Shankar Sah - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Shankar Sah

2022 4th International Conference on Circuits, Control, Communication and Computing (I4C)

Diseases

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative pathogens, predominantly ESBL-prod... more Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative pathogens, predominantly ESBL-producing clinical isolates, are increasing worldwide. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing clinical isolates, their antibiogram, and the frequency of ESBL genes (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) in the clinical samples from patients. Methods: A total of 1065 clinical specimens from patients suspected of heart infections were collected between February and August 2019. Bacterial isolates were identified on colony morphology and biochemical properties. Thus, obtained clinical isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, while ESBL producers were identified by using a combination disk diffusion method. ESBL positive isolates were further assessed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the ESBL genes blaTEM and blaCTX-M. Results: Out of 1065 clinical specimens, 17.8% (190...

Medical Journal of Eastern Nepal

Background Aero-digestive tract foreign body (FB) is a common emergency dealt by the otolaryngolo... more Background Aero-digestive tract foreign body (FB) is a common emergency dealt by the otolaryngologists. Airways FB have been a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Management of FB depends on the site of impaction and types of it. The study aimed to find out the incidence, types and complications of FB encountered in aerodigestive tract. Methods A hospital-based prospective study was conducted among the patients with aero digestive FB presented and managed at the department of ENT and HNS from August 2015 to July 2017. A self-designed proforma was used to collect the relevant data. A descriptive analysis was made of the frequency distribution of qualitative variables. The findings were presented as tables and graphs. Results A total of 276 patients were treated for FB in aero-digestive tract and 158 (57.25%) patients were male. 90 (32.6%) cases of FB occurred in age group of 1-10 years. Ninety six cases of foreign body (34.78%) were chicken bone followed by other bone (20.65%) an...

Indian Journal of Fisheries, 2020

Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822) and Notopteru... more Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822) and Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) was studied from 439 samples of C. chitala collected from 14 locations and 368 samples of N. notopterus colleted from 19 locations in Indian rivers. The regression coefficient ranged from 2.24 (River Gomti) to 3.24 (River Son) in C. chitala and 2.34 (River Son) to 3.71 (River Krishna) in N. notopterus. Fulton’s condition factor and relative condition factor were found to be greater for N. notopterus than C. chitala in common sites of collection. Spatial variations indicated better biological behaviour for C. chitala in River Son and for N. notopterus in River Chambal. The results of the study form important baseline information for developing sustainable management and conservation measures.

Indian Historical Review, 2019

News reporting was an essential part of the administration of the Mughal Empire. Many sources suc... more News reporting was an essential part of the administration of the Mughal Empire. Many sources such as biography, autobiography, court chronicles, akhbarat and travelogues indicate that the Mughals had an organised system of intelligence and espionage. The Mughals ruled over a vast territory which made it necessary to organize a system whereby news and information could be conveyed rapidly over great distances. News writing in Mughal India was closely connected with espionage and postal communication. For this reason, Historians who have studied the communication system of Mughal India, discussed the information system in a limited manner and paid greater coverage to the communication system. With the help of the news reports, the Mughal emperor issued orders and many other communications related to administration. The information system was important also for the economy. Till now, not much is known about the Mughal information system, notably the news reporting system related to th...

Journal of Nepal Medical Association, 2019

Introduction: Endoscopic sinus surgery is a well-known approach for sino-nasal pathologies. Due t... more Introduction: Endoscopic sinus surgery is a well-known approach for sino-nasal pathologies. Due to close proximity to the brain and orbit, the surgeon should be aware of the sino-nasal anatomy and its associated variations. Detailed preoperative assessment of the sinus computed tomography scans reduces the frequency of severe complications in patients undergoing an endoscopic sinus surgery. So, the aim of this study is to find the prevalence of dangerous ethmoid in a tertiary center in eastern Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in a Computed tomography scan of 50 patients with chronic sinusitis undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery from February 2018 to August 2018 in the department of Otolaryngology and Radiology of BP Koirala institute of health sciences after taking ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee of the institute. Measurements are taken in the coronal plane. The depth of the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate was defined acc...

