Shree Raj Shakya - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Shree Raj Shakya

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Journal of innovations in engineering education, Jun 6, 2021

Energy is the key indicator of development. Nepal is a least developed country and aims to gradua... more Energy is the key indicator of development. Nepal is a least developed country and aims to graduate to developed country by 2022 and middle-income country by 2030 and to achieve sustainable goal by 2030. In order to achieve all these targets energy plays a key role. This research is mainly based on primary data, 152 households sample survey and supported by secondary data. Energy and emission projection was done in LEAP software based on energy demand driving factors, population growth rate and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate. The analysis was made through different scenarios in LEAP, they are; Business as Usual Scenario (BAU), Low Carbon Emission (LOW) Scenario, Efficient Cooking Scenario (EFC) and Efficient Lighting Scenario (EFL). Analysis shows that the total annual energy consumption of Bhanu Municipality is 635.67TJ in the base year 2020 with per capita energy consumption 12.69 GJ/annum. The main fuel for cooking in the residential sector is firewood, with share of 80% supplied from private, government and community forests that covers 38% of the municipality area. Lighting was done through grid electricity, almost 99% of the households had access to grid. The BAU scenario shows that the household energy demand per capita will be 19.07 GJ in 2050 and energy per household will be 104.56 GJ in 2050. In EFC, EFL and LOW per capita energy demand will reach to 15.31 GJ, 19.79 GJ and 4.52 GJ respectively. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions for all the scenario were analyzed in the study. The GHG emission of base year was 2985.60 metric tonnes of 2 equivalent. The per capita GHGs emission in 2050 will be 109.08 Kg and it will be 34.28 Kg in EFC scenario and it will be reduced to zero in LOW scenario. LOW scenario shows the decrease of GHGs through the policy intervention in which electrification was done in all end use demands.

Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Oct 15, 2020

This paper presents the current energy security status of the Province One of Federal Democratic ... more This paper presents the current energy security status of the Province One of Federal Democratic Republic Nepal using numerous indicators. In addition to that, with the development of five economic growth scenarios i.e. Normal growth (NOR) (5.80%), Low growth (LOW) (4.20%), High growth (HIG) (6.80%), Accelerated growth (ACC) (8.50%), and Intervention scenario (INT) on Normal growth scenario (NOR), the future energy mix and energy security indicators for the year 2040 are also calculated. The thesis also gives an overview of the variation/progress of the different indicators during the considered period of study (2017-2040). On the basis of compilation of data published by Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) and use of model developed in Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP), the study shows the increase in demand of the final energy consumption of province in Normal growth scenario to 101.8 million GJ at 2040 from 80.2 million GJ at 2017, whereby residential sector being the largest energy consuming sector with share of 68% in the total energy mix. However, the energy consumption increases to only 86.8 million GJ at the end year in the Intervention scenario. Similarly, the electricity consumption/demand increases by 120% and 390% in the normal and intervention economic growth scenario respectively. The study also shows that the, energy intensity in the intervention scenario is brought down to 4.44 GJ/USD1000 compared to that of 15 GJ/USD1000 in the base year. Also, the electricity consumption per capita is increased to 574 kWh from 116 kWh in the base year in INT scenario. Moreover, the GHG emission in the normal growth scenario at the end year will be 592.8 kg/Capita i.e. 59.5% increase from the base year. However, with the intervention scenario adopted, the GHG emission can be limited to only 385.2 kg/Capita in the end year, which is 8% increase from the base year value of 371.8 kg/Capita. However, these values are only achieved if the provincial government helps implementing federal government's plan of promoting the renewable energy systems and technologies instead of traditional fuel woods and fossil fuels system.

Journal of advance college of engineering and management, Dec 31, 2018

This paper presents the current energy security status of the province No.1 of Nepal using numero... more This paper presents the current energy security status of the province No.1 of Nepal using numerous indicators. In addition to that, with the development of six economic growth scenarios i.e. Business As Usual (BAU), Low growth (LOW), High growth (HIG), Accelerated growth (ACC), Normal growth (NOR) and Intervention scenario (INT), the future energy mix and energy security indicators for the year 2040 are also calculated. The paper also gives an overview of the variation/progress of the different indicators during the considered period of study. The study shows that the, energy intensity in the intervention scenario is brought down to 4.44 GJ/$1000 compared to that of 15 GJ/$1000. Also, the electricity consumption per capita is increased to 574 kWh from 116 in the base year. However, these values are only achieved if the provincial government helps implementing central government's plan of promoting the electrical systems instead of traditional fuel woods and fossil fuels system.

