive, correlation, and multiple linear regression, were conducted using IBM SPSS v25. Of the 300 participants, more than half were male (66.3%), White (70.7%), with at least a college degree (76.0%), and employed full-time (79.0%). The average PA score was 68.8 ± 14.5. Multiple linear regression indicated that participants who reported they were Black, retired, with a greater number of CCs, and with higher scores in Chance MHLC had h...

Pharmacy Education, 2020

Objectives: This paper sets out to describe the experiences of a pharmacy faculty member leveragi... more Objectives: This paper sets out to describe the experiences of a pharmacy faculty member leveraging the United States (U.S.) Fulbright Specialist (FS) programme as one mechanism to build global alliances in pharmacy workforce development;. It also describe the findings of the Fulbright visit in creating an Assessment Centre for a faculty group at a university of a middle-income country. Methods: The University of Pristina in Kosovo tendered a successful application for the visit of a pharmacy education scholar in assessment with the FS programme. The FS and host endeavoured an engaging process with various university administrators and academic staff using semi-structured interviews, presentations, and informal discussions during academic and social exchanges. Results: The FS produced a 27-page report on recommendations to develop an Assessment Centre that also outlined steps needed to scale the centre up to the University level and replicate it in other faculties, all keeping in mi...

Background: Drug-related problems (DRP), including potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), ... more Background: Drug-related problems (DRP), including potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), are a common problem in older people with multi-morbidity and polypharmacy. It is important to identify appropriate tools, preferably adjusted to specific patient groups, to deal more effectively with potential or existing DRPs. Our hypothesis is that combining PIM identification tools enables to significantly enhance the determination of DRPs. The aim of this study was to develop a combined tool for identification of DRPs in geriatric multi-morbid and polypharmacy patients, using the EU(7)-PIM and EURO-FORTA lists, with a focus on high-risk medications. Methods: The combined PIM identification tool used the information on PIM active ingredients in both databases - the EU(7)-PIM and EURO-FORTA. PIMs were classified into four color groups based on risk profile: very significant PIMs (should be avoided in older patients) as red, significant PIMs (require dose and/or treatment duration adju...

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2021

Background: While mentorship programmes for professionals are growing in number, the lived experi... more Background: While mentorship programmes for professionals are growing in number, the lived experiences of mentor and mentee participants could be captured so as to better inform best practices and considerations for thriving relationships. Objective: This study evaluated the lived experiences of mentors and mentees in a nationwide programme for pharmacists administered by a professional organisation in the United Kingdom, specifically examining the nature of relationships comprising those experiences. Methods: A phenomenological approach was adopted, with semi-structured interviews conducted remotely between November 2019 and June 2020. Potential participants approached via a gatekeeper, employing purposive and convenience sampling. Transcribed data were examined using a combination of inductive and deductive thematic analysis and codes were assigned independently by two researchers, to increase rigour in analysis. Results: A total of 20 participants described their perceived role in their respective mentoring partnerships, gave their own account of the definition of mentoring and discussed the crucial role of trust and understanding in developing a successful mentoring relationship. Mentors' beliefs on their perceived role in the relationship largely guided their approach to the structure of the interactions. The concepts of personal growth and development of peers were often discussed by the participants, along with the acknowledgment that mentoring is a relationship that ideally lasts potentially a lifetime, should the relationship be successful. Mentors felt a sense of pride in giving back to the profession. An unintentional unbalanced power dynamic was often reported and both mentors and mentees acknowledged frustrations when they perceived their partner was not showing the same level of engagement and commitment. Conclusions: Pharmacists participating in a nationwide mentoring programme expressed considerable enthusiasm with their contribution, underscoring the programme's flexibility, its emphasis of mentoring versus merely advising, and its responsibility for enhancing or reconnecting with their professional identity as well as fostering more positivity and liveliness in their professional roles.. The programme might consider additional training to mentors to promote their own self-efficacy in mentoring, which among other things could curtail perceived potential power imbalances within mentor-mentee dyads and lead to a more dynamic and contextualised mentoring experience.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 2021

