Shawn Carraher - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Shawn Carraher
This paper investigates the delivery of financial and accounting expertise via specialized 501 (Q... more This paper investigates the delivery of financial and accounting expertise via specialized 501 (Q) exempt organizations. It analyses data from the IRS in context of significant financial and/or economic indicators. It develops a inquiry into the niche credit counseling services industry and reports preliminary findings about the exempt organizations.
In this paper we report on the results of a survey of 230 members of
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 2016
From the perspective of the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), extrinsically motivated individuals ... more From the perspective of the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), extrinsically motivated individuals primarily work in order to earn external indicators of worth such as social approval and external rewards such as money and, as a result, they may often neglect their personal wants and interests (Vansteenkiste, Neyrinck, Niemiec, Soenens, Witte, & Van den Broeck, 2007). SDT suggests that intrinsic motivation and internalization may work in a complementary fashion in order to encourage vitality, growth, and adaptation of intrinsically oriented workers (Burton, Lydon, D'Alessandro, & Koestner, 2006). Gagne & Deci (2005) have shown that work climates that promote satisfaction of three basic psychological needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness are more likely to enhance employees’ intrinsic motivation and therefore promote more full internalization of extrinsic motivation. This, in turn, can yield important work outcomes such as (1) job satisfaction, (2) persistence and mainta...
ERPN: Other Family Business (Sub-Topic), 2004
This rapidly increasing international commercial operations place demands on all facets of a busi... more This rapidly increasing international commercial operations place demands on all facets of a business enterprise. One area especially challenged by these rising pressures is human resources, particularly in the area of staffing host country operations. This article reports not only on the management of international assignments but also on expatriates’ guanxi (personal connections) utilization of Taiwanese enterprises investing in China. No significant relationship was found between the best practices of expatriate management and the effectiveness and performance of Taiwanese firms. Only guanxi networks utilization of expatriates show the significant relationship on expatriate effectiveness and firm performance. The questionnaire results generally suggest that the responding Taiwanese enterprises differ relatively little on the types of corporate expatriate management policies and practices they use.
In this paper we will explore the different factors that influence medical ethics among healthcar... more In this paper we will explore the different factors that influence medical ethics among healthcare leaders in the USA and in China. Differences in terms of religion, social norms, culture, politics, and technology are considered. We explore unethical behavior and how it can be amended or stopped. There are many factors which can influence ethics. Anything from a person’s upbringing to technology can influence the decisions a person makes. Different cultures have different traditions, morals, and standards. Many employees in healthcare look to their leaders for guidance on why and how to adhere to social norms within their culture. It is up to the leaders in a business to set an example for their employees to follow (Pollitt, 2002). The formal laws and regulations of a country also affect the decisions of a leader in a healthcare organization (Frederking, 2004). We find that the differences in terms of religion, social norms, culture, politics, and technology do seem to influence the...
This study used data from 294 English speaking entry level nurses in Central Europe in order to e... more This study used data from 294 English speaking entry level nurses in Central Europe in order to examine the dimensional nature of the ten-item Inventory of Polychronic Values, a purported measure of polychronicity and examine its relationship with leadership perceptions. Polychronicity refers to an individual's preference for working on many things simultaneously as opposed to one at a time. A screen test support 2 dimensional solutions and hyper plane count supporting the use of a Varimax rotation (orthogonal dimensions). The relationship between these two orthogonal dimensions and preferred leadership style, age, sex, and the number of languages spoken was examined. It was found that there were strong relationships between polychronicity and preferred leadership style and between monochronicity and the number of languages spoken. Weaker relationships were found between monochronicity and preferred leadership style, monochronicity and sex, and preferred leadership style and age...
The success of entrepreneurship and business practice lies on a solid foundation of customer serv... more The success of entrepreneurship and business practice lies on a solid foundation of customer service. Positive customer service experience influences overall satisfaction in a psotive manner while negative customer service experiences have the opposite affect (Carraher, Carraher, MintuWimsatt; 2005). The importance of good customer service has been seen in family businesses that have built customer loyalty, trust and goodwill. Superior customer service provides competitive advantage in family businesses and non-family businesses alike (Cooper, Upton, & Seaman; 2005). Customer satisfaction is the main element to build customer equity and provides the base for future revenues. In order for a venture to pass the fourth year mark that plagues most new businesses with failure, it is important to establish the base that will allow the organization to maintain continued operations. In the current study we use results from 254 business owners within the United States of America and 156 busi...