Energy Reports, Nov 1, 2022

The grid power supply in many developing countries is insufficient and irregular resulting in man... more The grid power supply in many developing countries is insufficient and irregular resulting in many commercial users relying on inefficient and air pollution intensive off-grid captive diesel generators (DGs) as a backup power supply. This study investigates the fuel consumption and emission level of such DGs and explores the possibility of reducing them through the formation of a microgrid of DGs and solar PV in a commercial area in Kathmandu, Nepal. An optimized microgrid system has been designed using the HOMER framework for both DGs and solar PV based systems. The optimized DG based microgrid results reduction in specific fuel consumption by 19% and cost by 5%. It also mitigates emissions of key air pollutants (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , CO, and VOCs) by 21% to 92% as compared to the baseline. If the solar PV based microgrid is used, the emissions can be reduced by 100% but cost increases by 27%. However, the overall economic benefit to the country could be quite significant due to the reduction of external costs of imported fossil fuel and generators, air pollution, adverse health outcomes, investment locking in grey power generation, and energy security issues. The approach used here can be emulated in many other developing countries with similar conditions.

Transmission lines are equally as important as power generation plants for developing the energy ... more Transmission lines are equally as important as power generation plants for developing the energy sector of any country. In the case of electricity transmission system, economic efficiency implies promoting an optimal utilization of existing network, placing of new generations and promoting addition of loads where the maximum efficiency is envisaged and promoting transmission investments. These characteristics require that the transmission networks that pertain to each transaction must be identified and their costs properly allocated among users based on ARR (Annual Revenue Requirement). In case of developing countries like Nepal where the energy resources are yet to be utilized and huge investments are attracted to build the infrastructures for energy sectors, inviting ample investments and the cost recovery of transmission line becomes challenging. In order to evaluate the wheeling charge of the transmission line, various methodologies have been adapted in different countries. In t...

CRC Press eBooks, Aug 15, 2022

Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment

Nepal is 100% dependent on imported petroleum products as it has no as yet viable proven reserve.... more Nepal is 100% dependent on imported petroleum products as it has no as yet viable proven reserve. The import of petroleum is increasing at an alarming rate (15.2% annually) which is creating not only a burden on the national economy but also raising the issue of energy supply security and environmental degradation. In this study, eleven distinct significant indicators have been used to evaluate the energy security status of the country. Since there is no such detailed quantification of indicators carried out in previous research, this study can be a significant input to policymakers and planners. It also explores the policy intervention measures to improve energy security status in the context of a developing country that is increasingly dependent on imported commercial fuels. Five different scenarios have been developed considering 2017 as a base year and 2040 as an end year with different economic growth rates 4.5%, 7.2% and 9.2% as main driving parameter. Two additional policy in...

Energy, 2018

Abstract Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication, the number of radio base station... more Abstract Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication, the number of radio base stations has been growing excessively. The wireless network is designed for maximum traffic load, but the traffic load is unevenly distributed resulting in wastage of energy consumption most of the time during low traffic. Traditional energy saving techniques like switching off certain BSs completely during low traffic, creates problems in restoring to optimum capacity when traffic increases. There is the potential of saving energy consumption along with maintaining the quality of service and resulting environmental impact by introducing dynamic transmitter shutdown technique. In this paper, an algorithm of dynamic transmitter shut down technique during low traffic is proposed. The algorithm depends on automatically switching off unnecessary transmitter when the traffic is low and switching on the required transmitter when the traffic starts to increase. With this technique, base stations dynamically adjust the number of transmitters to be enabled based on the user traffic and required channels without compromising the service quality. The measured results revealed that the proposed model reduces the energy consumption of base stations by up to 18.8% as compared with the traditional static BSs, which is a step forward towards the implementation of green wireless communication.

Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security

Energy, 2018

Abstract Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication, the number of radio base station... more Abstract Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication, the number of radio base stations has been growing excessively. The wireless network is designed for maximum traffic load, but the traffic load is unevenly distributed resulting in wastage of energy consumption most of the time during low traffic. Traditional energy saving techniques like switching off certain BSs completely during low traffic, creates problems in restoring to optimum capacity when traffic increases. There is the potential of saving energy consumption along with maintaining the quality of service and resulting environmental impact by introducing dynamic transmitter shutdown technique. In this paper, an algorithm of dynamic transmitter shut down technique during low traffic is proposed. The algorithm depends on automatically switching off unnecessary transmitter when the traffic is low and switching on the required transmitter when the traffic starts to increase. With this technique, base stations dynamically adjust the number of transmitters to be enabled based on the user traffic and required channels without compromising the service quality. The measured results revealed that the proposed model reduces the energy consumption of base stations by up to 18.8% as compared with the traditional static BSs, which is a step forward towards the implementation of green wireless communication.

Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security

Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education, 2021

This paper deals with evaluation and analysis of carbon footprint of an airline operator, Nepal A... more This paper deals with evaluation and analysis of carbon footprint of an airline operator, Nepal Airlines Corporation (NAC) by using its actual flight and maintenance data from 2016 to 2019. NAC is a multi-fleet operator, of both turboprop and turbofan aircrafts. Carbon footprint in terms of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission has been calculated for NAC’s airline operations per individual aircraft, fleet-type and operating sector (i.e., international and domestic), and total ground handling operations. In each of the study years, contribution to NAC’s total CO2 production from its domestic fleet was found out to be very small (below 6% of yearly total), even though its fleet number outnumbered that of international fleet. This indicates better optimization opportunities for international-sector (turbofan) aircrafts than domestic-sector (turboprop) aircrafts. Reductions in fuel on-board as per prescribed levels, better airport slot management and selection of long-haul flight destinations ...

Active learning aims to build knowledge and skills by doing going beyond traditional, passive cla... more Active learning aims to build knowledge and skills by doing going beyond traditional, passive classroom instruction. The advantages of active learning are many. It facilitates the retention of new knowledge. It goes beyond the goals of memorizing and understanding concepts, building student capacity on analyzing new information, applying it in practice, and explaining it to others. It builds high order thinking skills that are transferable to the real world. Despite the advantages of active learning it, is not widely applied in practice. This is particularly the case in South East Asian countries. Lack of or inadequacy of physical infrastructures is a significant obstacle. Even when labs do exist, the equipment is outdated and limited in the software that it can support. There is a lack of openly available software applications that can be deployed in educational contexts as complementary learning tools. Limited instructor training on how to exploit IT and to combine it with emerging learning pedagogies further discourages the deployment of active approaches in the classroom. This work presents an educational intervention that aims to introduce active learning as a strategic educational approach in engineering higher education in Europe and Asia. The educational intervention has a vertical design and aims to address the obstacles that inhibit the wide spread adoption of active learning. The intervention includes the development of digital active learning labs at 12 universities in Asian countries. It further involves the development of a digital active learning platform that acts as a repository of active learning activities based on digital applications such as learning games and simulations accompanied with guidelines for educators on how to best integrate them in the classroom. And finally, it includes instructor training on active learning concepts as well as the use of the physical labs in educational contexts. Instructor training takes place at the individual universities through face-to-face training sessions and through on-line webinars. Experiences from the deployment of the proposed intervention demonstrate that when adequately supported through infrastructure and training the introduction of digitally supported active learning practices contributes to the development of industry demanded skills among students while it builds instructor capacity on innovative learning design.

Handbook of Energy Transitions, Aug 15, 2022

Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security

This paper presents particle swarm optimization(PSO)to determine the optimal location and size of... more This paper presents particle swarm optimization(PSO)to determine the optimal location and size of the capacitor bank in distribution system.Two stage procedure was implemented based on loss sensitivity index(LSI) and PSO.LSI was used to determine the optimal location while PSO is used to determine the optimal size of the capacitor bank.Load flow was carried out by using backward-forward sweep algorithm.The proposed procedure was applied to IEEE 34 and 69 bus system and on a real distribution system,i.e Parsa feeder,Chitwan.The result of IEEE 34 and 69 bus system was compared with previous publications.Simulation result shows there is significant loss reduction and voltage profile improvement after using capacitor bank in distribution system.

