Shivam Maurya - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Shivam Maurya

Research paper thumbnail of Regioselective synergic catalytic C-H activation: Unprecedented formation of sporadic 4-substituted (oxo-diaryl alkyl) isoquinolinium salts using SA-NEt2 catalyst

Research paper thumbnail of Management Strategies using Phytoextracts and Fungicides Against Cercospora Leaf Spot of Mungbean Incited by Cercospora canescens under in vitro and in vivo Conditions

LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

Background: Cercospora leaf spot of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)] caused by Cercospora canescens.... more Background: Cercospora leaf spot of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)] caused by Cercospora canescens. It has become a severe menace to the growers of Rajasthan in India and in general causes economic losses under changing climatic scenario. Depending upon the temperature and humidity, it spreads rapidly in susceptible varieties causing premature defoliation and reduction in size of pods and grains. In this study management was taken through botanicals and fungicides is also an important segment in the present era, in view of hazards caused by toxic chemicals or being developed resistance in pathogens to fungicides and effective means for disease control. Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during kharif 2018 and kharif 2019 at Agronomy Farm, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan. The experiment was conducted for seven plant extracts at 5, 10 and 15 per cent concentrations were evaluated in vitro by poisoned food technique. In field experiments,...

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing Sclerotinia rot of chilli

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating soil borne path... more Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating soil borne pathogen, which is threatening the production of chilli crop. In this study associated fungus was isolated on PDA medium and purified by using hyphal tip method from infected chilli plant samples were collected from farmer's fields. On PDA, uniformly one type growth of fungus colony started without zonation with whitish to gray growth in colour and fungus rapidly covered the entire Petri plate within 72 hours. Fungal mycelium aggregate to form small mycelial tufts which was converted into hard black sclerotia with Oval to irregular shape at the periphery of the Petri plates. Microscopic observation showed, hyphae were hyaline and branched and asci arranged on periphery of ascocarp. Ascus was hyaline, barrel shaped and produced in tightly compact mass with filiform paraphyses at the upper surface of apothecium. Ascospores were elliptical to oval, single celled, hyaline and posses eight numbers in each ascus. Pathogenicity was proved on chilli plants using seed, soil and seed + soil inoculation method. Among the different inoculation methods, seed + soil inoculation recorded maximum disease incidence (72.66%) followed by soil inoculation method (64.00%). On the basis of cultural, morphological and pathogenicity test, isolated fungus was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Research paper thumbnail of Chitosan: A novel bioactive compound for mangement of plant diseases: A review

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2019

Chitosan has received much interest for potential wide application in agriculture due to its exce... more Chitosan has received much interest for potential wide application in agriculture due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioactivity. Chitosan is, a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed b-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit) is an environmental friendly product. Chitin can be easily obtained from shellfish waste. The chitosan molecule triggers defense responses within the plant, leading to the formation of physical and chemical barriers against invading pathogens. Chitosan has been used to stimulate the immunity of plants to protect plants against microorganisms. This protection leads stimulation of plant growth. Chitosan affects various physiological responses like plant immunity, defense mechanisms involving various enzymes such as, phenylalanine ammonium lyase, polyphenol oxidase, tyrosine ammonia lyase and antioxidant enzymes viz., activities superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxide against adverse conditions. Recent studies have shown that chitosan induces mechanisms in plants against various biotic (fungi, bacteria, and insects) and abiotic (salinity, drought, heavy metal and cold) stresses and helps in formation of barriers that enhances plant's productivity. Chitosan has also used as a promising postharvest treatment for fruits due to its natural character, antimicrobial activity and elicitation of defense responses. It has also been shown that chitosan promotes vegetative growth and enhances various processes in developing flower buds. Chitosan treatment have been reported that chitosan increased shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight and relative water content under salinity stress.

