Shubham Chaudhari - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Shubham Chaudhari
BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD 1 Abstract The connecting rod is the transitional part betwee... more BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD 1 Abstract The connecting rod is the transitional part between the piston and the crankshaft. Its essential capacity is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin to the crank pin, in this way changing over the reciprocating motion of the cylinder into turning movement of the crank. The capacity of connecting rod is to transmit the push of the piston to the crank shaft, and as the outcome the reciprocating motion of the piston is interpreted into rotational movement of the wrench shaft. It comprises of a pin– end, a shank section and a crank end. Pin end and crank end pin holes are machined to allow exact fitting of bearings. In this thesis, a connecting rod is demonstrated utilizing SolidWorks, discretization and analysis utilization is done in HyperMesh and FEAST Software. The outcome predicts the most extreme buckling load and basic locale on the interfacing pole. It is imperative to find the basic territory of concentrated stress for fi...
A simple, robust, precise, UV spectroscopic method has been developed for the simultaneous estima... more A simple, robust, precise, UV spectroscopic method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Rosuvastatin and Aspirin in bulk and capsule dosage forms. In this paper the estimation of those drugs was carried out by absorbance ratio method. This method is based on measurement of absorption at 239nm and 233nm i.e, λ<sub>max</sub> of Rosuvastatin and Aspirin respectively. The linearity observed for Rosuvastatin is in the range of 4 to14 μg/ml and for Aspirin is in the range of 20 to 60 μg/ml. The accuracy of method was found to be within the range of 99.62%-99.73% for both Rosuvastatin and Aspirin respectively. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy and precision. The method can be employed for estimation of pharmaceutical formulations with no interference from any excipients and diluents. The results were validated as per ICH guidelines.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 2021
This paper explores the use of Artificial Intelligence in the smart education learning process. N... more This paper explores the use of Artificial Intelligence in the smart education learning process. Nowadays Artificial Intelligence grapes a place in the education field. This survey is giving justification that how the humans' mind is changed by AI. Here we go on the proposed model, experimentation, results, and Limitation of the system. These papers present various methods of Artificial Intelligence in student assessment for teacher and learning enhancement.
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2021
ASIAN JOURNAL OF CONVERGENCE IN TECHNOLOGY, 2020
This paper is a survey about applications of Artificial Intelligence which are implemented in edu... more This paper is a survey about applications of Artificial Intelligence which are implemented in education for student assessment and to enhance learning experience. Initially, we intend to focus on concepts of Artificial Intelligence. In this paper, 4 different papers are surveyed which consist different applications of Artificial Intelligence for learning. This survey is based on Proposed Model, Experimentation, Results/Advantage and Limitation. These papers present various applications of Artificial Intelligence in student assessment and to enhance learning experience.
Neuroscience, 1997
The release of endogenous ATP, measured by the luciferin-luciferase assay, and of [3H]noradrenali... more The release of endogenous ATP, measured by the luciferin-luciferase assay, and of [3H]noradrenaline from the in vitro superfused rat hypothalamic slices were studied. ATP and [3H]noradrenaline were released simultaneously during resting conditions and in response to low and high frequency field electrical stimulation; the release of both substances were frequency dependent between 2Hz and 16Hz. The stimulation-induced release of ATP
Biochemical Pharmacology, 1989
Neurochemistry International, 1993
Two puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase isozymes (PSA-I and PSA-II) were isolated from chicken bra... more Two puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase isozymes (PSA-I and PSA-II) were isolated from chicken brain cytosol by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by column chromatography on Cellex D and AH-Sepharose 4B and separated on Bio-Gel HTP. Each was purified to homogeneity on Sephadex G-200, Arg-Tyr-AH-Sepharose, Bio-Gel HTP, and preparative gel electrophoresis. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, PSA-I appeared to be a monomer with a molecular mass of 105 kDa, and PSA-II to be composed of two subunits of 25 kDa and 100 kDa. The tryptic maps of 100 kDa and 105 kDa protein in HPLC are different in peak frequency, height, and composition. The internal peptide sequence of PSA-I has a considerable homology to PSA-II. Both isozymes have repeated copies of common peptide segments and have no significant sequence homology to other peptidases and proteinases. These thio and Co2+-activated isozymes have a neutral pH optimum and are inhibited by puromycin and bestatin. PSA-II is more sensitive to trypsin and heat treatment, has a lower Km to Met-enkephalin, and is more active on Arg BNA and Pro BNA. Our results suggest that PSA-I and PSA-II derive from translation of two RNAs of a new gene family related to the brain-specific 14-3-3 protein.