The overall theme of this empirical research paper is based on information collected for the subj... more The overall theme of this empirical research paper is based on information collected for the subjects concerning customer service, customer satisfaction, and the influence that leadership may have on good customer service among nurses in SouthEast Asia and the United States of America. The intent is on trying to find the common threads across the areas. Customer service can mean different things to different people because each of us has a certain level of expectations when one is pursuing a transaction in a business or a health care situation. Repeat customers are a foundation for long term success and creating long term relationships with customers is a required outcome in order to create customer loyalty. The goal of this report is for a reader to better appreciate and understand the role of customer service and leadership in healthcare. The nursing profession places their focus on personal values along with patient needs in order to provide customer satisfaction. Nurses are a pa...
Scrubz, Inc. was created with the intention of supplying employees in the medical field with a co... more Scrubz, Inc. was created with the intention of supplying employees in the medical field with a convenient location to selectively purchase uniform scrubs for their daily occupations. Our organization recognizes that there are no facilities in the Lawton-Ft. Sill community that provides a shop distinctively for buying and selling scrubs. Thus, many businesses and employees are affected with this lack of accommodation. For example, Comanche County Memorial Hospital alone houses over 1,500 employees that are required to wear these uniforms. In addition, Southwestern Medical Center, Reynolds’s Army Hospital, numerous nursing home facilities, private doctors and specialists, pediatricians, dentists, veterinarians, etc. are all affected by this lack of accommodation. Therefore, these employees are limited to purchasing their work attire online. In turn, they run the risk of having measurement issues due to the differences in sizing from different brand names and manufacturers. One of the ...
Journal of Business Strategies
This study explores two questions pertaining to research publications: theimportance of publicati... more This study explores two questions pertaining to research publications: theimportance of publications, and the perceived ranking of strategic and general managementjournals. The reasons why research publishing is important are 1) it is partof the pursuit of knowledge, 2) it has extrinsic rewards to those publishing, and 3)it may increase the prestige of the institution with which the publishing faculty isaffiliated. On the second question, the authors have conducted a survey of perceivedjournal rankings. The results from 50 journals suggest that there is a consensus ofrankings. As such, an institution may reasonably use these rankings as a basis forevaluations of research quality. Areas for future research are suggested.
Journal of Business Strategies
Recent research has highlighted the importance of middle and lower levelmanagers in strategy form... more Recent research has highlighted the importance of middle and lower levelmanagers in strategy formulation in ensuring that the strategy effectively "diffuses"throughout the organization. However, the question remains as to whetherprevailing participative management styles in an organization can enhance thisprocess. The present study suggests that the propensity of managers to employparticipative management styles was found to positively influence the degree towhich strategies were perceived as part of the organization.
Journal of Business Strategies
The purpose of the present study was to test whether or not a biodata inventorycould be used to m... more The purpose of the present study was to test whether or not a biodata inventorycould be used to measure service orientation within global entrepreneurial organizationsin Western and Central Europe. A concurrent validation strategy wasconducted consistent with the methodology previously presented by Schoenfeldt(1999). Within the samples of 403 and 295 non-American employees, the serviceorientation ratings were highly correlated with four scales: "Extroversion,""Openness to experience, " "Conscientiousness, " and "Agreeableness" and notsignificantly correlated with "Emotional Stability. " The findings suggest that fororganizational employee development and selection, service orientation may beeffectively measured by an instrument such as this one and therefore potentiallyimprove customer service management systems.
Small Business International Review
COVID-19 is affecting the development of the global economy and threatening the survival of SMEs ... more COVID-19 is affecting the development of the global economy and threatening the survival of SMEs worldwide. In light of the current situation, this paper examines the factors affecting product and process innovation in SMEs during the COVID-19 crisis. We carried out a simple random sample of 185 SME entrepreneurs in Ardakan, Iran, using a multivariate regression analysis. The results showed that experience is one of the most important factors affecting innovation. Organization size and age were negatively associated with process innovation during the current crisis. Moreover, the findings reveal that training to facilitate cooperation as well as higher commitment to R&D can lead to greater innovation. An important conclusion is that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, government efforts to encourage SMEs to create new products helped them to withstand the crisis. The study suggests that, during the COVID-19 crisis, embracing innovation as a core organizational value helped SMEs to remain...