Research paper thumbnail of An Atmosphere of Hate : Case of OpIndia

The London Story, Oct 1, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of An Efficient Technique to reduce Total Harmonics Distortion in Cascaded H- Bridge Multilevel Inverter

2019 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), 2019

In the recent years the multilevel inverters were widely discussed topic for researchers. Because... more In the recent years the multilevel inverters were widely discussed topic for researchers. Because of few merits of having good power quality. Basically inverter is a converter, which is capable in converting the DC power into AC power at desired level. The two level output, zero or positive or negative Vdc can be obtained by voltage source inverter(VSI). The multilevel inverter is capable to produce sinusoidal output voltage and to reduce Total Harmonic Distortion at desired voltage level. As we increase the level of voltage, the output power quality gets improved, i.e. THD gets reduced. This paper proposes the implementation and analysis of cascaded multilevel inverter with reduce THD. The implemented Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter topology is a practical topology; it provides the generalized path to increase the level of multilevel inverter as we want. In the represented model of eleven level single phase Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter has been designed using IGBT in order to generate the different output voltage levels at proper intervals, the conduction angle of IGBTs have been controlled by varying the pulse width of getting signals. Simulation models is developed in MATLAB-SIMULINK of eleven levels inverters and THD analysis is performed.

Research paper thumbnail of Microbe-Mediated Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants

Microbial Interventions in Agriculture and Environment, 2019

Fluctuating global climate has increasing influence on the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stres... more Fluctuating global climate has increasing influence on the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses in agriculture resulting in reduced productivity. The scenario has been estimated to be intensified owing to the increased drought, soil and water salinity, and shortage of water resources. Biotic stress was also encountered in terms of outbreaks of various pathogens. Diseases caused by pathogens are the foremost factor affecting agricultural produce. Copious mechanisms are implemented by plant to tolerate the stressor(s). Key strategies were designed for developing biotic and abiotic stress-tolerant crop varieties, cultivation techniques, and microbial inoculant and products to enhance the tolerance of plants toward biotic and abiotic stresses. In this literature, we focus on the response of plants toward biotic-abiotic stress, plant-beneficial microbes, and microbe-mediated tolerance in crop plants.

Research paper thumbnail of Breeding Approaches for Disease Resistance in Crop Plants: A Review

Present day agriculture has disturbed the age-vintage stability of host-pathogen system resulting... more Present day agriculture has disturbed the age-vintage stability of host-pathogen system resulting diseases arise at regular interval leading to significant loss to the agricultural production, that is predicted to be 10-25% or much less in the course of everyday years however might also additionally enlarge as much as 100 % in the course of epidemic. Broadly, there are breeding tactics followed for disease resistance, which incorporates molecular and molecular one. Conventional method consists of pure line, pedigree, backcross, recurrent choice and interspecific hybrids through which numerous resistant sorts were developed. However, after someday there may be surprising outbreak of diseases because of non-stop sowing of those sorts, which ends up with inside the development in molecular biology and with the invention of trait-connected markers, it paved a new pathway to appearance a new nook to expand sorts that are disease resistant. Molecular method includes gene pyramiding throug...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita interaction on wilt disease incidence in tomato

International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2021

Development of diseases in cultivated crops depends on the complex interrelationship between host... more Development of diseases in cultivated crops depends on the complex interrelationship between host, pathogen and prevailing environmental conditions. The significant role of nematodes in the development of nematode-fungus interaction is demonstrated in many crops throughout the world. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to evaluate the interaction between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in pot conditions. The results show that inoculation of nematode at 7 th day prior to inoculation of fungus caused maximum reduction in plant growth parameters and increase per cent disease incidence followed by simultaneous inoculation of nematode and fungus as compared to control.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation and Efficacy of Trichoderma spp., Botanicals Extract and Chitosan against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici under In vivo (Greenhouse)

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Biological control a sustainable approach for plant diseases management: A review

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

It is estimated that diseases, insects and weeds together annually interfere with the production ... more It is estimated that diseases, insects and weeds together annually interfere with the production and destroy 36.5% crop production. In general losses of crops due to disease amount to 25% of world crop production per annum (Lugtenberg, 2015). Biological disease control is an attractive strategy for the control of plant diseases. Meanwhile, it also provides practices compatible with the goal of a sustainable agricultural system. Biological control is the suppression of disease by the application of a Biocontrol Agent (BCA) usually a fungus, bacterium, or virus. Weindling (1932) reported the parasitic nature of Trichoderma lignorum on several plant pathogens. Biological disease control is an attractive alternative strategy for the control of plant diseases. Meanwhile, it also provides practices compatible with the goal of a sustainable agricultural system. Insofar as we know, the mechanisms of bio-control may involve and be divided into (i) antibiosis, (ii) competition, (iii) mycopara...