Neurochemical Research, 1994
A fragment (11-19) of thymosin beta 4 was found to stimulate phosphodiesterase activity even in t... more A fragment (11-19) of thymosin beta 4 was found to stimulate phosphodiesterase activity even in the absence of calcium and calmodulin. Half-maximal enzyme activation occurred with 10 nM peptide, and was further increased by phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine. The mechanism of stimulation is an increase in the Vmax of cAMP degradation without a substantial change in the Km for the substrate. In the presence of calcium ions and calmodulin the peptide was also stimulatory.
Neurochemical Research, 1989
To compare cerebral protein metabolism rates in vivo, protein synthesis rates of three organs of ... more To compare cerebral protein metabolism rates in vivo, protein synthesis rates of three organs of five vertebrate species were measured after a single i.p. injection of a flooding dose of [1-*4C]valine. In muscle, brain, and liver, the respective average protein synthesis rates, expressed as percent of total protein-bound valine replaced per hour, that is, percent synthesis per hour, in goldfish at 22~ body temperature, were 0.07, 0.23, and 0.57%; in the bullfrog at 20~ 0.06, 0.18, and 0.55%; in the white Leghorn chicken at 39~ 0.24, 0.70, and 2.17%; and in the mouse at 38~ 0.22, 0.65, and 2.0%. In the Tokay lizard at different body temperatures, the synthesis rates were 0.04, 0.13, and 0.43% at 26~ 0.05, 0.20, and 0.63% at 32~ and 0.07, 0.27, and 0.81% at 38~ The results demonstrate differences in protein synthesis rates in organs of the various species examined. The differences among the species seem to be due, to a major extent, to differences in body temperature; rates in lizard are below those in other species at temperatures tried. Protein synthesis rates in brain in all species are almost three times lower than those in liver and almost three times higher than those in muscle.
Neurochemical Research, 2004
Nicotine, one of the most widespread drugs of abuse, has long been shown to impact areas of the b... more Nicotine, one of the most widespread drugs of abuse, has long been shown to impact areas of the brain involved in addiction and reward. Recent research, however, has begun to explore the positive effects that nicotine may have on learning and memory. The mechanisms by which nicotine interacts with areas of cognitive function are relatively unknown. Therefore, this paper is part of an ongoing study to evaluate regional effects of nicotine enhancement of cognitive function. Nicotine-induced changes in the levels of three neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), norepinepherine (NE), their metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and their precursor, L-DOPA, were evaluated in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus (VH and DH), prefrontal and medial temporal cortex (PFC and MTC), and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) using in vivo microdialysis in awake, freely moving, male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were treated with acute nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) halfway through the 300-min experimental period. The reuptake blockers, desipramine (100 M) and fluoxetine (30 M), were given to increase the levels of NE and 5-HT so that they could be detected. Overall, a nicotine-induced DA increase was found in some areas, and this increase was potentiated by desipramine and fluoxetine. The two DA metabolites, HVA and DOPAC, increased in all the areas throughout the experiments, both with and without the inhibitors, indicating a rapid metabolism of the released DA. The increase in these metabolites was greater than the increase in DA. 5-HT was increased in the DH, MTC, and VTA in the presence of fluoxetine; its metabolite, 5-HIAA, was increased in the presence and absence of fluoxetine. Except in the VTA, NE levels increased to a similar extent with desipramine and fluoxetine. Overall, nicotine appeared to increase the release and turnover of these three neurotransmitters, which was indicated by significant increases in their metabolites. Furthermore, DA, and especially HVA and DOPAC, increased for the 150 min following nicotine administration; 5-HT and NE changes were shorter in duration. As gas chromatography experiments showed that nicotine levels in the brain decreased by 75% after 150 min, this may indicate that DA is more susceptible to lower levels of nicotine than 5-HT or NE. In conclusion, acute nicotine administration caused alterations in the levels of DA, 5-HT, and NE, and in the metabolism of DA and 5-HT, in brain areas that are involved in cognitive processes.
