Shantaram Kane - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Shantaram Kane
Aiche Journal, Sep 1, 1974
used in this study, but it is obvious that other procedures could be employed. The convergence cr... more used in this study, but it is obvious that other procedures could be employed. The convergence criterion used was that With this criterion, convergence occurred, at best, with 50 iterations. At worst more than 1000 iterations may be required. Computations were performed on a CDC 6400. On this machine the computing time was roughly 0.003 sediteration per component. As indicated, computing time increases linearly with the number of components. The advantages of this procedure lie in its ease of formulation and programming, its tie to thermodynamic principles, and its reliability. The formulation presented here can easily be extended to moR than three phases which makes it a candidate for use in computations where solid phases need be considered, as in cryogenic applications. Since the procedure minimizes free energy, it is possible to avoid spurious solutions to the equilibrium problem such as those pointed out in the discussion of Figure 5e. In the liquidliquid-vapor computations the starting point was that almost all the water was in a water rich liquid with a few percent of the total water being present in the two hydrocarbon rich phases. The hydrocarbons were distributed so that the vapor phase was rich in the light components and the liquid phase was rich in the heavy components. This assured convergence to the correct equilibrium conditions.
Desalination, Aug 1, 1975
Abstract Nucleation rates of ice have been determined for a wide range of solution subcooling, re... more Abstract Nucleation rates of ice have been determined for a wide range of solution subcooling, refrigerant subcooling, agitation power, impeller configuration, and salt concentration. The results of the study have been used to predict the effect of changes in operating conditions in a continuous crystallizer on crystal size and to draw some tentative conclusions on the mechanism of secondary nucleation. The predictions made from the batch crystallizer nucleation data of this study are shown to provide an adequate generalization of all the past nucleation data from continuous crystallizers.
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2008
Homeopathy : the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy, 2017
Potentization, consisting of serial dilution and succussion, is a key step in the manufacture of ... more Potentization, consisting of serial dilution and succussion, is a key step in the manufacture of homeopathic medicines. Originally prescribed as a manual process, several attempts at mechanization have been published, patented and even commercialised in order to remove the human element and introduce reproducibility without drudgery. Various machines have been used over the years to prepare homeopathic medicines. Although these machines follow the same principles, i.e. energetically mixing the medicines and diluting them significantly, their mode of operation is different from each other. This review paper surveys the main methods of preparation of homeopathic medicines. The main machines discussed are: Boericke's potentizer, Tyler Kent's instrument, John Alphonse's machine and the fluxion potentizer, which were used in the past, as well as more recent potentizers like arm-and-weight instruments, the K-Tronic potentizer and Quinn's machine. We review the construction...
Homeopathy, 2017
Background: High-potency homeopathic remedies, 30c and 200c have enormous dilution factors of 106... more Background: High-potency homeopathic remedies, 30c and 200c have enormous dilution factors of 1060 and 10400 respectively. Therefore, the presence of physical entities in them is inconceivable. As a result, their efficacy is highly debated and often dismissed as a placebo. Despite several hypotheses postulated to explain the claimed homeopathic efficacy, none have satisfactorily answered the qualms of the sceptics. Against all beliefs and principles of conventional dilution, we have shown that nanoparticles (NPs) of the starting metals are unequivocally found in the 30c and 200c remedies at concentrations of a few pg/ml. In this paper, our aim was to answer the important question of whether such negligible metal concentrations elicit a biological response. Methods: Metal-based homeopathic medicines (30c and 200c) were analysed at doses between 0.003%v/v and 10%v/v in in-vitro HepG2 cell-line. Upon treatment, cell response was estimated by MTT assay, FACS and total intracellular prot...
Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2016
Bhasma, Ayurvedic medicinal preparations, are prepared using herbs and minerals on following long... more Bhasma, Ayurvedic medicinal preparations, are prepared using herbs and minerals on following long iterative procedures. However, industrially mercury and sulphur are more commonly used to prepare bhasma from its raw material. The end point of this iterative procedure is mainly judged by the traditional tests specifying physical appearance of the powders. They fail to give better idea about chemical nature of the material. Moreover, the differences in biological activity of final product verses intermediate are not addressed. To compare the physicochemical as well as biological properties of the Jasad bhasma and its in-process intermediate using modern science methods. The Jasad bhasma and its in-process intermediate are characterized for their physicochemical properties using electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and CHNS(O) analysis. The biological effects of both the preparations are then studied. The bioaccumulation of zinc, effect on liver antioxidant status, liver and kidney f...