Research paper thumbnail of Disease management by organic farming

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Organic farming (OF) has significantly increased in importance in recent decades. Disease managem... more Organic farming (OF) has significantly increased in importance in recent decades. Disease management in OF is largely based on the maintenance of biological diversity and soil health by balanced crop rotations, including nitrogen-fixing and cover crops, intercrops, additions of manure and compost and reductions in soil tillage. Most soil-borne diseases are naturally suppressed, while foliar diseases can sometimes be problematic. Only when a severe disease outbreak is expected are pesticides used that are approved for OF. A detailed overview is given of cultural and biological control measures. Attention is also given to regulated pesticides. We conclude that a systems approach to disease management is required, and that interdisciplinary research is needed to solve lingering disease problems. Mostly culture, physical and botanicals are used for disease management.

Research paper thumbnail of Cercospora leaf spot disease of green gram and its management: A review

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Green gram is one of the major pulse crops developed all over the world. Cercospora leaf spot dis... more Green gram is one of the major pulse crops developed all over the world. Cercospora leaf spot disease is a critical annihilating disease of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). It could be a broad disease caused by the organism Cercospora canesens with the decrease in trim abdicate up to 60 per cent. The disease was firstly detailed in Delhi, India and spread all over the environment. Field conditions and essential natural variables are dependable for the infection rate. Numerous of the botanical extricates and fungicides are detailed to be successful control of the disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Novel approach for the management of Tomato fusarium wilt

Research paper thumbnail of Nanotechnology a recent approach in Plant Disease Management: a review

Every year, 20%–40% of harvests are lost because of plant nuisances and pathogens. Existing plant... more Every year, 20%–40% of harvests are lost because of plant nuisances and pathogens. Existing plant sickness the executives depends prevalently on poisonous pesticides that are possibly unsafe to people and nature. Nanotechnology can offer points of interest to pesticides, such as decreasing poisonousness, improving the timeframe of realistic usability, and expanding the solvency of ineffectively water-dissolvable pesticides, all of which could have positive ecological effects. This survey investigates the two headings wherein nanoparticles can be used for plant malady the executives: either as nanoparticles alone, going about as protectants; or as nanocarriers for bug sprays, fungicides, herbicides, and RNA-impedance particles. Regardless of the few potential favorable circumstances related with the utilization of nanoparticles, very few nanoparticle-based items have been marketed for agrarian application. The shortage of business applications could be clarified by a few variables, f...

Research paper thumbnail of Neem: Role in leaf spot disease management: A review

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Neem Azadirachta indica is an important plant in plant kingdom, which shows various applications ... more Neem Azadirachta indica is an important plant in plant kingdom, which shows various applications for animal kingdom. Neem is one of the most powerful blood-purifiers, detoxifiers and immune system boosters known. Hundreds of diseases have been shown to respond favorably to neem. Neem leaf can be taken as tea or in capsules. Neem oil can be applied externally or a few drops can be put in an empty capsule and taken internally. It is also helpful to enhance the soil fertility. Neem oil is a unique source of various types of compounds with different chemical structure. As the era is now changing towards the use of nontoxic plant products having traditional medicinal use, development of modern drugs from neem should be emphasized for the control of various diseases. This is the time to use this novel product (neem oil) in medical field by the coordination of the knowledge gifted by the ancestors and modern approaches of drug development. As seed oil consists of so many beneficial propert...