Journal of Small Business Strategy, Oct 1, 2008
In this paper we report on the results of a survey of 230 members of the Small Business Institute... more In this paper we report on the results of a survey of 230 members of the Small Business Institute® and the U.S. Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship on journal rankings. The top four entrepreneurship journals were Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, the Journal of Business Venturing, the Journal of Small Business Strategy, and the Journal of Small Business Management. Suggestions for improving the status of specialized entrepreneurship journals are provided.
Psychological Reports, 1991
Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, Apr 1, 2004
Executive Summary In the current paper we partially replicate and extend prior work by Carraher a... more Executive Summary In the current paper we partially replicate and extend prior work by Carraher and Buckley (1996a & b) and Carraher, Buckley, & Carraher (2002) who had examined the relationship between mean group levels of cognitive complexity and the number of observed dimensions for pay satisfaction as measured by the PSQ within several samples. Using 41 data sets from journal articles and academic presentations in order to examine the dimensional nature of the PSQ and an equation for estimating mean levels of cognitive complexity from the PSQ, we found that mean group differences in cognitive complexity can account for much of the variance in the differences in the PSQ's dimensionality previously reported and that it appears that the same factor structure does not fit all of the data sets. Areas for future research on pay satisfaction, cognitive complexity and individual differences are discussed. Satisfaction with pay is an important issue for both employers and researchers (Eskew & Heneman, 1996; Von Bergen, Soper, & Gaster, 2002). Since the development of the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) researchers have agreed that pay satisfaction is multidimensional (Miceli & Lane, 1991). Unfortunately the debate over the nature and number of dimensions of pay satisfaction has yet to be resolved (Carraher, Buckley, & Carraher, 2002). Therefore, focus on the antecedents and consequences of pay satisfaction may be premature as Schwab (1980) has argued that construct validity issues need to be addressed prior to the exploration of the construct's antecedents and consequences. The debate over the nature and number of dimensions of pay satisfaction has produced a surprisingly large volume of research, but until recently few answers (Carraher et al. 2002). The newest approach focuses on an individual difference variable, cognitive complexity, to explain the variance in the number of pay satisfaction dimensions (Carraher & Buckley, 1995; 1996a, 1996b; Carraher, Buckley, & Carraher, 2002). If the nature and number of dimensions of pay satisfaction are dependent on exogenous variables such as cognitive complexity then solutions to pay satisfaction problems in organizational settings will be much more difficult to resolve. Despite the relative success of cognitive complexity in explaining the number of pay satisfaction dimensions, Carraher and Buckley (1996a) have argued that alternative measures of cognitive complexity need to be developed. They found that the current measure, the Rep test (Bieri et al., 1966), is not practical for at least two reasons. The Rep Test is designed for use with individuals with at least a college education. This requirement excludes a large portion of the work force from completing it accurately. Also, the Rep test typically requires more than one half hour to complete which is often an unrealistic demand for measuring one variable for many respondents. Carraher and Buckley (1996b) found that an alternative estimate of cognitive complexity may be useful as a surrogate measure. The Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire Heneman and Schwab (1979; 1985) theorized that pay satisfaction is multidimensional and developed the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ). They argued that this was a conceptual improvement over the existing unidimensional measures of pay satisfaction such as those contained in the Job Descriptive Index and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. The PSQ was intended to measure 5 independent satisfaction dimensions including: pay level, benefits, raises, structure, and administration. Initial results from both exploratory principal components analyses and confirmatory factor analyses produced 4 dimensions, combining pay structure and pay administration into 1 dimension. Responses to Heneman's (1985) and Heneman and Schwab's (1985) request for additional research on the PSQ have been numerous. Ash, Lee, and Dreher (1985) and Ash, Dreher, and Bretz (1987) examined several of the psychometric properties of the PSQ. …
Journal of Business Strategies, Mar 22, 2005
The purpose ofthe present study was to test whether or not a biodata inventory could be used to m... more The purpose ofthe present study was to test whether or not a biodata inventory could be used to measure service orientation within global entrepreneurial organizations in Western and Central Europe. A concurrent validation strategy was conducted consistent with the methodology previously presented by Schoenfeldt (1999). Within the samples of403 and 295 non-American employees, the service orientation ratings were highly correlated with four scales: "Extroversion," "Openness to experience, " "Conscientiousness, "and "Agreeableness" and not significantly correlated with "Emotional Stability. " The findings suggest thatfor organizational employee development and selection, service orientation may be effectively measured by an instrument such as this one and therefore potentially improve customer service management systems.
Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, Oct 1, 2005
This paper investigates the delivery of financial and accounting expertise via specialized 501 (Q... more This paper investigates the delivery of financial and accounting expertise via specialized 501 (Q) exempt organizations. It analyses data from the IRS in context of significant financial and/or economic indicators. It develops a inquiry into the niche credit counseling services industry and reports preliminary findings about the exempt organizations.
In this paper we report on the results of a survey of 230 members of
The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, 2016
From the perspective of the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), extrinsically motivated individuals ... more From the perspective of the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), extrinsically motivated individuals primarily work in order to earn external indicators of worth such as social approval and external rewards such as money and, as a result, they may often neglect their personal wants and interests (Vansteenkiste, Neyrinck, Niemiec, Soenens, Witte, & Van den Broeck, 2007). SDT suggests that intrinsic motivation and internalization may work in a complementary fashion in order to encourage vitality, growth, and adaptation of intrinsically oriented workers (Burton, Lydon, D'Alessandro, & Koestner, 2006). Gagne & Deci (2005) have shown that work climates that promote satisfaction of three basic psychological needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness are more likely to enhance employees’ intrinsic motivation and therefore promote more full internalization of extrinsic motivation. This, in turn, can yield important work outcomes such as (1) job satisfaction, (2) persistence and mainta...
ERPN: Other Family Business (Sub-Topic), 2004
This rapidly increasing international commercial operations place demands on all facets of a busi... more This rapidly increasing international commercial operations place demands on all facets of a business enterprise. One area especially challenged by these rising pressures is human resources, particularly in the area of staffing host country operations. This article reports not only on the management of international assignments but also on expatriates’ guanxi (personal connections) utilization of Taiwanese enterprises investing in China. No significant relationship was found between the best practices of expatriate management and the effectiveness and performance of Taiwanese firms. Only guanxi networks utilization of expatriates show the significant relationship on expatriate effectiveness and firm performance. The questionnaire results generally suggest that the responding Taiwanese enterprises differ relatively little on the types of corporate expatriate management policies and practices they use.
In this paper we will explore the different factors that influence medical ethics among healthcar... more In this paper we will explore the different factors that influence medical ethics among healthcare leaders in the USA and in China. Differences in terms of religion, social norms, culture, politics, and technology are considered. We explore unethical behavior and how it can be amended or stopped. There are many factors which can influence ethics. Anything from a person’s upbringing to technology can influence the decisions a person makes. Different cultures have different traditions, morals, and standards. Many employees in healthcare look to their leaders for guidance on why and how to adhere to social norms within their culture. It is up to the leaders in a business to set an example for their employees to follow (Pollitt, 2002). The formal laws and regulations of a country also affect the decisions of a leader in a healthcare organization (Frederking, 2004). We find that the differences in terms of religion, social norms, culture, politics, and technology do seem to influence the...
This study used data from 294 English speaking entry level nurses in Central Europe in order to e... more This study used data from 294 English speaking entry level nurses in Central Europe in order to examine the dimensional nature of the ten-item Inventory of Polychronic Values, a purported measure of polychronicity and examine its relationship with leadership perceptions. Polychronicity refers to an individual's preference for working on many things simultaneously as opposed to one at a time. A screen test support 2 dimensional solutions and hyper plane count supporting the use of a Varimax rotation (orthogonal dimensions). The relationship between these two orthogonal dimensions and preferred leadership style, age, sex, and the number of languages spoken was examined. It was found that there were strong relationships between polychronicity and preferred leadership style and between monochronicity and the number of languages spoken. Weaker relationships were found between monochronicity and preferred leadership style, monochronicity and sex, and preferred leadership style and age...
The success of entrepreneurship and business practice lies on a solid foundation of customer serv... more The success of entrepreneurship and business practice lies on a solid foundation of customer service. Positive customer service experience influences overall satisfaction in a psotive manner while negative customer service experiences have the opposite affect (Carraher, Carraher, MintuWimsatt; 2005). The importance of good customer service has been seen in family businesses that have built customer loyalty, trust and goodwill. Superior customer service provides competitive advantage in family businesses and non-family businesses alike (Cooper, Upton, & Seaman; 2005). Customer satisfaction is the main element to build customer equity and provides the base for future revenues. In order for a venture to pass the fourth year mark that plagues most new businesses with failure, it is important to establish the base that will allow the organization to maintain continued operations. In the current study we use results from 254 business owners within the United States of America and 156 busi...