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2008
Journal of Nanoparticle …, 2009
International Journal of Nanotechnology: Biomedicine, 2009
Indian traditional medicine Jasada Bhasma is a unique particulate preparation of zinc, which has ... more Indian traditional medicine Jasada Bhasma is a unique particulate preparation of zinc, which has been used by traditional practitioners for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, eye diseases, etc. This paper is an attempt to understand the mode of action of this and related types of particulate matter in biology. The biological activity of Jasada Bhasma has been
Biopolymers, Jun 1, 2008
Current methods for the evaluation of cell interactions with particles are nonspecific, slow, and... more Current methods for the evaluation of cell interactions with particles are nonspecific, slow, and invasive to the cells. Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive technique, and is used in the present study to investigate particle-cell interactions. The main focus of the present study is to employ Raman spectroscopy for investigating the interaction of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) with the particulate system Jasada Bhasma, a traditional Indian medicine. Jasada Bhasma is a unique preparation of zinc and is traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases like diabetes, age-related eye diseases, and as a health promotional tonic. The Raman spectral analysis is executed by identifying the difference in intracellular DNA/RNA, and proteins and lipids concentration between particles--treated and untreated cells. Comparison between Bhasma-treated and -untreated cells indicates that vibrational peaks corresponding to the DNA/RNA molecule show a significant increase in cells treated with the Jasada Bhasma. Apart from the DNA molecule, several other vibrational peaks related to the protein molecules also show a significant increase in A549 cells after treatment with Bhasma. These results indicate that Bhasma treatment of A549 possibly delays DNA degradation and enables retention of higher amount of protein molecules in the cells.
Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, Jan 13, 2012
Extreme dilutions, especially homeopathic remedies of 30c, 200c, and higher potencies, are prepar... more Extreme dilutions, especially homeopathic remedies of 30c, 200c, and higher potencies, are prepared by a process of serial dilution of 1:100 per step. As a result, dilution factors of 10(60), 10(400), or even greater are achieved. Therefore, both the presence of any active ingredient and the therapeutic efficacy of these medicines have been contentious because the existence of even traces of the starting raw materials in them is inconceivable. However, physicochemical studies of these solutions have unequivocally established the presence of the starting raw materials in nanoparticulate form even in these extreme (super-Avogadro, >10(23)) dilutions. In this article, we propose and validate a hypothesis to explain how nanoparticles are retained even at such enormous dilution levels. We show that once the bulk concentration is below a threshold level of a few nanograms/milliliter (ng/mL), at the end of each dilution step, all of the nanoparticles levitate to the surface and are acco...
Homeopathy: the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy
Homeopathy is controversial because medicines in high potencies such as 30c and 200c involve huge... more Homeopathy is controversial because medicines in high potencies such as 30c and 200c involve huge dilution factors (10⁶⁰ and 10⁴⁰⁰ respectively) which are many orders of magnitude greater than Avogadro's number, so that theoretically there should be no measurable remnants of the starting materials. No hypothesis which predicts the retention of properties of starting materials has been proposed nor has any physical entity been shown to exist in these high potency medicines. Using market samples of metal-derived medicines from reputable manufacturers, we have demonstrated for the first time by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and chemical analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the presence of physical entities in these extreme dilutions, in the form of nanoparticles of the starting metals and their aggregates.
Homeopathy, 2016
Extremely dilute systems arise in homeopathy, which uses dilution factors 10(60), 10(400) and als... more Extremely dilute systems arise in homeopathy, which uses dilution factors 10(60), 10(400) and also higher. These amounts to potencies of 30c, 200c or more, those are far beyond Avogadro's number. There is extreme skepticism among scientists about the possibility of presence of starting materials due to these high dilutions. This has led modern scientists to believe homeopathy may be at its best a placebo effect. However, our recent studies on 30c and 200c metal based homeopathic medicines clearly revealed the presence of nanoparticles of starting metals, which were found to be retained due to the manufacturing processes involved, as published earlier.(9,10) Here, we use HR-TEM and STEM techniques to study medicines arising from inorganic salts as starting materials. We show that the inorganic starting materials are present as nano-scale particles in the medicines even at 1 M potency (having a large dilution factor of 10(2000)). Thus this study has extended our physicochemical studies of metal based medicines to inorganic based medicines, and also to higher dilution. Further, we show that the particles develop a coat of silica: these particles were seen embedded in a meso-microporous silicate layer through interfacial encapsulation. Similar silicate coatings were also seen in metal based medicines. Thus, metal and inorganic salt based homeopathic medicines retain the starting material as nanoparticles encapsulated within a silicate coating. On the basis of these studies, we propose a universal microstructural hypothesis that all types of homeopathic medicines consist of silicate coated nano-structures dispersed in the solvent.