Life Sciences, 1991
We prepared a tritiated chloromethyl ketone derivative of Tyr-D-Ala-Gly(Me)Phe-Gly-ol 3H-D-Ala-Gl... more We prepared a tritiated chloromethyl ketone derivative of Tyr-D-Ala-Gly(Me)Phe-Gly-ol 3H-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-chloromethyl ketone, and studied its binding characteristics in rat brain membranes. A significant portion (about 70%) of the binding becomes wash-resistant after 60 min of incubation. The binding of the ligand is highly stereospecific and mu-opioid receptor selective. These characteristics of the ligand, together with its high specific radioactivity (57 Ci/mmol) makes it a good candidate for biochemical characterization and covalent labeling of mu opioid receptors.
Journal of Networks, 2011
Brain Research Bulletin, 2009
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of acetaldehyde administration on neurotra... more The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of acetaldehyde administration on neurotransmitters in the presence of nicotine in brain areas associated with cognition and reward. We assayed these effects via microdialysis in conscious freely moving male Sprague-Dawley rats. It was reported that low doses of acetaldehyde enhance nicotine self-administration in young, but not in adult rats. Since nicotine enhances reward and learning, while acetaldehyde is reported to enhance reward but inhibit learning, acetaldehyde thus would be likely to stimulate reward without stimulating learning. We hoped that examining the effects of acetaldehyde (on nicotine-mediated neurotransmitter changes) would help to distinguish reward mechanisms less influenced by learning mechanisms. To avoid the aversive effect of acetaldehyde, we used a low dose of acetaldehyde (0.16 mg/kg) administered after nicotine (0.3mg/kg). We analyzed six brain regions: nucleus accumbens shell (NAccS), ventral tegmental area (VTA), ventral and dorsal hippocampus (VH and DH), and prefrontal and medial temporal cortex (PFC, MTC), assaying dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites in young and adult rats. The effect of acetaldehyde on nicotine-induced transmitter changes was different in young as compared to adult rat brain regions. In the NAccS of the young, DA was not affected while NE and 5-HT were increased. In the adult in this area DA and NE were decreased, while 5-HT was not altered. In other areas also in many cases, the effect of acetaldehyde in the young and in the adult was different. As an example, acetaldehyde administration increased NE in young and decreased NE in adult DH. We found stimulation of nicotine-induced changes by acetaldehyde in seven instances - six of these were observed in areas in young brain, NE in four areas (NAccS, DH, VH, and PFC), and 5-HT in two (NAccS and DH). Only one increase was noted in adult brain (DA in VTA). Inhibition of nicotine-induced changes by acetaldehyde was noticed in four young brain areas (DA in PFC and MTC, 5-HT in VTA, and VH) and in 13 adult brain areas (DA in NAccS, DH, VH, PFC, MTC, NE in NAccS, DH, PFC, MTC, and 5-HT in DH, VH, MTC, and PFC). Thus acetaldehyde was more stimulatory in young and more inhibitory in the adult brain areas tested, which could explain its stimulating nicotine reward only in young animals. That increases in NE were noted only in young, decreases in NE only in adult brain areas further suggest the role of NE in the age-dependent response. In general, six areas showed some increase and four showed decrease in the young versus one showing increase and thirteen showing decrease in the adult. Clearly the effects of acetaldehyde in young animals are different from those in adult animals. Because acetaldehyde did not induce elevated DA levels in the NAccS of the young, we believe that the higher reward in the young caused by acetaldehyde is not likely due to DA changes in the accumbens. The increase of NE and 5-HT in the brain areas of the young only raises the possibility that they may play an important role in reward in some cases when DA in the accumbens does not. Areas involved in cognitive mechanisms and a number of transmitters seem to play a role in reward stimulation.
Brain Research, 1988
Estradiol, administered to ovariectomized rats, increased choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) activi... more Estradiol, administered to ovariectomized rats, increased choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) activity in the caudate nucleus, cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, suggesting possibly widespread central cholinergic involvement in estrus-related behavior. Dexamethasone also, except in hypothalamus, increased ChAT activity, notably (50%) in hippocampus. ChAT activity changes did not correlate with reported regional hormone receptor density. Estradiol's effect in the caudate suggests that hormone receptor and affected enzyme may not necessarily coexist intraneuronaUy.