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Journal of innovations in engineering education, Jun 6, 2021

Energy is the key indicator of development. Nepal is a least developed country and aims to gradua... more Energy is the key indicator of development. Nepal is a least developed country and aims to graduate to developed country by 2022 and middle-income country by 2030 and to achieve sustainable goal by 2030. In order to achieve all these targets energy plays a key role. This research is mainly based on primary data, 152 households sample survey and supported by secondary data. Energy and emission projection was done in LEAP software based on energy demand driving factors, population growth rate and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate. The analysis was made through different scenarios in LEAP, they are; Business as Usual Scenario (BAU), Low Carbon Emission (LOW) Scenario, Efficient Cooking Scenario (EFC) and Efficient Lighting Scenario (EFL). Analysis shows that the total annual energy consumption of Bhanu Municipality is 635.67TJ in the base year 2020 with per capita energy consumption 12.69 GJ/annum. The main fuel for cooking in the residential sector is firewood, with share of 80% supplied from private, government and community forests that covers 38% of the municipality area. Lighting was done through grid electricity, almost 99% of the households had access to grid. The BAU scenario shows that the household energy demand per capita will be 19.07 GJ in 2050 and energy per household will be 104.56 GJ in 2050. In EFC, EFL and LOW per capita energy demand will reach to 15.31 GJ, 19.79 GJ and 4.52 GJ respectively. Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions for all the scenario were analyzed in the study. The GHG emission of base year was 2985.60 metric tonnes of 2 equivalent. The per capita GHGs emission in 2050 will be 109.08 Kg and it will be 34.28 Kg in EFC scenario and it will be reduced to zero in LOW scenario. LOW scenario shows the decrease of GHGs through the policy intervention in which electrification was done in all end use demands.

Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Oct 15, 2020

This paper presents the current energy security status of the Province One of Federal Democratic ... more This paper presents the current energy security status of the Province One of Federal Democratic Republic Nepal using numerous indicators. In addition to that, with the development of five economic growth scenarios i.e. Normal growth (NOR) (5.80%), Low growth (LOW) (4.20%), High growth (HIG) (6.80%), Accelerated growth (ACC) (8.50%), and Intervention scenario (INT) on Normal growth scenario (NOR), the future energy mix and energy security indicators for the year 2040 are also calculated. The thesis also gives an overview of the variation/progress of the different indicators during the considered period of study (2017-2040). On the basis of compilation of data published by Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) and use of model developed in Long Range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP), the study shows the increase in demand of the final energy consumption of province in Normal growth scenario to 101.8 million GJ at 2040 from 80.2 million GJ at 2017, whereby residential sector being the largest energy consuming sector with share of 68% in the total energy mix. However, the energy consumption increases to only 86.8 million GJ at the end year in the Intervention scenario. Similarly, the electricity consumption/demand increases by 120% and 390% in the normal and intervention economic growth scenario respectively. The study also shows that the, energy intensity in the intervention scenario is brought down to 4.44 GJ/USD1000 compared to that of 15 GJ/USD1000 in the base year. Also, the electricity consumption per capita is increased to 574 kWh from 116 kWh in the base year in INT scenario. Moreover, the GHG emission in the normal growth scenario at the end year will be 592.8 kg/Capita i.e. 59.5% increase from the base year. However, with the intervention scenario adopted, the GHG emission can be limited to only 385.2 kg/Capita in the end year, which is 8% increase from the base year value of 371.8 kg/Capita. However, these values are only achieved if the provincial government helps implementing federal government's plan of promoting the renewable energy systems and technologies instead of traditional fuel woods and fossil fuels system.

Journal of advance college of engineering and management, Dec 31, 2018

This paper presents the current energy security status of the province No.1 of Nepal using numero... more This paper presents the current energy security status of the province No.1 of Nepal using numerous indicators. In addition to that, with the development of six economic growth scenarios i.e. Business As Usual (BAU), Low growth (LOW), High growth (HIG), Accelerated growth (ACC), Normal growth (NOR) and Intervention scenario (INT), the future energy mix and energy security indicators for the year 2040 are also calculated. The paper also gives an overview of the variation/progress of the different indicators during the considered period of study. The study shows that the, energy intensity in the intervention scenario is brought down to 4.44 GJ/$1000 compared to that of 15 GJ/$1000. Also, the electricity consumption per capita is increased to 574 kWh from 116 in the base year. However, these values are only achieved if the provincial government helps implementing central government's plan of promoting the electrical systems instead of traditional fuel woods and fossil fuels system.