Research paper thumbnail of Karnal bunt disease a major threatening to wheat crop: A review

International journal of applied research, 2020

Wheat has been a source of staple food to mankind since ancient times. Decreased production of wh... more Wheat has been a source of staple food to mankind since ancient times. Decreased production of wheat in the major wheat growing countries may be attributed to prevalence of Karnal bunt disease. The major impact of Karnal bunt is yield reduction and a decrease in quality of grains by imparting a fishy odour and taste to the wheat. The disease has gained significant importance due to the fact that it is prevalent only in a few countries around the world. The pathogen Tilletia indica is soil and seed borne which pose a serious quarantine problem and thus interferes with wheat trade. Early recognition of the pathogen is a critical step in analysis and its management. The present review highlights a brief outline of the pathogen, symptoms and various methods like seed treatment, crop rotation, fungicide application etc. for the control of Karnal bunt disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Innovative Diagnostic Tools for Plant Pathogenic Virus

Innovative Approaches in Diagnosis and Management of Crop Diseases, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Recent Advances in Plant Disease Management Under Climate Change Scenario

Innovative Approaches in Diagnosis and Management of Crop Diseases, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Task rule and choice are reflected by layer-specific processing in rodent auditory cortical microcircuits

Communications Biology, 2020

The primary auditory cortex (A1) is an essential, integrative node that encodes the behavioral re... more The primary auditory cortex (A1) is an essential, integrative node that encodes the behavioral relevance of acoustic stimuli, predictions, and auditory-guided decision-making. However, the realization of this integration with respect to the cortical microcircuitry is not well understood. Here, we characterize layer-specific, spatiotemporal synaptic population activity with chronic, laminar current source density analysis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) trained in an auditory decision-making Go/NoGo shuttle-box task. We demonstrate that not only sensory but also task- and choice-related information is represented in the mesoscopic neuronal population code of A1. Based on generalized linear-mixed effect models we found a layer-specific and multiplexed representation of the task rule, action selection, and the animal’s behavioral options as accumulating evidence in preparation of correct choices. The findings expand our understanding of how individual layers contribute to ...

Research paper thumbnail of Regioselective synergic catalytic C-H activation: Unprecedented formation of sporadic 4-substituted (oxo-diaryl alkyl) isoquinolinium salts using SA-NEt2 catalyst

Research paper thumbnail of Management Strategies using Phytoextracts and Fungicides Against Cercospora Leaf Spot of Mungbean Incited by Cercospora canescens under in vitro and in vivo Conditions

LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

Background: Cercospora leaf spot of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)] caused by Cercospora canescens.... more Background: Cercospora leaf spot of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.)] caused by Cercospora canescens. It has become a severe menace to the growers of Rajasthan in India and in general causes economic losses under changing climatic scenario. Depending upon the temperature and humidity, it spreads rapidly in susceptible varieties causing premature defoliation and reduction in size of pods and grains. In this study management was taken through botanicals and fungicides is also an important segment in the present era, in view of hazards caused by toxic chemicals or being developed resistance in pathogens to fungicides and effective means for disease control. Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during kharif 2018 and kharif 2019 at Agronomy Farm, Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan. The experiment was conducted for seven plant extracts at 5, 10 and 15 per cent concentrations were evaluated in vitro by poisoned food technique. In field experiments,...

Research paper thumbnail of Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing Sclerotinia rot of chilli

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating soil borne path... more Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating soil borne pathogen, which is threatening the production of chilli crop. In this study associated fungus was isolated on PDA medium and purified by using hyphal tip method from infected chilli plant samples were collected from farmer's fields. On PDA, uniformly one type growth of fungus colony started without zonation with whitish to gray growth in colour and fungus rapidly covered the entire Petri plate within 72 hours. Fungal mycelium aggregate to form small mycelial tufts which was converted into hard black sclerotia with Oval to irregular shape at the periphery of the Petri plates. Microscopic observation showed, hyphae were hyaline and branched and asci arranged on periphery of ascocarp. Ascus was hyaline, barrel shaped and produced in tightly compact mass with filiform paraphyses at the upper surface of apothecium. Ascospores were elliptical to oval, single celled, hyaline and posses eight numbers in each ascus. Pathogenicity was proved on chilli plants using seed, soil and seed + soil inoculation method. Among the different inoculation methods, seed + soil inoculation recorded maximum disease incidence (72.66%) followed by soil inoculation method (64.00%). On the basis of cultural, morphological and pathogenicity test, isolated fungus was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Research paper thumbnail of Chitosan: A novel bioactive compound for mangement of plant diseases: A review