BACKGROUND Patient activation has an impact on the management of patients’ health, clinical outco... more BACKGROUND Patient activation has an impact on the management of patients’ health, clinical outcomes, and treatment costs. Mobile electronic devices (MEDs) have shown the potential to engage patients in wellness behavior. Furthermore, the potentially positive role of MEDs is evident in supporting health professionals in their practice. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the impact of MEDs on patient activation to search for information on chronic conditions and medications and the impact of MEDs on the empowerment of health professionals or future health professionals. METHODS We conducted 6 focus groups—2 with health sciences students, 2 with health professionals, and 2 with hospitalized patients with chronic conditions. A protocol comprising eight questions was used to guide discussions. Audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically; a ranking system was used to analyze the relevance of identified themes and subthemes, using a coding system depicted by ...

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 2020

Objective: To review specific literature that aimed to predict the future of US pharmacy, beginni... more Objective: To review specific literature that aimed to predict the future of US pharmacy, beginning in the late 1980s. Data Sources: Articles were identified from searching MEDLINE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and references of relevant articles. The following combinations of search terms were used: future, pharmacy, prediction, and forecast. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) full-text commentary, review, or original research and (2) focused predominantly on the pharmacy in the United States. Data on predictions for the future of pharmacy were extracted. Data Synthesis: We selected 3 articles published between 1988 and 2006, with each aiming to project the future for the following decade. We examined each prediction in light of the current knowledge. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Educators, practitioners, and other stakeholders should consider reflecting on the changes in pharmacy for the past 3 decades and applyin...

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2020

Spurred by the value it can add, the use of qualitative research methods has been steadily growin... more Spurred by the value it can add, the use of qualitative research methods has been steadily growing by social pharmacy researchers around the globe, either separately or as part of mixed methods research projects. Given this increase, it is important to provide guidance to assist researchers in ensuring quality when employing such methods. This commentary addresses both theoretical fundamentals as well as practical aspects of establishing quality in qualitative social pharmacy research. More specifically, it provides an explanation of each of the criteria of trustworthiness proposed by Lincoln and Guba (credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability) and different techniques used in establishing them. It also provides a brief overview of authenticity, a more recent and less widely used set of criteria that involve demonstrating fairness, ontological authenticity, educative authenticity, catalytic authenticity, and tactical authenticity. For each of these terms, the commentary provides a definition, how it applies to social pharmacy research, and guidance on when and how to use them. These are accompanied by examples from the pharmacy literature where the criteria have been used. The commentary ends by providing a summary of competing viewpoints of establishing quality in the published literature while inviting the reader to reflect on how the presented criteria would apply to different qualitative research projects.

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2019

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2019

Pharmacy, 2018

Doucette and Schommer recently surveyed U.S. community pharmacy technicians on their willingness ... more Doucette and Schommer recently surveyed U.S. community pharmacy technicians on their willingness to perform tasks including the administration of vaccines. They found that 47.1% of technicians reported they were “unwilling” to administer a vaccine, although this finding must be placed into proper context. The first nationwide survey of U.S. pharmacist perceptions on immunizations in 1998 revealed only 2.2% of pharmacist respondents had administered adult vaccines and only 0.9% had administered childhood vaccines. They also found pharmacists to be “slightly negative on administering immunizations” with many perceived barriers. Nonetheless, pharmacist-provided immunizations have been an unqualified public health success. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) predicts intention from attitude and perceived behavioral control, among other factors. Given low involvement, exposure, and perceived behavioral control to administer vaccinations, technicians’ attitudes or willingness to particip...

Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 2018

Studies have found that expanded pharmacy technician roles can help “free up” pharmacist time, le... more Studies have found that expanded pharmacy technician roles can help “free up” pharmacist time, leading to role optimization. However, these studies and the positions taken by many are quite pharmacist-centric. We seem to have underestimated the importance of support staff in pharmacy operations. If research demonstrates that technicians can perform a function safely and effectively, that alone should compel the function’s allowance in practice. Freeing up pharmacist time for higher-order care is a positive corollary to technician advancement, but it need not be a precondition for it.