The overall theme of this empirical research paper is based on information collected for the subj... more The overall theme of this empirical research paper is based on information collected for the subjects concerning customer service, customer satisfaction, and the influence that leadership may have on good customer service among nurses in SouthEast Asia and the United States of America. The intent is on trying to find the common threads across the areas. Customer service can mean different things to different people because each of us has a certain level of expectations when one is pursuing a transaction in a business or a health care situation. Repeat customers are a foundation for long term success and creating long term relationships with customers is a required outcome in order to create customer loyalty. The goal of this report is for a reader to better appreciate and understand the role of customer service and leadership in healthcare. The nursing profession places their focus on personal values along with patient needs in order to provide customer satisfaction. Nurses are a pa...
Scrubz, Inc. was created with the intention of supplying employees in the medical field with a co... more Scrubz, Inc. was created with the intention of supplying employees in the medical field with a convenient location to selectively purchase uniform scrubs for their daily occupations. Our organization recognizes that there are no facilities in the Lawton-Ft. Sill community that provides a shop distinctively for buying and selling scrubs. Thus, many businesses and employees are affected with this lack of accommodation. For example, Comanche County Memorial Hospital alone houses over 1,500 employees that are required to wear these uniforms. In addition, Southwestern Medical Center, Reynolds’s Army Hospital, numerous nursing home facilities, private doctors and specialists, pediatricians, dentists, veterinarians, etc. are all affected by this lack of accommodation. Therefore, these employees are limited to purchasing their work attire online. In turn, they run the risk of having measurement issues due to the differences in sizing from different brand names and manufacturers. One of the ...
Journal of Business Strategies
This study explores two questions pertaining to research publications: theimportance of publicati... more This study explores two questions pertaining to research publications: theimportance of publications, and the perceived ranking of strategic and general managementjournals. The reasons why research publishing is important are 1) it is partof the pursuit of knowledge, 2) it has extrinsic rewards to those publishing, and 3)it may increase the prestige of the institution with which the publishing faculty isaffiliated. On the second question, the authors have conducted a survey of perceivedjournal rankings. The results from 50 journals suggest that there is a consensus ofrankings. As such, an institution may reasonably use these rankings as a basis forevaluations of research quality. Areas for future research are suggested.
Journal of Business Strategies
Recent research has highlighted the importance of middle and lower levelmanagers in strategy form... more Recent research has highlighted the importance of middle and lower levelmanagers in strategy formulation in ensuring that the strategy effectively "diffuses"throughout the organization. However, the question remains as to whetherprevailing participative management styles in an organization can enhance thisprocess. The present study suggests that the propensity of managers to employparticipative management styles was found to positively influence the degree towhich strategies were perceived as part of the organization.
Journal of Business Strategies
The purpose of the present study was to test whether or not a biodata inventorycould be used to m... more The purpose of the present study was to test whether or not a biodata inventorycould be used to measure service orientation within global entrepreneurial organizationsin Western and Central Europe. A concurrent validation strategy wasconducted consistent with the methodology previously presented by Schoenfeldt(1999). Within the samples of 403 and 295 non-American employees, the serviceorientation ratings were highly correlated with four scales: "Extroversion,""Openness to experience, " "Conscientiousness, " and "Agreeableness" and notsignificantly correlated with "Emotional Stability. " The findings suggest that fororganizational employee development and selection, service orientation may beeffectively measured by an instrument such as this one and therefore potentiallyimprove customer service management systems.
Small Business International Review
COVID-19 is affecting the development of the global economy and threatening the survival of SMEs ... more COVID-19 is affecting the development of the global economy and threatening the survival of SMEs worldwide. In light of the current situation, this paper examines the factors affecting product and process innovation in SMEs during the COVID-19 crisis. We carried out a simple random sample of 185 SME entrepreneurs in Ardakan, Iran, using a multivariate regression analysis. The results showed that experience is one of the most important factors affecting innovation. Organization size and age were negatively associated with process innovation during the current crisis. Moreover, the findings reveal that training to facilitate cooperation as well as higher commitment to R&D can lead to greater innovation. An important conclusion is that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, government efforts to encourage SMEs to create new products helped them to withstand the crisis. The study suggests that, during the COVID-19 crisis, embracing innovation as a core organizational value helped SMEs to remain...
