Anoop Sharma - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Anoop Sharma
Mutation Research/genetic Toxicology, 1988
The ability of intraperitoneally administered cadmium chloride (0.42–6.75 mg/kg) to induce genoto... more The ability of intraperitoneally administered cadmium chloride (0.42–6.75 mg/kg) to induce genotoxic damage in somatic and germ cells of mice was evaluated using chromosomal aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), micronuclei and sperm-head abnormalities as end-points. A significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and SCEs was observed in almost all treated series when compared to the negative control. Micronucleus formation in polychromatic erythrocytes was not affected significantly except at the highest concentration used (6.75 mg/kg). Significant differences were observed in the frequency of sperm with abnormal head morphology at all concentrations tested except the lowest one. The clastogenic effects of cadmium chloride in both somatic and germinal cells are found to depend directly on the concentrations used.
Toxicology Letters, 1988
Orange G, a monoazo dye, used as a food colourant, was evaluated with in vivo cytogenetic assays ... more Orange G, a monoazo dye, used as a food colourant, was evaluated with in vivo cytogenetic assays to determine its genotoxicity. Swiss albino male mice were exposed to Orange G through intraperitoneal injections. Bone marrow cells isolated from femora were analyzed for sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations. The results showed that the incidence of SCEs and chromosome aberrations were significantly higher than controls at certain concentrations. 25 mg/kg of Orange G was found to be the minimum effective dose for the induction of both SCEs and chromosome aberrations. Orange G is thus found to be clastogenic and genotoxic in vivo in mice.
Toxicology Letters, 1988
The in vivo induction of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei formations by acute treatment... more The in vivo induction of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei formations by acute treatment with different concentrations of sorbic acid and by nitrite, individually and in combination, was studied in bone marrow cells of mice. A significant increase in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was only observed with the three higher concentrations of sorbic acid when compared to a distilled water control. Sodium nitrite produced a significant increase at all doses tested. A combination of half the concentration of sorbic acid and of sodium nitrite gave an additive effect over that of sorbic acid or sodium nitrite alone. In the micronucleus assay, the highest dose of sorbic acid (150 mg/kg body weight) produced a significant increase in micronuclei formations compared to the distilled water control. Sodium nitrite alone induced significant numbers of micronuclei at all concentrations tested when compared to the negative control. However, a combination of half the concentration of sorbic acid and of sodium nitrite gave synergistic effects which could possibly be ascribed to the formation of certain genotoxic compounds in vivo.
Mutation Research Letters, 1990
The clastogenicity of trimethyltin chloride was evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes w... more The clastogenicity of trimethyltin chloride was evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes with micronucleus counts (MNC) as the endpoint. Two concentrations (0.5μg and 1.0 μg) of trimethyltin chloride were added to lymphocytes of healthy male and female subjects of different age groups, in mitogen-stimulated and serum-supplemented culture medium (RPMI 1640, Gibco) for 48 h at 37°C. A significant increase in micronucleus counts was observed with both doses, which was more pronounced with the lower dose. ANOVA in male and female donors revealed significant differences between age groups (P<0.001), chemical concentrations (P<0.001) and for the interaction of these 2 factors (P<O.05 in females only). However, no regular increase or decrease in MNC frequencies was observed with the donor's age. Higher frequencies of MNC enhancement were observed in male individuals than in females.
Mutation Research Letters, 1990
Copper sulphate administered intraperitoneally to Swiss albino mice in vivo induced a significant... more Copper sulphate administered intraperitoneally to Swiss albino mice in vivo induced a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells at all concentrations used (1.1–6.6 mg/kg b.w.), when compared to the negative control. Statistical analysis indicates that the degree of clastogenicity was directly related to the concentrations used and indirectly to the period of exposure. The effect was maximal at 6 h after treatment as compared with 12 and 24 h.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1989
An attempt to summarise the phytochemical composition of the betel quid, formation of N-nitrosati... more An attempt to summarise the phytochemical composition of the betel quid, formation of N-nitrosation products during chewing, results of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity studies and the relationship between betel chewing and submucous fibrosis have been made from presently available literature. The present review provides a better understanding of the capacity of the quid ingredients in inducing preneoplastic changes for evaluation of the risk involved with its chewing.