Brain Research, 1994
Brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection wer... more Brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection were utilized to study the effect of the selective non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine) on striatal dopamine (DA) release in the anesthetized rat. Perfusion of 100 microM and 300 microM (+/-)-MK-801 through the probe did not significantly change the basal release of DA. These results suggest that excitatory amino acids do not exert a tonic excitatory influence on striatal DA release through NMDA receptors. 1 mM and 3 mM (+/-)-MK-801 caused a significant increase (398% and 580%, respectively), while there was no change in the level of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). To clarify the mechanism of the (+/-)-MK-801-induced increase, the differential effect of its enantiomers (the active (+)-MK-801 and the less active (-)-MK-801) was determined. There was no difference in the action of these compounds: both drugs increased the striatal DA release with the same efficacy. Our data suggest that the MK-801-induced increase of striatal DA release is not an NMDA receptor-mediated effect.
Brain Research, 1995
In vivo brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detec... more In vivo brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection were used to study the effect of different selective az-antagonists on hippocampal norepinephrine (NE) release in freely moving awake rat. Systemic administration (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) of either the a2AD-antagonist BRL 44408 or the c~2Bc-antagonist ARC 239 did not significantly change the basal release of NE. At a higher dose (5 mg/kg i.p.) ARC 239 was still ineffective, whereas BRL 44408 caused a significant increase of the extracellular level of NE. Similar results were obtained from in vitro perfusion experiments. Rat hippocampal slices were loaded with [3H]NE and the electrical stimulation-evoked release of [3H]NE was determined. The a2-antagonists were applied in a concentration range of 10-s to 10-6 M. ARC 239 was ineffective, whereas BRL 44408 significantly increased the electrically induced release of [3H]NE. In agreement with the data of microdialysis and perfusion experiments, BRL 44408 displaced [3H]yohimbine from hippocampal and cortical membranes of rat brain with high affinity whereas ARC 239 was less effective. The pK i values of eight different a2-adrenergic compounds showed a very good correlation (r = 0.98, slope = 1.11 P < 0.0001) in hippocampus and frontal cortex where the a2-adrenoceptors have been characterized as azD-subtype. Our data indicate that hippocampal NE release in rat is regulated by C~2D-adrenoceptors, a species variation of the human a2A-Subtype.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1990
In the recruitment process, there is a huge workload on the Human Resource (HR) department to sel... more In the recruitment process, there is a huge workload on the Human Resource (HR) department to select the right candidate for a particular job profile from the number of applicants. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the HR person, which indirectly results in the selection of candidates not suitable for that job profile. So our aim with this paper was to overcome this problem, with the help of a proposed system that tries to design a tool to integrate the Job Characteristics Model into the HR system. The proposed system also contains the module which assists the Manager person to analyze the performance of employees. The system would be used for predicting suitable candidates according to business requirements, thus reducing the workload of the Human Resource department.
BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD 1 Abstract The connecting rod is the transitional part betwee... more BUCKLING ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD 1 Abstract The connecting rod is the transitional part between the piston and the crankshaft. Its essential capacity is to transmit the push and pull from the piston pin to the crank pin, in this way changing over the reciprocating motion of the cylinder into turning movement of the crank. The capacity of connecting rod is to transmit the push of the piston to the crank shaft, and as the outcome the reciprocating motion of the piston is interpreted into rotational movement of the wrench shaft. It comprises of a pin– end, a shank section and a crank end. Pin end and crank end pin holes are machined to allow exact fitting of bearings. In this thesis, a connecting rod is demonstrated utilizing SolidWorks, discretization and analysis utilization is done in HyperMesh and FEAST Software. The outcome predicts the most extreme buckling load and basic locale on the interfacing pole. It is imperative to find the basic territory of concentrated stress for fi...
A simple, robust, precise, UV spectroscopic method has been developed for the simultaneous estima... more A simple, robust, precise, UV spectroscopic method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Rosuvastatin and Aspirin in bulk and capsule dosage forms. In this paper the estimation of those drugs was carried out by absorbance ratio method. This method is based on measurement of absorption at 239nm and 233nm i.e, λ<sub>max</sub> of Rosuvastatin and Aspirin respectively. The linearity observed for Rosuvastatin is in the range of 4 to14 μg/ml and for Aspirin is in the range of 20 to 60 μg/ml. The accuracy of method was found to be within the range of 99.62%-99.73% for both Rosuvastatin and Aspirin respectively. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy and precision. The method can be employed for estimation of pharmaceutical formulations with no interference from any excipients and diluents. The results were validated as per ICH guidelines.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 2021
This paper explores the use of Artificial Intelligence in the smart education learning process. N... more This paper explores the use of Artificial Intelligence in the smart education learning process. Nowadays Artificial Intelligence grapes a place in the education field. This survey is giving justification that how the humans' mind is changed by AI. Here we go on the proposed model, experimentation, results, and Limitation of the system. These papers present various methods of Artificial Intelligence in student assessment for teacher and learning enhancement.