Journal of Small Business Strategy, Oct 1, 2008
In this paper we report on the results of a survey of 230 members of the Small Business Institute... more In this paper we report on the results of a survey of 230 members of the Small Business Institute® and the U.S. Association for Small Business and Entrepreneurship on journal rankings. The top four entrepreneurship journals were Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, the Journal of Business Venturing, the Journal of Small Business Strategy, and the Journal of Small Business Management. Suggestions for improving the status of specialized entrepreneurship journals are provided.
Psychological Reports, 1991
Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, Apr 1, 2004
Executive Summary In the current paper we partially replicate and extend prior work by Carraher a... more Executive Summary In the current paper we partially replicate and extend prior work by Carraher and Buckley (1996a & b) and Carraher, Buckley, & Carraher (2002) who had examined the relationship between mean group levels of cognitive complexity and the number of observed dimensions for pay satisfaction as measured by the PSQ within several samples. Using 41 data sets from journal articles and academic presentations in order to examine the dimensional nature of the PSQ and an equation for estimating mean levels of cognitive complexity from the PSQ, we found that mean group differences in cognitive complexity can account for much of the variance in the differences in the PSQ's dimensionality previously reported and that it appears that the same factor structure does not fit all of the data sets. Areas for future research on pay satisfaction, cognitive complexity and individual differences are discussed. Satisfaction with pay is an important issue for both employers and researchers (Eskew & Heneman, 1996; Von Bergen, Soper, & Gaster, 2002). Since the development of the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) researchers have agreed that pay satisfaction is multidimensional (Miceli & Lane, 1991). Unfortunately the debate over the nature and number of dimensions of pay satisfaction has yet to be resolved (Carraher, Buckley, & Carraher, 2002). Therefore, focus on the antecedents and consequences of pay satisfaction may be premature as Schwab (1980) has argued that construct validity issues need to be addressed prior to the exploration of the construct's antecedents and consequences. The debate over the nature and number of dimensions of pay satisfaction has produced a surprisingly large volume of research, but until recently few answers (Carraher et al. 2002). The newest approach focuses on an individual difference variable, cognitive complexity, to explain the variance in the number of pay satisfaction dimensions (Carraher & Buckley, 1995; 1996a, 1996b; Carraher, Buckley, & Carraher, 2002). If the nature and number of dimensions of pay satisfaction are dependent on exogenous variables such as cognitive complexity then solutions to pay satisfaction problems in organizational settings will be much more difficult to resolve. Despite the relative success of cognitive complexity in explaining the number of pay satisfaction dimensions, Carraher and Buckley (1996a) have argued that alternative measures of cognitive complexity need to be developed. They found that the current measure, the Rep test (Bieri et al., 1966), is not practical for at least two reasons. The Rep Test is designed for use with individuals with at least a college education. This requirement excludes a large portion of the work force from completing it accurately. Also, the Rep test typically requires more than one half hour to complete which is often an unrealistic demand for measuring one variable for many respondents. Carraher and Buckley (1996b) found that an alternative estimate of cognitive complexity may be useful as a surrogate measure. The Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire Heneman and Schwab (1979; 1985) theorized that pay satisfaction is multidimensional and developed the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ). They argued that this was a conceptual improvement over the existing unidimensional measures of pay satisfaction such as those contained in the Job Descriptive Index and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. The PSQ was intended to measure 5 independent satisfaction dimensions including: pay level, benefits, raises, structure, and administration. Initial results from both exploratory principal components analyses and confirmatory factor analyses produced 4 dimensions, combining pay structure and pay administration into 1 dimension. Responses to Heneman's (1985) and Heneman and Schwab's (1985) request for additional research on the PSQ have been numerous. Ash, Lee, and Dreher (1985) and Ash, Dreher, and Bretz (1987) examined several of the psychometric properties of the PSQ. …
Journal of Business Strategies, Mar 22, 2005
The purpose ofthe present study was to test whether or not a biodata inventory could be used to m... more The purpose ofthe present study was to test whether or not a biodata inventory could be used to measure service orientation within global entrepreneurial organizations in Western and Central Europe. A concurrent validation strategy was conducted consistent with the methodology previously presented by Schoenfeldt (1999). Within the samples of403 and 295 non-American employees, the service orientation ratings were highly correlated with four scales: "Extroversion," "Openness to experience, " "Conscientiousness, "and "Agreeableness" and not significantly correlated with "Emotional Stability. " The findings suggest thatfor organizational employee development and selection, service orientation may be effectively measured by an instrument such as this one and therefore potentially improve customer service management systems.
Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, Oct 1, 2005