American journal of pharmaceutical education, 2017

To develop a measure of organizational culture in academic pharmacy and identify characteristics ... more To develop a measure of organizational culture in academic pharmacy and identify characteristics of an academic pharmacy program that would be impactful for internal (eg, students, employees) and external (eg, preceptors, practitioners) clients of the program. A three-round Delphi procedure of 24 panelists from pharmacy schools in the U.S. and Canada generated items based on the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP), which were then evaluated and refined for inclusion in subsequent rounds. Items were assessed for appropriateness and impact. The panel produced 35 items across six domains that measured organizational culture in academic pharmacy: competitiveness, performance orientation, social responsibility, innovation, emphasis on collegial support, and stability. The items generated require testing for validation and reliability in a large sample to finalize this measure of organizational culture.

Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 2017

Introduction: The profession of pharmacy is being afforded many important opportunities, and cont... more Introduction: The profession of pharmacy is being afforded many important opportunities, and continues to face many challenges. To successfully address these issues schools and colleges of pharmacy must have a complete understanding of their current context, which includes culture. However, little of the work on culture in pharmacy education specifically defines what these cultures are, and equally importantly how this understanding of culture can be used to make changes, improve student learning, and ultimately develop pharmacists better prepared to improve patient outcomes. Perspective: Organizational culture has been defined in a multitude of ways in the literature. Martin's three-perspectives approach, which combines integrated, differentiated, and fragmented understandings, offers one way to approach defining culture and leveraging that definition of change. Furthermore, the organizational culture profile (OCP), is one tool that can be used to identify and differentiate between Martin's three perspectives. Implications: Culture plays an important role in academic pharmacy, but before it can reach its highest potential in improving student outcomes, and faculty experience, it must be completely understood. Martin's approach and the OCP offer one way to achieve this objective.

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1996), 1997

This study assessed pharmacists' perceptions of the feasibility and relevance of a set of... more This study assessed pharmacists' perceptions of the feasibility and relevance of a set of community-based pharmaceutical care practice standards. Practice standards generated in a Delphi study were rated for feasibility of implementation and relevance to improving therapeutic outcomes by a randomized sample of 315 pharmacists on two 7-point Likert-type scales. These ratings were compared with assessments by Delphi panel experts. Pharmacists judged many of the standards favorably; however, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA revealed that they were less confident in the standards' feasibility of implementation and relevance to improving patient outcomes than were the Delphi panel experts. Pharmacists appear ready to accept a majority of the practice standards used in this study. The lower ratings by respondent pharmacists may be indicative of apprehension about embracing a new practice paradigm and a belief that the provision of pharmaceutical care services has a limited impact on therapeutic outcomes.

Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2016

Introduction: Public and private entities in the United States spend billions of dollars each yea... more Introduction: Public and private entities in the United States spend billions of dollars each year on potentially avoidable hospitalizations. This is a common occurrence in long-term care (LTC) facilities, especially in rural jurisdictions. This article details the creation of a telemedicine approach to assess residents from rural LTC facilities for potential transfer to hospitals. Methods: An electronic LTC (eLTC) pilot was conducted in 20 pilot LTC facilities from 2012-2015. Each site underwent technologic assessment and upgrading to ensure that 2-way video communication was possible. A new central "hub" was staffed with advanced practice providers and registered nurses. Long-term care pilot sites were trained and rolled out over 3 years. This article reports development and implementation of the pilot, as well as descriptive statistics associated with provider assessments and averted transfers. Results: Over 3 years, 736 eLTC consultations occurred in pilot sites. One-quarter of consultations occurred between 10 PM and 9 AM. Overall, approximately 31% of cases were transferred. This decreased from 54% of cases in 2013 to 17% in 2015. Rural pilot facilities had an average of 23 eLTC consults per site per year. Discussion: Averted transfers represent a dramatic benefit to the residents, as potentially avoidable hospitalizations cause undue stress and allow for nosocomial infections, among other risks. In addition, averting these unnecessary transfers likely saved the taxpayers of the United States over 5millioninadmission−relatedchargestoCentersforMedicareandMedicaidServices(511avoidedtransfersA^5 million in admission-related charges to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (511 avoided transfers  5millioninadmission−relatedchargestoCentersforMedicareandMedicaidServices(511avoidedtransfersA^11,000 per average hospitalization from a LTC facility). Conclusions: Overall, the eLTC pilot showed promise as a proof-of-concept. The pilot's implementation resulted in increasing utilization and promising reductions in unnecessary transfers to emergency departments and hospitalizations.