Vaccine, 1990
Immunotherapy with a vaccine consisting of autoclaved Mycobacterium w was given in addition to ch... more Immunotherapy with a vaccine consisting of autoclaved Mycobacterium w was given in addition to chemotherapy in 54 multibacillary, lepromin negative patients belonging to BB, BL and LL types of leprosy. Thirty-seven patients with similar types of diseases received chemotherapy and placebo injections. The ‘vaccine’ was repeated every 3 months. Bacterial clearance was more rapid in the vaccinated patients. Two lepromatous leprosy patients with initial bacterial index (BI) of 1.8 and 2.8 became bacteriologically negative in 1 year. One LL patient with BI of 6.0 had a BI fall to 0.16 after four doses of the vaccine. None of the LL patients belonging to placebo group during the same time period became bacteriologically negative. Rapid bacterial clearance was accompanied by distinct signs of clinical improvement. One hundred percent of BB, 85.7% of BL patients and 61.5% of LL patients converted to lepromin positivity after four doses of the vaccine. A significant number of vaccinated patients demonstrated an upgrading in skin lesions histopathologically.
Mutation Research Letters, 1982
Sumicidin, a fenvalerate type of synthetic pyrethroid, is used as an alternative for classical in... more Sumicidin, a fenvalerate type of synthetic pyrethroid, is used as an alternative for classical insecticides. When force-fed in low doses daily over a long period (21 days) to Rattus norvegicus, in vivo, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in the mitotic index were induced. Its cumulative effect in vivo is both dose- and time-dependent and is more drastic on the spindle mechanism, possibly owing to progressive detoxication into more active compounds.
Toxicology Letters, 1992
The comparative efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract, and its main constituent, ascorbic... more The comparative efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract, and its main constituent, ascorbic acid, in modifying the cytotoxic action of lead and aluminium was evaluated in vivo in bone marrow cells of Mus musculus. Oral administration of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract for 7 days before exposure to the metals through intraperitoneal injections reduced the frequency of micronuclei induced by all doses of both metals. Priming with comparable doses of synthetic ascorbic acid reduced micronuclei formation induced by both doses of aluminium and only the lower dose of lead. With the higher dose of lead (20 mg/kg body wt.) priming with ascorbic acid increased the frequency of micronuclei when compared with mice administered lead alone. The greater efficacy of Phyllanthus fruit extract in alleviating metal-induced clastogenicity may be due to the combined action of all ingredients in the crude extract, rather than to ascorbic acid alone.
Toxicology Letters, 1988
Selenium, which is regarded as nature's antidote to heavy metal toxicities, was administered to m... more Selenium, which is regarded as nature's antidote to heavy metal toxicities, was administered to mice. Salt solutions of cadmium chloride and sodium selenite were gavaged singly and successively, with or without a time gap of 1 h. Degrees of protection offered by this element against cadmium-induced toxic effects with special reference to chromosomal aberrations were assessed.
Toxicology in Vitro, 2000
Two inorganic salts of selenium, sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), were sc... more Two inorganic salts of selenium, sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), were screened for damage to chromosome and cell division following exposure to human lymphocyte cultures. In vitro exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to high concentration of two inorganic salts of selenium—sodium selenite (2.9 × 10−5m) and sodium selenate (2.65 × 10−5m)—was found to be lethal; no blast cells being formed. Lower concentrations of both salts, 5.8 × 10−6m and 1.06 × 10−5m, respectively, were highly mitostatic. Lower concentrations of sodium selenite (2.9 × 10−6m, 1.16 × 10−6m and 2.32 × 10−7m) and sodium selenate (5.3 × 10−6m, 2.65 × 10−6m and 1.06 × 10−6m), respectively, induced chromosomal aberrations and reduced cell division in proportions directly related to the dose. Sodium selenite was considerably more clastogenic than sodium selenate.