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2019

Chitosan has received much interest for potential wide application in agriculture due to its exce... more Chitosan has received much interest for potential wide application in agriculture due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioactivity. Chitosan is, a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed b-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit) is an environmental friendly product. Chitin can be easily obtained from shellfish waste. The chitosan molecule triggers defense responses within the plant, leading to the formation of physical and chemical barriers against invading pathogens. Chitosan has been used to stimulate the immunity of plants to protect plants against microorganisms. This protection leads stimulation of plant growth. Chitosan affects various physiological responses like plant immunity, defense mechanisms involving various enzymes such as, phenylalanine ammonium lyase, polyphenol oxidase, tyrosine ammonia lyase and antioxidant enzymes viz., activities superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxide against adverse conditions. Recent studies have shown that chitosan induces mechanisms in plants against various biotic (fungi, bacteria, and insects) and abiotic (salinity, drought, heavy metal and cold) stresses and helps in formation of barriers that enhances plant's productivity. Chitosan has also used as a promising postharvest treatment for fruits due to its natural character, antimicrobial activity and elicitation of defense responses. It has also been shown that chitosan promotes vegetative growth and enhances various processes in developing flower buds. Chitosan treatment have been reported that chitosan increased shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight and relative water content under salinity stress.

Research paper thumbnail of An Atmosphere of Hate : Case of OpIndia

The London Story, Oct 1, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of An Efficient Technique to reduce Total Harmonics Distortion in Cascaded H- Bridge Multilevel Inverter

2019 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), 2019

In the recent years the multilevel inverters were widely discussed topic for researchers. Because... more In the recent years the multilevel inverters were widely discussed topic for researchers. Because of few merits of having good power quality. Basically inverter is a converter, which is capable in converting the DC power into AC power at desired level. The two level output, zero or positive or negative Vdc can be obtained by voltage source inverter(VSI). The multilevel inverter is capable to produce sinusoidal output voltage and to reduce Total Harmonic Distortion at desired voltage level. As we increase the level of voltage, the output power quality gets improved, i.e. THD gets reduced. This paper proposes the implementation and analysis of cascaded multilevel inverter with reduce THD. The implemented Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter topology is a practical topology; it provides the generalized path to increase the level of multilevel inverter as we want. In the represented model of eleven level single phase Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter has been designed using IGBT in order to generate the different output voltage levels at proper intervals, the conduction angle of IGBTs have been controlled by varying the pulse width of getting signals. Simulation models is developed in MATLAB-SIMULINK of eleven levels inverters and THD analysis is performed.

Research paper thumbnail of Microbe-Mediated Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants

Microbial Interventions in Agriculture and Environment, 2019

Fluctuating global climate has increasing influence on the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stres... more Fluctuating global climate has increasing influence on the occurrence of biotic and abiotic stresses in agriculture resulting in reduced productivity. The scenario has been estimated to be intensified owing to the increased drought, soil and water salinity, and shortage of water resources. Biotic stress was also encountered in terms of outbreaks of various pathogens. Diseases caused by pathogens are the foremost factor affecting agricultural produce. Copious mechanisms are implemented by plant to tolerate the stressor(s). Key strategies were designed for developing biotic and abiotic stress-tolerant crop varieties, cultivation techniques, and microbial inoculant and products to enhance the tolerance of plants toward biotic and abiotic stresses. In this literature, we focus on the response of plants toward biotic-abiotic stress, plant-beneficial microbes, and microbe-mediated tolerance in crop plants.