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 2021
ASIAN JOURNAL OF CONVERGENCE IN TECHNOLOGY, 2020
This paper is a survey about applications of Artificial Intelligence which are implemented in edu... more This paper is a survey about applications of Artificial Intelligence which are implemented in education for student assessment and to enhance learning experience. Initially, we intend to focus on concepts of Artificial Intelligence. In this paper, 4 different papers are surveyed which consist different applications of Artificial Intelligence for learning. This survey is based on Proposed Model, Experimentation, Results/Advantage and Limitation. These papers present various applications of Artificial Intelligence in student assessment and to enhance learning experience.
Neuroscience, 1997
The release of endogenous ATP, measured by the luciferin-luciferase assay, and of [3H]noradrenali... more The release of endogenous ATP, measured by the luciferin-luciferase assay, and of [3H]noradrenaline from the in vitro superfused rat hypothalamic slices were studied. ATP and [3H]noradrenaline were released simultaneously during resting conditions and in response to low and high frequency field electrical stimulation; the release of both substances were frequency dependent between 2Hz and 16Hz. The stimulation-induced release of ATP
Biochemical Pharmacology, 1989
Neurochemistry International, 1993
Two puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase isozymes (PSA-I and PSA-II) were isolated from chicken bra... more Two puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase isozymes (PSA-I and PSA-II) were isolated from chicken brain cytosol by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by column chromatography on Cellex D and AH-Sepharose 4B and separated on Bio-Gel HTP. Each was purified to homogeneity on Sephadex G-200, Arg-Tyr-AH-Sepharose, Bio-Gel HTP, and preparative gel electrophoresis. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, PSA-I appeared to be a monomer with a molecular mass of 105 kDa, and PSA-II to be composed of two subunits of 25 kDa and 100 kDa. The tryptic maps of 100 kDa and 105 kDa protein in HPLC are different in peak frequency, height, and composition. The internal peptide sequence of PSA-I has a considerable homology to PSA-II. Both isozymes have repeated copies of common peptide segments and have no significant sequence homology to other peptidases and proteinases. These thio and Co2+-activated isozymes have a neutral pH optimum and are inhibited by puromycin and bestatin. PSA-II is more sensitive to trypsin and heat treatment, has a lower Km to Met-enkephalin, and is more active on Arg BNA and Pro BNA. Our results suggest that PSA-I and PSA-II derive from translation of two RNAs of a new gene family related to the brain-specific 14-3-3 protein.
Neurochemical Research, 1994
A fragment (11-19) of thymosin beta 4 was found to stimulate phosphodiesterase activity even in t... more A fragment (11-19) of thymosin beta 4 was found to stimulate phosphodiesterase activity even in the absence of calcium and calmodulin. Half-maximal enzyme activation occurred with 10 nM peptide, and was further increased by phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine. The mechanism of stimulation is an increase in the Vmax of cAMP degradation without a substantial change in the Km for the substrate. In the presence of calcium ions and calmodulin the peptide was also stimulatory.
Neurochemical Research, 1989
To compare cerebral protein metabolism rates in vivo, protein synthesis rates of three organs of ... more To compare cerebral protein metabolism rates in vivo, protein synthesis rates of three organs of five vertebrate species were measured after a single i.p. injection of a flooding dose of [1-*4C]valine. In muscle, brain, and liver, the respective average protein synthesis rates, expressed as percent of total protein-bound valine replaced per hour, that is, percent synthesis per hour, in goldfish at 22~ body temperature, were 0.07, 0.23, and 0.57%; in the bullfrog at 20~ 0.06, 0.18, and 0.55%; in the white Leghorn chicken at 39~ 0.24, 0.70, and 2.17%; and in the mouse at 38~ 0.22, 0.65, and 2.0%. In the Tokay lizard at different body temperatures, the synthesis rates were 0.04, 0.13, and 0.43% at 26~ 0.05, 0.20, and 0.63% at 32~ and 0.07, 0.27, and 0.81% at 38~ The results demonstrate differences in protein synthesis rates in organs of the various species examined. The differences among the species seem to be due, to a major extent, to differences in body temperature; rates in lizard are below those in other species at temperatures tried. Protein synthesis rates in brain in all species are almost three times lower than those in liver and almost three times higher than those in muscle.