Managed care interface, 2005

Knowledge about prescription drug benefits is necessary for consumers to choose appropriate healt... more Knowledge about prescription drug benefits is necessary for consumers to choose appropriate health benefits plans in a consumer-directed health plan market. The objective of this study was to describe employees' knowledge of their prescription drug benefits. A one-group, cross-sectional survey of full-time university employees with a tiered pharmacy benefit was performed. Correct responses to knowledge questions were described individually and as an aggregate index score. Respondent understanding of pharmacy benefits was low to moderate. Specifically, knowledge of pharmacy benefits was most limited with respect to formulary management, cost sharing, and financial implications of out-of-network use and the selection of a branded or generic medication. Future research should refine methods for assessing knowledge of pharmacy benefits, explore knowledge of pharmacy benefits in diverse samples, and assess the consequences associated with variations in knowledge of prescription drug ...

Chronic Illness, 2022

This study aimed to examine (1) the association between patient activation (PA), health locus of ... more This study aimed to examine (1) the association between patient activation (PA), health locus of control (HLOC), sociodemographic and clinical factors, and (2) the effect of HLOC dimensions, sociodemographic and clinical factors on PA. Three hundred U.S. adults, with at least one chronic condition (CC) were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and completed an online survey which included sociodemographic questions, the Patient Activation Measure® - 10, and the Multidimensional Locus of Control (MHLC) - Form B. Statistical analyses, including descriptive, correlation, and multiple linear regression, were conducted using IBM SPSS v25. Of the 300 participants, more than half were male (66.3%), White (70.7%), with at least a college degree (76.0%), and employed full-time (79.0%). The average PA score was 68.8 ± 14.5. Multiple linear regression indicated that participants who reported they were Black, retired, with a greater number of CCs, and with higher scores in Chance MHLC had h...

Pharmacy Education, 2020

Objectives: This paper sets out to describe the experiences of a pharmacy faculty member leveragi... more Objectives: This paper sets out to describe the experiences of a pharmacy faculty member leveraging the United States (U.S.) Fulbright Specialist (FS) programme as one mechanism to build global alliances in pharmacy workforce development;. It also describe the findings of the Fulbright visit in creating an Assessment Centre for a faculty group at a university of a middle-income country. Methods: The University of Pristina in Kosovo tendered a successful application for the visit of a pharmacy education scholar in assessment with the FS programme. The FS and host endeavoured an engaging process with various university administrators and academic staff using semi-structured interviews, presentations, and informal discussions during academic and social exchanges. Results: The FS produced a 27-page report on recommendations to develop an Assessment Centre that also outlined steps needed to scale the centre up to the University level and replicate it in other faculties, all keeping in mi...

Background: Drug-related problems (DRP), including potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), ... more Background: Drug-related problems (DRP), including potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), are a common problem in older people with multi-morbidity and polypharmacy. It is important to identify appropriate tools, preferably adjusted to specific patient groups, to deal more effectively with potential or existing DRPs. Our hypothesis is that combining PIM identification tools enables to significantly enhance the determination of DRPs. The aim of this study was to develop a combined tool for identification of DRPs in geriatric multi-morbid and polypharmacy patients, using the EU(7)-PIM and EURO-FORTA lists, with a focus on high-risk medications. Methods: The combined PIM identification tool used the information on PIM active ingredients in both databases - the EU(7)-PIM and EURO-FORTA. PIMs were classified into four color groups based on risk profile: very significant PIMs (should be avoided in older patients) as red, significant PIMs (require dose and/or treatment duration adju...