Research paper thumbnail of Breeding Approaches for Disease Resistance in Crop Plants: A Review

Present day agriculture has disturbed the age-vintage stability of host-pathogen system resulting... more Present day agriculture has disturbed the age-vintage stability of host-pathogen system resulting diseases arise at regular interval leading to significant loss to the agricultural production, that is predicted to be 10-25% or much less in the course of everyday years however might also additionally enlarge as much as 100 % in the course of epidemic. Broadly, there are breeding tactics followed for disease resistance, which incorporates molecular and molecular one. Conventional method consists of pure line, pedigree, backcross, recurrent choice and interspecific hybrids through which numerous resistant sorts were developed. However, after someday there may be surprising outbreak of diseases because of non-stop sowing of those sorts, which ends up with inside the development in molecular biology and with the invention of trait-connected markers, it paved a new pathway to appearance a new nook to expand sorts that are disease resistant. Molecular method includes gene pyramiding throug...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita interaction on wilt disease incidence in tomato

International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2021

Development of diseases in cultivated crops depends on the complex interrelationship between host... more Development of diseases in cultivated crops depends on the complex interrelationship between host, pathogen and prevailing environmental conditions. The significant role of nematodes in the development of nematode-fungus interaction is demonstrated in many crops throughout the world. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to evaluate the interaction between Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in pot conditions. The results show that inoculation of nematode at 7 th day prior to inoculation of fungus caused maximum reduction in plant growth parameters and increase per cent disease incidence followed by simultaneous inoculation of nematode and fungus as compared to control.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation and Efficacy of Trichoderma spp., Botanicals Extract and Chitosan against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici under In vivo (Greenhouse)

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Biological control a sustainable approach for plant diseases management: A review

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

It is estimated that diseases, insects and weeds together annually interfere with the production ... more It is estimated that diseases, insects and weeds together annually interfere with the production and destroy 36.5% crop production. In general losses of crops due to disease amount to 25% of world crop production per annum (Lugtenberg, 2015). Biological disease control is an attractive strategy for the control of plant diseases. Meanwhile, it also provides practices compatible with the goal of a sustainable agricultural system. Biological control is the suppression of disease by the application of a Biocontrol Agent (BCA) usually a fungus, bacterium, or virus. Weindling (1932) reported the parasitic nature of Trichoderma lignorum on several plant pathogens. Biological disease control is an attractive alternative strategy for the control of plant diseases. Meanwhile, it also provides practices compatible with the goal of a sustainable agricultural system. Insofar as we know, the mechanisms of bio-control may involve and be divided into (i) antibiosis, (ii) competition, (iii) mycopara...

Research paper thumbnail of Disease management by organic farming

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Organic farming (OF) has significantly increased in importance in recent decades. Disease managem... more Organic farming (OF) has significantly increased in importance in recent decades. Disease management in OF is largely based on the maintenance of biological diversity and soil health by balanced crop rotations, including nitrogen-fixing and cover crops, intercrops, additions of manure and compost and reductions in soil tillage. Most soil-borne diseases are naturally suppressed, while foliar diseases can sometimes be problematic. Only when a severe disease outbreak is expected are pesticides used that are approved for OF. A detailed overview is given of cultural and biological control measures. Attention is also given to regulated pesticides. We conclude that a systems approach to disease management is required, and that interdisciplinary research is needed to solve lingering disease problems. Mostly culture, physical and botanicals are used for disease management.

Research paper thumbnail of Cercospora leaf spot disease of green gram and its management: A review

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Green gram is one of the major pulse crops developed all over the world. Cercospora leaf spot dis... more Green gram is one of the major pulse crops developed all over the world. Cercospora leaf spot disease is a critical annihilating disease of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). It could be a broad disease caused by the organism Cercospora canesens with the decrease in trim abdicate up to 60 per cent. The disease was firstly detailed in Delhi, India and spread all over the environment. Field conditions and essential natural variables are dependable for the infection rate. Numerous of the botanical extricates and fungicides are detailed to be successful control of the disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Novel approach for the management of Tomato fusarium wilt