Mutation Research Letters, 1993
The anticlastogenic activity of sodium-copper-chlorophyllin was tested against two known clastoge... more The anticlastogenic activity of sodium-copper-chlorophyllin was tested against two known clastogens, chromium(VI) oxide and the pesticide chlordane, both of which occur as environmental toxicants. The chemicals were administered to male Swiss albino mice by gavage and chromosomes were studied from bone marrow cell 24 h after the exposure, following colchicine-air dying-Giemsa preparation. The end-points screened were the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells. The clastogenic effects induced by chromium in aqueous solution (20 mg/ kg body weight) were reduced to a significant level by chlorophyllin (1.5 mg/kg body weight), when administered both before and simultaneously with the toxicant. The effects of chlordane in olive oil (10 mg/kg body weight) were, however, not reduced by the administration of chlorophyllin (1.5 and 3 mg/kg body weight)
Cancer Letters, 1991
Nickel, a major environmental pollutant is known for its clastogenic and carcinogenic potential. ... more Nickel, a major environmental pollutant is known for its clastogenic and carcinogenic potential. Dietary inhibitors of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis are of particular importance since they may have a role in cancer prevention. In the present investigation, aqueous extract of edible dried fruits of Phyllanthus emblica, a well known medicinal was fed to Mus musculus for seven consecutive days prior to treatment with different doses of nickel chloride (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body wt.); the fruit extract significantly reduced the frequency of CA/cell, the percentage of aberrant cells and the frequency of micronuclei induced by all doses of nickel in the bone marrow cells of mice. Ascorbic acid, a major constituent of the fruit, fed for 7 consecutive days in equivalent concentration as that present in the fruit, however, could only alleviate the cytotoxic effects induced by low doses of nickel; at the higher doses it was ineffective. The greater efficacy of the fruit extract could be due to the interaction of its various natural components rather than to any single constituent. The study assumes importance in view of the widespread human exposure to nickel compounds.
Mutation Research Letters, 1990
Clastogenic effects of cesium chloride (CsCl) on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo following oral a... more Clastogenic effects of cesium chloride (CsCl) on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo following oral administration were studied after 24 h. The incidence of chromosome aberrations increased linearly with increasing concentrations of the chemical from 1/20th to 1/5th of the LD50. The frequency of cell division was also enhanced by the lower doses but higher doses were mitostatic. This report is the first on the clastogenicity of cesium on animals.
Chemico-biological Interactions, 1989
Both deficiency and excess of copper induce toxic effects on mammalian cell systems in vivo and i... more Both deficiency and excess of copper induce toxic effects on mammalian cell systems in vivo and in vitro. The effects can be related to the affinities of Cu(II) ions for specific cell components. The nucleus is a potential site for temporary Cu storage while primary targets for free Cu(II) ions are the thiol groups which reduce the ions to Cu(I). Cu(II) ions show a high affinity for nucleic acids, binding with DNA both at intrastrand and interstrand levels, possibly through intercalation between GC pairs. The ability to chelate Cu(II) ions is seen to be of the order: purine > purine ribonucleotides > purine ribonucleoside > pyrimidine ribonucleotides. Copper is an integral part of enzyme activation and enters into the molecular structure of several proteins, like ceruloplasmin. Cu(II) ion is a potential mutagenic agent as seen by its property of inducing infidelity in DNA synthesis in vitro. Teratogenic activities of copper have been reported but carcinogenicity is not yet confirmed. Copper is an essential component of chromatin and is known to accumulate preferentially in the heterochromatic regions. External application of higher doses, however, induces both clastogenic effects and spindle disturbances. In certain forms, inorganic copper enhances the clastogenic activity of other agents. The most widely studied human genetic maladies linked with copper metabolism are Menkes' and Wilson's diseases. Several mutations are known which influence Cu homeostasis in mammals. Such mutations in mice have been used extensively for biochemical studies.