Aiche Journal, Sep 1, 1974
used in this study, but it is obvious that other procedures could be employed. The convergence cr... more used in this study, but it is obvious that other procedures could be employed. The convergence criterion used was that With this criterion, convergence occurred, at best, with 50 iterations. At worst more than 1000 iterations may be required. Computations were performed on a CDC 6400. On this machine the computing time was roughly 0.003 sediteration per component. As indicated, computing time increases linearly with the number of components. The advantages of this procedure lie in its ease of formulation and programming, its tie to thermodynamic principles, and its reliability. The formulation presented here can easily be extended to moR than three phases which makes it a candidate for use in computations where solid phases need be considered, as in cryogenic applications. Since the procedure minimizes free energy, it is possible to avoid spurious solutions to the equilibrium problem such as those pointed out in the discussion of Figure 5e. In the liquidliquid-vapor computations the starting point was that almost all the water was in a water rich liquid with a few percent of the total water being present in the two hydrocarbon rich phases. The hydrocarbons were distributed so that the vapor phase was rich in the light components and the liquid phase was rich in the heavy components. This assured convergence to the correct equilibrium conditions.
Desalination, Aug 1, 1975
Abstract Nucleation rates of ice have been determined for a wide range of solution subcooling, re... more Abstract Nucleation rates of ice have been determined for a wide range of solution subcooling, refrigerant subcooling, agitation power, impeller configuration, and salt concentration. The results of the study have been used to predict the effect of changes in operating conditions in a continuous crystallizer on crystal size and to draw some tentative conclusions on the mechanism of secondary nucleation. The predictions made from the batch crystallizer nucleation data of this study are shown to provide an adequate generalization of all the past nucleation data from continuous crystallizers.
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2008
Homeopathy : the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy, 2017
Potentization, consisting of serial dilution and succussion, is a key step in the manufacture of ... more Potentization, consisting of serial dilution and succussion, is a key step in the manufacture of homeopathic medicines. Originally prescribed as a manual process, several attempts at mechanization have been published, patented and even commercialised in order to remove the human element and introduce reproducibility without drudgery. Various machines have been used over the years to prepare homeopathic medicines. Although these machines follow the same principles, i.e. energetically mixing the medicines and diluting them significantly, their mode of operation is different from each other. This review paper surveys the main methods of preparation of homeopathic medicines. The main machines discussed are: Boericke's potentizer, Tyler Kent's instrument, John Alphonse's machine and the fluxion potentizer, which were used in the past, as well as more recent potentizers like arm-and-weight instruments, the K-Tronic potentizer and Quinn's machine. We review the construction...
Homeopathy, 2017
Background: High-potency homeopathic remedies, 30c and 200c have enormous dilution factors of 106... more Background: High-potency homeopathic remedies, 30c and 200c have enormous dilution factors of 1060 and 10400 respectively. Therefore, the presence of physical entities in them is inconceivable. As a result, their efficacy is highly debated and often dismissed as a placebo. Despite several hypotheses postulated to explain the claimed homeopathic efficacy, none have satisfactorily answered the qualms of the sceptics. Against all beliefs and principles of conventional dilution, we have shown that nanoparticles (NPs) of the starting metals are unequivocally found in the 30c and 200c remedies at concentrations of a few pg/ml. In this paper, our aim was to answer the important question of whether such negligible metal concentrations elicit a biological response. Methods: Metal-based homeopathic medicines (30c and 200c) were analysed at doses between 0.003%v/v and 10%v/v in in-vitro HepG2 cell-line. Upon treatment, cell response was estimated by MTT assay, FACS and total intracellular prot...
Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2016
Bhasma, Ayurvedic medicinal preparations, are prepared using herbs and minerals on following long... more Bhasma, Ayurvedic medicinal preparations, are prepared using herbs and minerals on following long iterative procedures. However, industrially mercury and sulphur are more commonly used to prepare bhasma from its raw material. The end point of this iterative procedure is mainly judged by the traditional tests specifying physical appearance of the powders. They fail to give better idea about chemical nature of the material. Moreover, the differences in biological activity of final product verses intermediate are not addressed. To compare the physicochemical as well as biological properties of the Jasad bhasma and its in-process intermediate using modern science methods. The Jasad bhasma and its in-process intermediate are characterized for their physicochemical properties using electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and CHNS(O) analysis. The biological effects of both the preparations are then studied. The bioaccumulation of zinc, effect on liver antioxidant status, liver and kidney f...