Neurochemical Research, 2004
Nicotine, one of the most widespread drugs of abuse, has long been shown to impact areas of the b... more Nicotine, one of the most widespread drugs of abuse, has long been shown to impact areas of the brain involved in addiction and reward. Recent research, however, has begun to explore the positive effects that nicotine may have on learning and memory. The mechanisms by which nicotine interacts with areas of cognitive function are relatively unknown. Therefore, this paper is part of an ongoing study to evaluate regional effects of nicotine enhancement of cognitive function. Nicotine-induced changes in the levels of three neurotransmitters, dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), norepinepherine (NE), their metabolites, homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and their precursor, L-DOPA, were evaluated in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus (VH and DH), prefrontal and medial temporal cortex (PFC and MTC), and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) using in vivo microdialysis in awake, freely moving, male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were treated with acute nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) halfway through the 300-min experimental period. The reuptake blockers, desipramine (100 M) and fluoxetine (30 M), were given to increase the levels of NE and 5-HT so that they could be detected. Overall, a nicotine-induced DA increase was found in some areas, and this increase was potentiated by desipramine and fluoxetine. The two DA metabolites, HVA and DOPAC, increased in all the areas throughout the experiments, both with and without the inhibitors, indicating a rapid metabolism of the released DA. The increase in these metabolites was greater than the increase in DA. 5-HT was increased in the DH, MTC, and VTA in the presence of fluoxetine; its metabolite, 5-HIAA, was increased in the presence and absence of fluoxetine. Except in the VTA, NE levels increased to a similar extent with desipramine and fluoxetine. Overall, nicotine appeared to increase the release and turnover of these three neurotransmitters, which was indicated by significant increases in their metabolites. Furthermore, DA, and especially HVA and DOPAC, increased for the 150 min following nicotine administration; 5-HT and NE changes were shorter in duration. As gas chromatography experiments showed that nicotine levels in the brain decreased by 75% after 150 min, this may indicate that DA is more susceptible to lower levels of nicotine than 5-HT or NE. In conclusion, acute nicotine administration caused alterations in the levels of DA, 5-HT, and NE, and in the metabolism of DA and 5-HT, in brain areas that are involved in cognitive processes.
Life Sciences, 1991
We prepared a tritiated chloromethyl ketone derivative of Tyr-D-Ala-Gly(Me)Phe-Gly-ol 3H-D-Ala-Gl... more We prepared a tritiated chloromethyl ketone derivative of Tyr-D-Ala-Gly(Me)Phe-Gly-ol 3H-D-Ala-Gly-(Me)Phe-chloromethyl ketone, and studied its binding characteristics in rat brain membranes. A significant portion (about 70%) of the binding becomes wash-resistant after 60 min of incubation. The binding of the ligand is highly stereospecific and mu-opioid receptor selective. These characteristics of the ligand, together with its high specific radioactivity (57 Ci/mmol) makes it a good candidate for biochemical characterization and covalent labeling of mu opioid receptors.
Journal of Networks, 2011
Brain Research Bulletin, 2009
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of acetaldehyde administration on neurotra... more The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of acetaldehyde administration on neurotransmitters in the presence of nicotine in brain areas associated with cognition and reward. We assayed these effects via microdialysis in conscious freely moving male Sprague-Dawley rats. It was reported that low doses of acetaldehyde enhance nicotine self-administration in young, but not in adult rats. Since nicotine enhances reward and learning, while acetaldehyde is reported to enhance reward but inhibit learning, acetaldehyde thus would be likely to stimulate reward without stimulating learning. We hoped that examining the effects of acetaldehyde (on nicotine-mediated neurotransmitter changes) would help to distinguish reward mechanisms less influenced by learning mechanisms. To avoid the aversive effect of acetaldehyde, we used a low dose of acetaldehyde (0.16 mg/kg) administered after nicotine (0.3mg/kg). We analyzed six brain regions: nucleus accumbens shell (NAccS), ventral tegmental area (VTA), ventral and dorsal hippocampus (VH and DH), and prefrontal and medial temporal cortex (PFC, MTC), assaying dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites in young and adult rats. The effect of acetaldehyde on nicotine-induced transmitter changes was different in young as compared to adult rat brain regions. In the NAccS of the young, DA was not affected while NE and 5-HT were increased. In the adult in this area DA and NE were decreased, while 5-HT was not altered. In other areas also in many cases, the effect of acetaldehyde