Toxicology Letters, 1991
The antagonistic effect of chlorophyllin was tested in reducing the clastogenic action of cesium ... more The antagonistic effect of chlorophyllin was tested in reducing the clastogenic action of cesium chloride (CsCl) in vivo on mice bone marrow cells. CsCl induced chromosomal aberration in frequencies directly proportional to the dose administered. Chlorophyllin, when given alone, was not clastogenic even at a concentration of 1.5 mg/kg body wt. of the animal. Simultaneous administration of chlorophyllin and CsCl reduced chromosomal aberrations significantly at 24 h. Exposure to the same dose of chlorophyllin 2 h before exposure to CsCl also decreased clastogenic effects but to a lesser extent. These findings are of importance in view of the uptake of radioactive Cs by green plants after nuclear fallout.
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 1991
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy male and female individuals of different age groups... more Human peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy male and female individuals of different age groups were treated with two aqueous doses (0.5 μg and 1.0 μg) of trimethyltin chloride in mitogen stimulated and serum supplemented culture medium for 72 h at 37°C. Chromatid and chromosome types of aberrations were observed to be increased in both treated sets in all age groups. Significant variations were observed between age groups (P < 0.001) and between experimental sets (P < 0.001). Moreover, interaction of chemical and donors age was statistically highly significant (P < 0.05–P < 0.001). However, no linear correlation between the increase of donor's age and aberrations was observed.
It is difficult to determine the cost effectiveness of program analysis tools because we cannot e... more It is difficult to determine the cost effectiveness of program analysis tools because we cannot evaluate them in the same environment where we will be using the tool. Tool evaluations are usually run on mature, stable code after it has passed developer testing. However, program analysis tools are usually run on unstable code, and some tools are meant to run right after compilation. Naturally, the results of the evaluation are not comparable to the true contribution of the tool. This leaves program analysis tool evaluations being very subjective and usually dependent on the evaluators intuition. While we could not solve this problem, we suggest techniques to make the evaluations more objective. We started by making enforcement-based customizations of the tool to be evaluated. When we evaluate a tool, we used a comparative evaluation technique to make the ROI analysis more objective. We also show how to use coverage models to select several tools when they each find different kinds of issues. Finally, we suggest that the tool vendors include features that assist us with a continuous evaluation of the tool as it runs in our software process.
Mutation Research/genetic Toxicology, 1988
The ability of intraperitoneally administered cadmium chloride (0.42–6.75 mg/kg) to induce genoto... more The ability of intraperitoneally administered cadmium chloride (0.42–6.75 mg/kg) to induce genotoxic damage in somatic and germ cells of mice was evaluated using chromosomal aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), micronuclei and sperm-head abnormalities as end-points. A significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and SCEs was observed in almost all treated series when compared to the negative control. Micronucleus formation in polychromatic erythrocytes was not affected significantly except at the highest concentration used (6.75 mg/kg). Significant differences were observed in the frequency of sperm with abnormal head morphology at all concentrations tested except the lowest one. The clastogenic effects of cadmium chloride in both somatic and germinal cells are found to depend directly on the concentrations used.
Toxicology Letters, 1988
Orange G, a monoazo dye, used as a food colourant, was evaluated with in vivo cytogenetic assays ... more Orange G, a monoazo dye, used as a food colourant, was evaluated with in vivo cytogenetic assays to determine its genotoxicity. Swiss albino male mice were exposed to Orange G through intraperitoneal injections. Bone marrow cells isolated from femora were analyzed for sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and chromosome aberrations. The results showed that the incidence of SCEs and chromosome aberrations were significantly higher than controls at certain concentrations. 25 mg/kg of Orange G was found to be the minimum effective dose for the induction of both SCEs and chromosome aberrations. Orange G is thus found to be clastogenic and genotoxic in vivo in mice.
Toxicology Letters, 1988
The in vivo induction of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei formations by acute treatment... more The in vivo induction of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei formations by acute treatment with different concentrations of sorbic acid and by nitrite, individually and in combination, was studied in bone marrow cells of mice. A significant increase in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was only observed with the three higher concentrations of sorbic acid when compared to a distilled water control. Sodium nitrite produced a significant increase at all doses tested. A combination of half the concentration of sorbic acid and of sodium nitrite gave an additive effect over that of sorbic acid or sodium nitrite alone. In the micronucleus assay, the highest dose of sorbic acid (150 mg/kg body weight) produced a significant increase in micronuclei formations compared to the distilled water control. Sodium nitrite alone induced significant numbers of micronuclei at all concentrations tested when compared to the negative control. However, a combination of half the concentration of sorbic acid and of sodium nitrite gave synergistic effects which could possibly be ascribed to the formation of certain genotoxic compounds in vivo.