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2021

Background: While mentorship programmes for professionals are growing in number, the lived experi... more Background: While mentorship programmes for professionals are growing in number, the lived experiences of mentor and mentee participants could be captured so as to better inform best practices and considerations for thriving relationships. Objective: This study evaluated the lived experiences of mentors and mentees in a nationwide programme for pharmacists administered by a professional organisation in the United Kingdom, specifically examining the nature of relationships comprising those experiences. Methods: A phenomenological approach was adopted, with semi-structured interviews conducted remotely between November 2019 and June 2020. Potential participants approached via a gatekeeper, employing purposive and convenience sampling. Transcribed data were examined using a combination of inductive and deductive thematic analysis and codes were assigned independently by two researchers, to increase rigour in analysis. Results: A total of 20 participants described their perceived role in their respective mentoring partnerships, gave their own account of the definition of mentoring and discussed the crucial role of trust and understanding in developing a successful mentoring relationship. Mentors' beliefs on their perceived role in the relationship largely guided their approach to the structure of the interactions. The concepts of personal growth and development of peers were often discussed by the participants, along with the acknowledgment that mentoring is a relationship that ideally lasts potentially a lifetime, should the relationship be successful. Mentors felt a sense of pride in giving back to the profession. An unintentional unbalanced power dynamic was often reported and both mentors and mentees acknowledged frustrations when they perceived their partner was not showing the same level of engagement and commitment. Conclusions: Pharmacists participating in a nationwide mentoring programme expressed considerable enthusiasm with their contribution, underscoring the programme's flexibility, its emphasis of mentoring versus merely advising, and its responsibility for enhancing or reconnecting with their professional identity as well as fostering more positivity and liveliness in their professional roles.. The programme might consider additional training to mentors to promote their own self-efficacy in mentoring, which among other things could curtail perceived potential power imbalances within mentor-mentee dyads and lead to a more dynamic and contextualised mentoring experience.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 2021

BACKGROUND Patient activation has an impact on the management of patients’ health, clinical outco... more BACKGROUND Patient activation has an impact on the management of patients’ health, clinical outcomes, and treatment costs. Mobile electronic devices (MEDs) have shown the potential to engage patients in wellness behavior. Furthermore, the potentially positive role of MEDs is evident in supporting health professionals in their practice. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the impact of MEDs on patient activation to search for information on chronic conditions and medications and the impact of MEDs on the empowerment of health professionals or future health professionals. METHODS We conducted 6 focus groups—2 with health sciences students, 2 with health professionals, and 2 with hospitalized patients with chronic conditions. A protocol comprising eight questions was used to guide discussions. Audio-recorded data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically; a ranking system was used to analyze the relevance of identified themes and subthemes, using a coding system depicted by ...

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 2020

Objective: To review specific literature that aimed to predict the future of US pharmacy, beginni... more Objective: To review specific literature that aimed to predict the future of US pharmacy, beginning in the late 1980s. Data Sources: Articles were identified from searching MEDLINE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and references of relevant articles. The following combinations of search terms were used: future, pharmacy, prediction, and forecast. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) full-text commentary, review, or original research and (2) focused predominantly on the pharmacy in the United States. Data on predictions for the future of pharmacy were extracted. Data Synthesis: We selected 3 articles published between 1988 and 2006, with each aiming to project the future for the following decade. We examined each prediction in light of the current knowledge. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: Educators, practitioners, and other stakeholders should consider reflecting on the changes in pharmacy for the past 3 decades and applyin...