Energy Reports, Nov 1, 2022

The grid power supply in many developing countries is insufficient and irregular resulting in man... more The grid power supply in many developing countries is insufficient and irregular resulting in many commercial users relying on inefficient and air pollution intensive off-grid captive diesel generators (DGs) as a backup power supply. This study investigates the fuel consumption and emission level of such DGs and explores the possibility of reducing them through the formation of a microgrid of DGs and solar PV in a commercial area in Kathmandu, Nepal. An optimized microgrid system has been designed using the HOMER framework for both DGs and solar PV based systems. The optimized DG based microgrid results reduction in specific fuel consumption by 19% and cost by 5%. It also mitigates emissions of key air pollutants (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , CO, and VOCs) by 21% to 92% as compared to the baseline. If the solar PV based microgrid is used, the emissions can be reduced by 100% but cost increases by 27%. However, the overall economic benefit to the country could be quite significant due to the reduction of external costs of imported fossil fuel and generators, air pollution, adverse health outcomes, investment locking in grey power generation, and energy security issues. The approach used here can be emulated in many other developing countries with similar conditions.

Transmission lines are equally as important as power generation plants for developing the energy ... more Transmission lines are equally as important as power generation plants for developing the energy sector of any country. In the case of electricity transmission system, economic efficiency implies promoting an optimal utilization of existing network, placing of new generations and promoting addition of loads where the maximum efficiency is envisaged and promoting transmission investments. These characteristics require that the transmission networks that pertain to each transaction must be identified and their costs properly allocated among users based on ARR (Annual Revenue Requirement). In case of developing countries like Nepal where the energy resources are yet to be utilized and huge investments are attracted to build the infrastructures for energy sectors, inviting ample investments and the cost recovery of transmission line becomes challenging. In order to evaluate the wheeling charge of the transmission line, various methodologies have been adapted in different countries. In t...

CRC Press eBooks, Aug 15, 2022

Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment

Nepal is 100% dependent on imported petroleum products as it has no as yet viable proven reserve.... more Nepal is 100% dependent on imported petroleum products as it has no as yet viable proven reserve. The import of petroleum is increasing at an alarming rate (15.2% annually) which is creating not only a burden on the national economy but also raising the issue of energy supply security and environmental degradation. In this study, eleven distinct significant indicators have been used to evaluate the energy security status of the country. Since there is no such detailed quantification of indicators carried out in previous research, this study can be a significant input to policymakers and planners. It also explores the policy intervention measures to improve energy security status in the context of a developing country that is increasingly dependent on imported commercial fuels. Five different scenarios have been developed considering 2017 as a base year and 2040 as an end year with different economic growth rates 4.5%, 7.2% and 9.2% as main driving parameter. Two additional policy in...

Energy, 2018

Abstract Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication, the number of radio base station... more Abstract Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication, the number of radio base stations has been growing excessively. The wireless network is designed for maximum traffic load, but the traffic load is unevenly distributed resulting in wastage of energy consumption most of the time during low traffic. Traditional energy saving techniques like switching off certain BSs completely during low traffic, creates problems in restoring to optimum capacity when traffic increases. There is the potential of saving energy consumption along with maintaining the quality of service and resulting environmental impact by introducing dynamic transmitter shutdown technique. In this paper, an algorithm of dynamic transmitter shut down technique during low traffic is proposed. The algorithm depends on automatically switching off unnecessary transmitter when the traffic is low and switching on the required transmitter when the traffic starts to increase. With this technique, base stations dynamically adjust the number of transmitters to be enabled based on the user traffic and required channels without compromising the service quality. The measured results revealed that the proposed model reduces the energy consumption of base stations by up to 18.8% as compared with the traditional static BSs, which is a step forward towards the implementation of green wireless communication.

Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security

Energy, 2018

Abstract Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication, the number of radio base station... more Abstract Due to the increasing demand of wireless communication, the number of radio base stations has been growing excessively. The wireless network is designed for maximum traffic load, but the traffic load is unevenly distributed resulting in wastage of energy consumption most of the time during low traffic. Traditional energy saving techniques like switching off certain BSs completely during low traffic, creates problems in restoring to optimum capacity when traffic increases. There is the potential of saving energy consumption along with maintaining the quality of service and resulting environmental impact by introducing dynamic transmitter shutdown technique. In this paper, an algorithm of dynamic transmitter shut down technique during low traffic is proposed. The algorithm depends on automatically switching off unnecessary transmitter when the traffic is low and switching on the required transmitter when the traffic starts to increase. With this technique, base stations dynamically adjust the number of transmitters to be enabled based on the user traffic and required channels without compromising the service quality. The measured results revealed that the proposed model reduces the energy consumption of base stations by up to 18.8% as compared with the traditional static BSs, which is a step forward towards the implementation of green wireless communication.

Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security

Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education, 2021

This paper deals with evaluation and analysis of carbon footprint of an airline operator, Nepal A... more This paper deals with evaluation and analysis of carbon footprint of an airline operator, Nepal Airlines Corporation (NAC) by using its actual flight and maintenance data from 2016 to 2019. NAC is a multi-fleet operator, of both turboprop and turbofan aircrafts. Carbon footprint in terms of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission has been calculated for NAC’s airline operations per individual aircraft, fleet-type and operating sector (i.e., international and domestic), and total ground handling operations. In each of the study years, contribution to NAC’s total CO2 production from its domestic fleet was found out to be very small (below 6% of yearly total), even though its fleet number outnumbered that of international fleet. This indicates better optimization opportunities for international-sector (turbofan) aircrafts than domestic-sector (turboprop) aircrafts. Reductions in fuel on-board as per prescribed levels, better airport slot management and selection of long-haul flight destinations ...

Active learning aims to build knowledge and skills by doing going beyond traditional, passive cla... more Active learning aims to build knowledge and skills by doing going beyond traditional, passive classroom instruction. The advantages of active learning are many. It facilitates the retention of new knowledge. It goes beyond the goals of memorizing and understanding concepts, building student capacity on analyzing new information, applying it in practice, and explaining it to others. It builds high order thinking skills that are transferable to the real world. Despite the advantages of active learning it, is not widely applied in practice. This is particularly the case in South East Asian countries. Lack of or inadequacy of physical infrastructures is a significant obstacle. Even when labs do exist, the equipment is outdated and limited in the software that it can support. There is a lack of openly available software applications that can be deployed in educational contexts as complementary learning tools. Limited instructor training on how to exploit IT and to combine it with emerging learning pedagogies further discourages the deployment of active approaches in the classroom. This work presents an educational intervention that aims to introduce active learning as a strategic educational approach in engineering higher education in Europe and Asia. The educational intervention has a vertical design and aims to address the obstacles that inhibit the wide spread adoption of active learning. The intervention includes the development of digital active learning labs at 12 universities in Asian countries. It further involves the development of a digital active learning platform that acts as a repository of active learning activities based on digital applications such as learning games and simulations accompanied with guidelines for educators on how to best integrate them in the classroom. And finally, it includes instructor training on active learning concepts as well as the use of the physical labs in educational contexts. Instructor training takes place at the individual universities through face-to-face training sessions and through on-line webinars. Experiences from the deployment of the proposed intervention demonstrate that when adequately supported through infrastructure and training the introduction of digitally supported active learning practices contributes to the development of industry demanded skills among students while it builds instructor capacity on innovative learning design.

Handbook of Energy Transitions, Aug 15, 2022

Handbook of Energy and Environmental Security

This paper presents particle swarm optimization(PSO)to determine the optimal location and size of... more This paper presents particle swarm optimization(PSO)to determine the optimal location and size of the capacitor bank in distribution system.Two stage procedure was implemented based on loss sensitivity index(LSI) and PSO.LSI was used to determine the optimal location while PSO is used to determine the optimal size of the capacitor bank.Load flow was carried out by using backward-forward sweep algorithm.The proposed procedure was applied to IEEE 34 and 69 bus system and on a real distribution system,i.e Parsa feeder,Chitwan.The result of IEEE 34 and 69 bus system was compared with previous publications.Simulation result shows there is significant loss reduction and voltage profile improvement after using capacitor bank in distribution system.