Mutation Research Letters, 1990
The clastogenicity of trimethyltin chloride was evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes w... more The clastogenicity of trimethyltin chloride was evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes with micronucleus counts (MNC) as the endpoint. Two concentrations (0.5μg and 1.0 μg) of trimethyltin chloride were added to lymphocytes of healthy male and female subjects of different age groups, in mitogen-stimulated and serum-supplemented culture medium (RPMI 1640, Gibco) for 48 h at 37°C. A significant increase in micronucleus counts was observed with both doses, which was more pronounced with the lower dose. ANOVA in male and female donors revealed significant differences between age groups (P<0.001), chemical concentrations (P<0.001) and for the interaction of these 2 factors (P<O.05 in females only). However, no regular increase or decrease in MNC frequencies was observed with the donor's age. Higher frequencies of MNC enhancement were observed in male individuals than in females.
Mutation Research Letters, 1990
Copper sulphate administered intraperitoneally to Swiss albino mice in vivo induced a significant... more Copper sulphate administered intraperitoneally to Swiss albino mice in vivo induced a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells at all concentrations used (1.1–6.6 mg/kg b.w.), when compared to the negative control. Statistical analysis indicates that the degree of clastogenicity was directly related to the concentrations used and indirectly to the period of exposure. The effect was maximal at 6 h after treatment as compared with 12 and 24 h.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 1989
An attempt to summarise the phytochemical composition of the betel quid, formation of N-nitrosati... more An attempt to summarise the phytochemical composition of the betel quid, formation of N-nitrosation products during chewing, results of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity studies and the relationship between betel chewing and submucous fibrosis have been made from presently available literature. The present review provides a better understanding of the capacity of the quid ingredients in inducing preneoplastic changes for evaluation of the risk involved with its chewing.
Vaccine, 1990
Immunotherapy with a vaccine consisting of autoclaved Mycobacterium w was given in addition to ch... more Immunotherapy with a vaccine consisting of autoclaved Mycobacterium w was given in addition to chemotherapy in 54 multibacillary, lepromin negative patients belonging to BB, BL and LL types of leprosy. Thirty-seven patients with similar types of diseases received chemotherapy and placebo injections. The ‘vaccine’ was repeated every 3 months. Bacterial clearance was more rapid in the vaccinated patients. Two lepromatous leprosy patients with initial bacterial index (BI) of 1.8 and 2.8 became bacteriologically negative in 1 year. One LL patient with BI of 6.0 had a BI fall to 0.16 after four doses of the vaccine. None of the LL patients belonging to placebo group during the same time period became bacteriologically negative. Rapid bacterial clearance was accompanied by distinct signs of clinical improvement. One hundred percent of BB, 85.7% of BL patients and 61.5% of LL patients converted to lepromin positivity after four doses of the vaccine. A significant number of vaccinated patients demonstrated an upgrading in skin lesions histopathologically.
Mutation Research Letters, 1982
Sumicidin, a fenvalerate type of synthetic pyrethroid, is used as an alternative for classical in... more Sumicidin, a fenvalerate type of synthetic pyrethroid, is used as an alternative for classical insecticides. When force-fed in low doses daily over a long period (21 days) to Rattus norvegicus, in vivo, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in the mitotic index were induced. Its cumulative effect in vivo is both dose- and time-dependent and is more drastic on the spindle mechanism, possibly owing to progressive detoxication into more active compounds.