Research paper thumbnail of Nanotechnology a recent approach in Plant Disease Management: a review

Every year, 20%–40% of harvests are lost because of plant nuisances and pathogens. Existing plant... more Every year, 20%–40% of harvests are lost because of plant nuisances and pathogens. Existing plant sickness the executives depends prevalently on poisonous pesticides that are possibly unsafe to people and nature. Nanotechnology can offer points of interest to pesticides, such as decreasing poisonousness, improving the timeframe of realistic usability, and expanding the solvency of ineffectively water-dissolvable pesticides, all of which could have positive ecological effects. This survey investigates the two headings wherein nanoparticles can be used for plant malady the executives: either as nanoparticles alone, going about as protectants; or as nanocarriers for bug sprays, fungicides, herbicides, and RNA-impedance particles. Regardless of the few potential favorable circumstances related with the utilization of nanoparticles, very few nanoparticle-based items have been marketed for agrarian application. The shortage of business applications could be clarified by a few variables, f...

Research paper thumbnail of Neem: Role in leaf spot disease management: A review

Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020

Neem Azadirachta indica is an important plant in plant kingdom, which shows various applications ... more Neem Azadirachta indica is an important plant in plant kingdom, which shows various applications for animal kingdom. Neem is one of the most powerful blood-purifiers, detoxifiers and immune system boosters known. Hundreds of diseases have been shown to respond favorably to neem. Neem leaf can be taken as tea or in capsules. Neem oil can be applied externally or a few drops can be put in an empty capsule and taken internally. It is also helpful to enhance the soil fertility. Neem oil is a unique source of various types of compounds with different chemical structure. As the era is now changing towards the use of nontoxic plant products having traditional medicinal use, development of modern drugs from neem should be emphasized for the control of various diseases. This is the time to use this novel product (neem oil) in medical field by the coordination of the knowledge gifted by the ancestors and modern approaches of drug development. As seed oil consists of so many beneficial propert...

Research paper thumbnail of Karnal bunt disease a major threatening to wheat crop: A review

International journal of applied research, 2020

Wheat has been a source of staple food to mankind since ancient times. Decreased production of wh... more Wheat has been a source of staple food to mankind since ancient times. Decreased production of wheat in the major wheat growing countries may be attributed to prevalence of Karnal bunt disease. The major impact of Karnal bunt is yield reduction and a decrease in quality of grains by imparting a fishy odour and taste to the wheat. The disease has gained significant importance due to the fact that it is prevalent only in a few countries around the world. The pathogen Tilletia indica is soil and seed borne which pose a serious quarantine problem and thus interferes with wheat trade. Early recognition of the pathogen is a critical step in analysis and its management. The present review highlights a brief outline of the pathogen, symptoms and various methods like seed treatment, crop rotation, fungicide application etc. for the control of Karnal bunt disease.

Research paper thumbnail of Innovative Diagnostic Tools for Plant Pathogenic Virus

Innovative Approaches in Diagnosis and Management of Crop Diseases, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Recent Advances in Plant Disease Management Under Climate Change Scenario

Innovative Approaches in Diagnosis and Management of Crop Diseases, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Task rule and choice are reflected by layer-specific processing in rodent auditory cortical microcircuits

Communications Biology, 2020

The primary auditory cortex (A1) is an essential, integrative node that encodes the behavioral re... more The primary auditory cortex (A1) is an essential, integrative node that encodes the behavioral relevance of acoustic stimuli, predictions, and auditory-guided decision-making. However, the realization of this integration with respect to the cortical microcircuitry is not well understood. Here, we characterize layer-specific, spatiotemporal synaptic population activity with chronic, laminar current source density analysis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) trained in an auditory decision-making Go/NoGo shuttle-box task. We demonstrate that not only sensory but also task- and choice-related information is represented in the mesoscopic neuronal population code of A1. Based on generalized linear-mixed effect models we found a layer-specific and multiplexed representation of the task rule, action selection, and the animal’s behavioral options as accumulating evidence in preparation of correct choices. The findings expand our understanding of how individual layers contribute to ...