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology, 2018

Objectives: This study was done to determine the drug resistance pattern and Extended Spectrum β-... more Objectives: This study was done to determine the drug resistance pattern and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) in bacterial isolates of Enterobacteriaceae family from different clinical specimens. Methods: The isolates were identifi ed by conventional culture techniques and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by modifi ed Kirby Bauer disk diffusion methods and ESBL detection by combined disk method. Results: Of the total 1602 sample processed 200 (12.5%) bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family were isolated and 85.5% of them were multidrug resistant. Of the total Enterobacteriaceae isolates 27% were ESBL producers. Single isolate of stool was MDR and ESBL producer. Higher prevalence of MDR isolates (100%) and ESBL producer (41.2%) was observed in sputum specimen. Higher multidrug resistance (92.1%) and ESBL production (35%) was detected in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusion: The most effective antibiotics towards the isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were imipenem, amikacin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Emergence of MDR and ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae requires proper infection control measures and routine and reliable detection of ESBL with rationale use of antibiotics.

BMC Research Notes, 2015

Background: Iodine deficiency is a major public health problem in many developing countries inclu... more Background: Iodine deficiency is a major public health problem in many developing countries including Nepal. The present study was designed to investigate the urinary iodine excretion (UIE), thyroid function status and household salt iodine content (SIC) in school-aged children (SAC) and to establish the relationships between these factors. Methods: A community-based cross sectional study was conducted in selected schools of two districts, Tehrathum and Morang, lying in the hill and plain region of eastern Nepal respectively. A total of 640 SAC, (Tehrathum n = 274 and Morang n = 366) aged 6-11 years, were assessed for UIE and household SIC. Among the 640 children, 155 consented to blood samples (Tehrathum n = 78 and Morang n = 77) to test for serum thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT 3) and free thyroxine (fT 4). UIE was measured by ammonium persulfate digestion method. SIC was measured by iodometric titration method and Tg, TSH, fT 4 and fT 3 were measured by immunoassay based kit method. Results: In Tehrathum and Morang, 9.5 and 7.7 % of SAC had UIE values of UIE <100 µg/L while 59.5 and 41 % had iodine nutrition values of >299 µg/L, with median UIE of 345.65 and 270.36 µg/L respectively. The overall medians were as follows, Tg 14.29 µg/L, fT 3 3.94 pmol/L, fT 4 16.25 pmol/L and TSH 3.61 mIU/L. There was a negative correlation between UIE and Tg (r = −0.236, p = 0.003) and a positive correlation between UIE and SIC (r = 0.349, p < 0.0001). We found 19.5 %, n = 15 and 16.7 %, n = 13 subclinical hypothyroid cases in Morang and Tehrathum respectively. Iodometric titration showed only 6.4% (n = 41) of the samples had household SIC <15 ppm. Multivariate analysis revealed that use of packaged salt by SAC of Tehrathum district correlated with higher UIE values. Conclusions: Our focused data suggests that collaborative universal salt iodization (USI) programs are improving the health of children in the Tehrathum and Morang districts of Nepal. We also found that excessive iodine in a large portion of the study groups is a substantial concern and iodine intervention programs need to deal with both deficient and excessive iodine scenarios that can both be present simultaneously in study populations.

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2015

BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a critical period for both woman and baby from a nutritional perspective.... more BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a critical period for both woman and baby from a nutritional perspective. Poor nutrition, during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. However, due to various factors, pregnant women do not increase the quality or quantity of diet during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To find out the prevalence of nutritional supplementations taken during pregnancy and to find out the association between sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional supplementations taken during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st March to 14th March, 2014 among the residents of Rangeli VDC of Morang District in Eastern Nepal where 300 households were taken as subjects. Semistructured questionnaire was used and face to face interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional supplementations taken during pregnancy. RESULT The problem of not t...