Toxicology Letters, 1992
The comparative efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract, and its main constituent, ascorbic... more The comparative efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract, and its main constituent, ascorbic acid, in modifying the cytotoxic action of lead and aluminium was evaluated in vivo in bone marrow cells of Mus musculus. Oral administration of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract for 7 days before exposure to the metals through intraperitoneal injections reduced the frequency of micronuclei induced by all doses of both metals. Priming with comparable doses of synthetic ascorbic acid reduced micronuclei formation induced by both doses of aluminium and only the lower dose of lead. With the higher dose of lead (20 mg/kg body wt.) priming with ascorbic acid increased the frequency of micronuclei when compared with mice administered lead alone. The greater efficacy of Phyllanthus fruit extract in alleviating metal-induced clastogenicity may be due to the combined action of all ingredients in the crude extract, rather than to ascorbic acid alone.
Toxicology Letters, 1988
Selenium, which is regarded as nature's antidote to heavy metal toxicities, was administered to m... more Selenium, which is regarded as nature's antidote to heavy metal toxicities, was administered to mice. Salt solutions of cadmium chloride and sodium selenite were gavaged singly and successively, with or without a time gap of 1 h. Degrees of protection offered by this element against cadmium-induced toxic effects with special reference to chromosomal aberrations were assessed.
Toxicology in Vitro, 2000
Two inorganic salts of selenium, sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), were sc... more Two inorganic salts of selenium, sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), were screened for damage to chromosome and cell division following exposure to human lymphocyte cultures. In vitro exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to high concentration of two inorganic salts of selenium—sodium selenite (2.9 × 10−5m) and sodium selenate (2.65 × 10−5m)—was found to be lethal; no blast cells being formed. Lower concentrations of both salts, 5.8 × 10−6m and 1.06 × 10−5m, respectively, were highly mitostatic. Lower concentrations of sodium selenite (2.9 × 10−6m, 1.16 × 10−6m and 2.32 × 10−7m) and sodium selenate (5.3 × 10−6m, 2.65 × 10−6m and 1.06 × 10−6m), respectively, induced chromosomal aberrations and reduced cell division in proportions directly related to the dose. Sodium selenite was considerably more clastogenic than sodium selenate.
Mutation Research Letters, 1993
The anticlastogenic activity of sodium-copper-chlorophyllin was tested against two known clastoge... more The anticlastogenic activity of sodium-copper-chlorophyllin was tested against two known clastogens, chromium(VI) oxide and the pesticide chlordane, both of which occur as environmental toxicants. The chemicals were administered to male Swiss albino mice by gavage and chromosomes were studied from bone marrow cell 24 h after the exposure, following colchicine-air dying-Giemsa preparation. The end-points screened were the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells. The clastogenic effects induced by chromium in aqueous solution (20 mg/ kg body weight) were reduced to a significant level by chlorophyllin (1.5 mg/kg body weight), when administered both before and simultaneously with the toxicant. The effects of chlordane in olive oil (10 mg/kg body weight) were, however, not reduced by the administration of chlorophyllin (1.5 and 3 mg/kg body weight)
Cancer Letters, 1991
Nickel, a major environmental pollutant is known for its clastogenic and carcinogenic potential. ... more Nickel, a major environmental pollutant is known for its clastogenic and carcinogenic potential. Dietary inhibitors of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis are of particular importance since they may have a role in cancer prevention. In the present investigation, aqueous extract of edible dried fruits of Phyllanthus emblica, a well known medicinal was fed to Mus musculus for seven consecutive days prior to treatment with different doses of nickel chloride (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg body wt.); the fruit extract significantly reduced the frequency of CA/cell, the percentage of aberrant cells and the frequency of micronuclei induced by all doses of nickel in the bone marrow cells of mice. Ascorbic acid, a major constituent of the fruit, fed for 7 consecutive days in equivalent concentration as that present in the fruit, however, could only alleviate the cytotoxic effects induced by low doses of nickel; at the higher doses it was ineffective. The greater efficacy of the fruit extract could be due to the interaction of its various natural components rather than to any single constituent. The study assumes importance in view of the widespread human exposure to nickel compounds.