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2020

Spurred by the value it can add, the use of qualitative research methods has been steadily growin... more Spurred by the value it can add, the use of qualitative research methods has been steadily growing by social pharmacy researchers around the globe, either separately or as part of mixed methods research projects. Given this increase, it is important to provide guidance to assist researchers in ensuring quality when employing such methods. This commentary addresses both theoretical fundamentals as well as practical aspects of establishing quality in qualitative social pharmacy research. More specifically, it provides an explanation of each of the criteria of trustworthiness proposed by Lincoln and Guba (credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability) and different techniques used in establishing them. It also provides a brief overview of authenticity, a more recent and less widely used set of criteria that involve demonstrating fairness, ontological authenticity, educative authenticity, catalytic authenticity, and tactical authenticity. For each of these terms, the commentary provides a definition, how it applies to social pharmacy research, and guidance on when and how to use them. These are accompanied by examples from the pharmacy literature where the criteria have been used. The commentary ends by providing a summary of competing viewpoints of establishing quality in the published literature while inviting the reader to reflect on how the presented criteria would apply to different qualitative research projects.

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2019

Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 2019

Pharmacy, 2018

Doucette and Schommer recently surveyed U.S. community pharmacy technicians on their willingness ... more Doucette and Schommer recently surveyed U.S. community pharmacy technicians on their willingness to perform tasks including the administration of vaccines. They found that 47.1% of technicians reported they were “unwilling” to administer a vaccine, although this finding must be placed into proper context. The first nationwide survey of U.S. pharmacist perceptions on immunizations in 1998 revealed only 2.2% of pharmacist respondents had administered adult vaccines and only 0.9% had administered childhood vaccines. They also found pharmacists to be “slightly negative on administering immunizations” with many perceived barriers. Nonetheless, pharmacist-provided immunizations have been an unqualified public health success. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) predicts intention from attitude and perceived behavioral control, among other factors. Given low involvement, exposure, and perceived behavioral control to administer vaccinations, technicians’ attitudes or willingness to particip...

Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 2018

Studies have found that expanded pharmacy technician roles can help “free up” pharmacist time, le... more Studies have found that expanded pharmacy technician roles can help “free up” pharmacist time, leading to role optimization. However, these studies and the positions taken by many are quite pharmacist-centric. We seem to have underestimated the importance of support staff in pharmacy operations. If research demonstrates that technicians can perform a function safely and effectively, that alone should compel the function’s allowance in practice. Freeing up pharmacist time for higher-order care is a positive corollary to technician advancement, but it need not be a precondition for it.

American journal of pharmaceutical education, 2017

To develop a measure of organizational culture in academic pharmacy and identify characteristics ... more To develop a measure of organizational culture in academic pharmacy and identify characteristics of an academic pharmacy program that would be impactful for internal (eg, students, employees) and external (eg, preceptors, practitioners) clients of the program. A three-round Delphi procedure of 24 panelists from pharmacy schools in the U.S. and Canada generated items based on the Organizational Culture Profile (OCP), which were then evaluated and refined for inclusion in subsequent rounds. Items were assessed for appropriateness and impact. The panel produced 35 items across six domains that measured organizational culture in academic pharmacy: competitiveness, performance orientation, social responsibility, innovation, emphasis on collegial support, and stability. The items generated require testing for validation and reliability in a large sample to finalize this measure of organizational culture.

Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 2017

Introduction: The profession of pharmacy is being afforded many important opportunities, and cont... more Introduction: The profession of pharmacy is being afforded many important opportunities, and continues to face many challenges. To successfully address these issues schools and colleges of pharmacy must have a complete understanding of their current context, which includes culture. However, little of the work on culture in pharmacy education specifically defines what these cultures are, and equally importantly how this understanding of culture can be used to make changes, improve student learning, and ultimately develop pharmacists better prepared to improve patient outcomes. Perspective: Organizational culture has been defined in a multitude of ways in the literature. Martin's three-perspectives approach, which combines integrated, differentiated, and fragmented understandings, offers one way to approach defining culture and leveraging that definition of change. Furthermore, the organizational culture profile (OCP), is one tool that can be used to identify and differentiate between Martin's three perspectives. Implications: Culture plays an important role in academic pharmacy, but before it can reach its highest potential in improving student outcomes, and faculty experience, it must be completely understood. Martin's approach and the OCP offer one way to achieve this objective.

Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1996), 1997

This study assessed pharmacists' perceptions of the feasibility and relevance of a set of... more This study assessed pharmacists' perceptions of the feasibility and relevance of a set of community-based pharmaceutical care practice standards. Practice standards generated in a Delphi study were rated for feasibility of implementation and relevance to improving therapeutic outcomes by a randomized sample of 315 pharmacists on two 7-point Likert-type scales. These ratings were compared with assessments by Delphi panel experts. Pharmacists judged many of the standards favorably; however, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA revealed that they were less confident in the standards' feasibility of implementation and relevance to improving patient outcomes than were the Delphi panel experts. Pharmacists appear ready to accept a majority of the practice standards used in this study. The lower ratings by respondent pharmacists may be indicative of apprehension about embracing a new practice paradigm and a belief that the provision of pharmaceutical care services has a limited impact on therapeutic outcomes.

Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP

Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 2016

Introduction: Public and private entities in the United States spend billions of dollars each yea... more Introduction: Public and private entities in the United States spend billions of dollars each year on potentially avoidable hospitalizations. This is a common occurrence in long-term care (LTC) facilities, especially in rural jurisdictions. This article details the creation of a telemedicine approach to assess residents from rural LTC facilities for potential transfer to hospitals. Methods: An electronic LTC (eLTC) pilot was conducted in 20 pilot LTC facilities from 2012-2015. Each site underwent technologic assessment and upgrading to ensure that 2-way video communication was possible. A new central "hub" was staffed with advanced practice providers and registered nurses. Long-term care pilot sites were trained and rolled out over 3 years. This article reports development and implementation of the pilot, as well as descriptive statistics associated with provider assessments and averted transfers. Results: Over 3 years, 736 eLTC consultations occurred in pilot sites. One-quarter of consultations occurred between 10 PM and 9 AM. Overall, approximately 31% of cases were transferred. This decreased from 54% of cases in 2013 to 17% in 2015. Rural pilot facilities had an average of 23 eLTC consults per site per year. Discussion: Averted transfers represent a dramatic benefit to the residents, as potentially avoidable hospitalizations cause undue stress and allow for nosocomial infections, among other risks. In addition, averting these unnecessary transfers likely saved the taxpayers of the United States over 5millioninadmission−relatedchargestoCentersforMedicareandMedicaidServices(511avoidedtransfersA^5 million in admission-related charges to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (511 avoided transfers  5millioninadmission−relatedchargestoCentersforMedicareandMedicaidServices(511avoidedtransfersA^11,000 per average hospitalization from a LTC facility). Conclusions: Overall, the eLTC pilot showed promise as a proof-of-concept. The pilot's implementation resulted in increasing utilization and promising reductions in unnecessary transfers to emergency departments and hospitalizations.

Managed care interface, 2005

Knowledge about prescription drug benefits is necessary for consumers to choose appropriate healt... more Knowledge about prescription drug benefits is necessary for consumers to choose appropriate health benefits plans in a consumer-directed health plan market. The objective of this study was to describe employees' knowledge of their prescription drug benefits. A one-group, cross-sectional survey of full-time university employees with a tiered pharmacy benefit was performed. Correct responses to knowledge questions were described individually and as an aggregate index score. Respondent understanding of pharmacy benefits was low to moderate. Specifically, knowledge of pharmacy benefits was most limited with respect to formulary management, cost sharing, and financial implications of out-of-network use and the selection of a branded or generic medication. Future research should refine methods for assessing knowledge of pharmacy benefits, explore knowledge of pharmacy benefits in diverse samples, and assess the consequences associated with variations in knowledge of prescription drug ...