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2008
Journal of Nanoparticle …, 2009
International Journal of Nanotechnology: Biomedicine, 2009
Indian traditional medicine Jasada Bhasma is a unique particulate preparation of zinc, which has ... more Indian traditional medicine Jasada Bhasma is a unique particulate preparation of zinc, which has been used by traditional practitioners for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, eye diseases, etc. This paper is an attempt to understand the mode of action of this and related types of particulate matter in biology. The biological activity of Jasada Bhasma has been
Biopolymers, Jun 1, 2008
Current methods for the evaluation of cell interactions with particles are nonspecific, slow, and... more Current methods for the evaluation of cell interactions with particles are nonspecific, slow, and invasive to the cells. Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive technique, and is used in the present study to investigate particle-cell interactions. The main focus of the present study is to employ Raman spectroscopy for investigating the interaction of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) with the particulate system Jasada Bhasma, a traditional Indian medicine. Jasada Bhasma is a unique preparation of zinc and is traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases like diabetes, age-related eye diseases, and as a health promotional tonic. The Raman spectral analysis is executed by identifying the difference in intracellular DNA/RNA, and proteins and lipids concentration between particles--treated and untreated cells. Comparison between Bhasma-treated and -untreated cells indicates that vibrational peaks corresponding to the DNA/RNA molecule show a significant increase in cells treated with the Jasada Bhasma. Apart from the DNA molecule, several other vibrational peaks related to the protein molecules also show a significant increase in A549 cells after treatment with Bhasma. These results indicate that Bhasma treatment of A549 possibly delays DNA degradation and enables retention of higher amount of protein molecules in the cells.
Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids, Jan 13, 2012
Extreme dilutions, especially homeopathic remedies of 30c, 200c, and higher potencies, are prepar... more Extreme dilutions, especially homeopathic remedies of 30c, 200c, and higher potencies, are prepared by a process of serial dilution of 1:100 per step. As a result, dilution factors of 10(60), 10(400), or even greater are achieved. Therefore, both the presence of any active ingredient and the therapeutic efficacy of these medicines have been contentious because the existence of even traces of the starting raw materials in them is inconceivable. However, physicochemical studies of these solutions have unequivocally established the presence of the starting raw materials in nanoparticulate form even in these extreme (super-Avogadro, >10(23)) dilutions. In this article, we propose and validate a hypothesis to explain how nanoparticles are retained even at such enormous dilution levels. We show that once the bulk concentration is below a threshold level of a few nanograms/milliliter (ng/mL), at the end of each dilution step, all of the nanoparticles levitate to the surface and are acco...
Homeopathy: the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy
Homeopathy is controversial because medicines in high potencies such as 30c and 200c involve huge... more Homeopathy is controversial because medicines in high potencies such as 30c and 200c involve huge dilution factors (10⁶⁰ and 10⁴⁰⁰ respectively) which are many orders of magnitude greater than Avogadro's number, so that theoretically there should be no measurable remnants of the starting materials. No hypothesis which predicts the retention of properties of starting materials has been proposed nor has any physical entity been shown to exist in these high potency medicines. Using market samples of metal-derived medicines from reputable manufacturers, we have demonstrated for the first time by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and chemical analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), the presence of physical entities in these extreme dilutions, in the form of nanoparticles of the starting metals and their aggregates.
Homeopathy, 2016
Extremely dilute systems arise in homeopathy, which uses dilution factors 10(60), 10(400) and als... more Extremely dilute systems arise in homeopathy, which uses dilution factors 10(60), 10(400) and also higher. These amounts to potencies of 30c, 200c or more, those are far beyond Avogadro's number. There is extreme skepticism among scientists about the possibility of presence of starting materials due to these high dilutions. This has led modern scientists to believe homeopathy may be at its best a placebo effect. However, our recent studies on 30c and 200c metal based homeopathic medicines clearly revealed the presence of nanoparticles of starting metals, which were found to be retained due to the manufacturing processes involved, as published earlier.(9,10) Here, we use HR-TEM and STEM techniques to study medicines arising from inorganic salts as starting materials. We show that the inorganic starting materials are present as nano-scale particles in the medicines even at 1 M potency (having a large dilution factor of 10(2000)). Thus this study has extended our physicochemical studies of metal based medicines to inorganic based medicines, and also to higher dilution. Further, we show that the particles develop a coat of silica: these particles were seen embedded in a meso-microporous silicate layer through interfacial encapsulation. Similar silicate coatings were also seen in metal based medicines. Thus, metal and inorganic salt based homeopathic medicines retain the starting material as nanoparticles encapsulated within a silicate coating. On the basis of these studies, we propose a universal microstructural hypothesis that all types of homeopathic medicines consist of silicate coated nano-structures dispersed in the solvent.