Mutation Research Letters, 1990
Clastogenic effects of cesium chloride (CsCl) on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo following oral a... more Clastogenic effects of cesium chloride (CsCl) on mouse bone marrow cells in vivo following oral administration were studied after 24 h. The incidence of chromosome aberrations increased linearly with increasing concentrations of the chemical from 1/20th to 1/5th of the LD50. The frequency of cell division was also enhanced by the lower doses but higher doses were mitostatic. This report is the first on the clastogenicity of cesium on animals.
Chemico-biological Interactions, 1989
Both deficiency and excess of copper induce toxic effects on mammalian cell systems in vivo and i... more Both deficiency and excess of copper induce toxic effects on mammalian cell systems in vivo and in vitro. The effects can be related to the affinities of Cu(II) ions for specific cell components. The nucleus is a potential site for temporary Cu storage while primary targets for free Cu(II) ions are the thiol groups which reduce the ions to Cu(I). Cu(II) ions show a high affinity for nucleic acids, binding with DNA both at intrastrand and interstrand levels, possibly through intercalation between GC pairs. The ability to chelate Cu(II) ions is seen to be of the order: purine > purine ribonucleotides > purine ribonucleoside > pyrimidine ribonucleotides. Copper is an integral part of enzyme activation and enters into the molecular structure of several proteins, like ceruloplasmin. Cu(II) ion is a potential mutagenic agent as seen by its property of inducing infidelity in DNA synthesis in vitro. Teratogenic activities of copper have been reported but carcinogenicity is not yet confirmed. Copper is an essential component of chromatin and is known to accumulate preferentially in the heterochromatic regions. External application of higher doses, however, induces both clastogenic effects and spindle disturbances. In certain forms, inorganic copper enhances the clastogenic activity of other agents. The most widely studied human genetic maladies linked with copper metabolism are Menkes' and Wilson's diseases. Several mutations are known which influence Cu homeostasis in mammals. Such mutations in mice have been used extensively for biochemical studies.
Toxicology Letters, 1991
The antagonistic effect of chlorophyllin was tested in reducing the clastogenic action of cesium ... more The antagonistic effect of chlorophyllin was tested in reducing the clastogenic action of cesium chloride (CsCl) in vivo on mice bone marrow cells. CsCl induced chromosomal aberration in frequencies directly proportional to the dose administered. Chlorophyllin, when given alone, was not clastogenic even at a concentration of 1.5 mg/kg body wt. of the animal. Simultaneous administration of chlorophyllin and CsCl reduced chromosomal aberrations significantly at 24 h. Exposure to the same dose of chlorophyllin 2 h before exposure to CsCl also decreased clastogenic effects but to a lesser extent. These findings are of importance in view of the uptake of radioactive Cs by green plants after nuclear fallout.
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 1991
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy male and female individuals of different age groups... more Human peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy male and female individuals of different age groups were treated with two aqueous doses (0.5 μg and 1.0 μg) of trimethyltin chloride in mitogen stimulated and serum supplemented culture medium for 72 h at 37°C. Chromatid and chromosome types of aberrations were observed to be increased in both treated sets in all age groups. Significant variations were observed between age groups (P < 0.001) and between experimental sets (P < 0.001). Moreover, interaction of chemical and donors age was statistically highly significant (P < 0.05–P < 0.001). However, no linear correlation between the increase of donor's age and aberrations was observed.
It is difficult to determine the cost effectiveness of program analysis tools because we cannot e... more It is difficult to determine the cost effectiveness of program analysis tools because we cannot evaluate them in the same environment where we will be using the tool. Tool evaluations are usually run on mature, stable code after it has passed developer testing. However, program analysis tools are usually run on unstable code, and some tools are meant to run right after compilation. Naturally, the results of the evaluation are not comparable to the true contribution of the tool. This leaves program analysis tool evaluations being very subjective and usually dependent on the evaluators intuition. While we could not solve this problem, we suggest techniques to make the evaluations more objective. We started by making enforcement-based customizations of the tool to be evaluated. When we evaluate a tool, we used a comparative evaluation technique to make the ROI analysis more objective. We also show how to use coverage models to select several tools when they each find different kinds of issues. Finally, we suggest that the tool vendors include features that assist us with a continuous evaluation of the tool as it runs in our software process.