1. Introduction and Overview 2. Rural Areas in the 21st Century 3. The Case Study 4. Power 5. Mic... more 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Rural Areas in the 21st Century 3. The Case Study 4. Power 5. Micro-Politics Uncovered 6. Micro-Politics: A Taste of the Action 7. Unravelling Participation 8. The Performance of Participation 9. Conclusions

Nephro-Urology Monthly, 2015

In human beings, uric acid is the poorly soluble circulating end product of the purine nucleotide... more In human beings, uric acid is the poorly soluble circulating end product of the purine nucleotide metabolism. A reduction in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) contributes to hyperuricemia, which is frequently observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Evidence Acquisition: Hyperuricemia is defined as a serum uric acid level > 7.0 mg/dL in males and > 6.0 mg/dL in females, while CKD is defined as kidney damage or a GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 for 3 months or more, irrespective of the cause. Hyperuricemia is common in CKD and may occur because of decreased excretion, increased production, or a combination of both mechanisms. Results: The causes for hyperuricemia in overproducers may be either exogenous or endogenous. CKD has become a global public health problem because of its high prevalence and the accompanying increase in the risk of end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. The most common risk factors for CKD are obesity and the metabolic syndrome, which is strongly associated with hyperuricemia probably as a consequence of insulin resistance and the effects of insulin to reduce the urinary urate excretion. For recurring bouts of hyperuricemia or gout, patients should have a blood test and joint fluid test to determine whether the medication taken is effective. Interventional studies are a useful clinical research tool in clarifying the role of hyperuricemia in CKD. Conclusions: Although many evidence-based studies have suggested that uric acid itself may harm patients with CKD by increasing inflammation and CKD progression, the issue is still a matter of controversy. Special attention should be paid to specific contraindications to certain drugs and the possibility of infectious arthritis.

27 polymorphic EST-SSRs were used to analyze two natural populations of Clarias batrachus for pop... more 27 polymorphic EST-SSRs were used to analyze two natural populations of Clarias batrachus for population variability parameters. Allele numbers ranged from 2 to 12; and observed and expected heterozygosity values from 0.3658 and 0.6850; and 0.5668 and 0.5828, respectively. Fifteen loci showed no significant departure from HWE (p<0.05). Linkage disequilibrium test was significant for three pairs of loci. Two populations studied were found to be significantly divergent. Cross-species amplification for 7 loci was successful in two related species. These SSRs markers may be useful for the assessment of genetic variations and population differentiation studies in C. batrachus.

Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences, 2014

Background: Child marriage is a substantial barrier to social and economic development in Nepal, ... more Background: Child marriage is a substantial barrier to social and economic development in Nepal, and a primary concern for women’s health. Little evidence from Nepal is available regarding the ways in which early marriage may compromise young women’s lives and their reproductive health and choices. The objectives of this study was to find out the factors associated with early age marriages in Dhankuta Municipality. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among the residents of Dhankuta municipality, Nepal; where 246 households were taken as subjects. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the study subjects and face to face interview was conducted. Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between factors and age of marriages. Results: Almost 53.3% of women were married before age 18 years. Education of wife and husband, and economic status are found to be the important variables in explaining early age marriage. Prevalence of child marria...

Boron in Soils and Plants: Reviews, 1997

Boron in Plant and Animal Nutrition, 2002

... In Boron in soils and plants (RW Bell and B. Rerkasem, eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers ... P... more ... In Boron in soils and plants (RW Bell and B. Rerkasem, eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers ... Pfeffer, H., Dannel, F., and Roemheld, V., 1999, Are there two mechanisms for boron uptake ... A method to distinguish between pore and carrier kinetics applied to urea transport across the ...

The aim to prepare and present this paper is to highlight the source, management and quantificati... more The aim to prepare and present this paper is to highlight the source, management and quantification of the unintentional POPs in an unindustrialized least developing landlocked small country Nepal. The methodology adopted for this is the review of the relevant research documents and national initiative towards addressing this issues complemented with sharing of the first hand experience from the implementation

Particle Accelerator, IEEE Conference, 1997

A highly-effective digital global feedback system has been developed to control closed-orbit erro... more A highly-effective digital global feedback system has been developed to control closed-orbit error in the Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (SRRC). However, the beam orbit in SRRC is intrinsically so stable that a digital local feedback system may be preferred for some operating conditions. Consequently, a prototype digital local feedback loop has been developed and tested for suppressing orbit disturbances at

Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1986

... al. 1971; Mandal and Khan, 1977; Gupta and Nayan, 1975) or in slightly modified form (Hooker ... more ... al. 1971; Mandal and Khan, 1977; Gupta and Nayan, 1975) or in slightly modified form (Hooker et al., 1980; Sharpley and Smith, 1985; Medley et al., 1982) has been widely used for the fractionation of inorganic P in soil. To ...