in the young and in the adult was different. As an example, acetaldehyde administration increased NE in young and decreased NE in adult DH. We found stimulation of nicotine-induced changes by acetaldehyde in seven instances - six of these were observed in areas in young brain, NE in four areas (NAccS, DH, VH, and PFC), and 5-HT in two (NAccS and DH). Only one increase was noted in adult brain (DA in VTA). Inhibition of nicotine-induced changes by acetaldehyde was noticed in four young brain areas (DA in PFC and MTC, 5-HT in VTA, and VH) and in 13 adult brain areas (DA in NAccS, DH, VH, PFC, MTC, NE in NAccS, DH, PFC, MTC, and 5-HT in DH, VH, MTC, and PFC). Thus acetaldehyde was more stimulatory in young and more inhibitory in the adult brain areas tested, which could explain its stimulating nicotine reward only in young animals. That increases in NE were noted only in young, decreases in NE only in adult brain areas further suggest the role of NE in the age-dependent response. In general, six areas showed some increase and four showed decrease in the young versus one showing increase and thirteen showing decrease in the adult. Clearly the effects of acetaldehyde in young animals are different from those in adult animals. Because acetaldehyde did not induce elevated DA levels in the NAccS of the young, we believe that the higher reward in the young caused by acetaldehyde is not likely due to DA changes in the accumbens. The increase of NE and 5-HT in the brain areas of the young only raises the possibility that they may play an important role in reward in some cases when DA in the accumbens does not. Areas involved in cognitive mechanisms and a number of transmitters seem to play a role in reward stimulation.
Brain Research, 1988
Estradiol, administered to ovariectomized rats, increased choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) activi... more Estradiol, administered to ovariectomized rats, increased choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) activity in the caudate nucleus, cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, suggesting possibly widespread central cholinergic involvement in estrus-related behavior. Dexamethasone also, except in hypothalamus, increased ChAT activity, notably (50%) in hippocampus. ChAT activity changes did not correlate with reported regional hormone receptor density. Estradiol's effect in the caudate suggests that hormone receptor and affected enzyme may not necessarily coexist intraneuronaUy.
Brain Research, 1994
Brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection wer... more Brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection were utilized to study the effect of the selective non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine) on striatal dopamine (DA) release in the anesthetized rat. Perfusion of 100 microM and 300 microM (+/-)-MK-801 through the probe did not significantly change the basal release of DA. These results suggest that excitatory amino acids do not exert a tonic excitatory influence on striatal DA release through NMDA receptors. 1 mM and 3 mM (+/-)-MK-801 caused a significant increase (398% and 580%, respectively), while there was no change in the level of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). To clarify the mechanism of the (+/-)-MK-801-induced increase, the differential effect of its enantiomers (the active (+)-MK-801 and the less active (-)-MK-801) was determined. There was no difference in the action of these compounds: both drugs increased the striatal DA release with the same efficacy. Our data suggest that the MK-801-induced increase of striatal DA release is not an NMDA receptor-mediated effect.
Brain Research, 1995
In vivo brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detec... more In vivo brain microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection were used to study the effect of different selective az-antagonists on hippocampal norepinephrine (NE) release in freely moving awake rat. Systemic administration (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) of either the a2AD-antagonist BRL 44408 or the c~2Bc-antagonist ARC 239 did not significantly change the basal release of NE. At a higher dose (5 mg/kg i.p.) ARC 239 was still ineffective, whereas BRL 44408 caused a significant increase of the extracellular level of NE. Similar results were obtained from in vitro perfusion experiments. Rat hippocampal slices were loaded with [3H]NE and the electrical stimulation-evoked release of [3H]NE was determined. The a2-antagonists were applied in a concentration range of 10-s to 10-6 M. ARC 239 was ineffective, whereas BRL 44408 significantly increased the electrically induced release of [3H]NE. In agreement with the data of microdialysis and perfusion experiments, BRL 44408 displaced [3H]yohimbine from hippocampal and cortical membranes of rat brain with high affinity whereas ARC 239 was less effective. The pK i values of eight different a2-adrenergic compounds showed a very good correlation (r = 0.98, slope = 1.11 P < 0.0001) in hippocampus and frontal cortex where the a2-adrenoceptors have been characterized as azD-subtype. Our data indicate that hippocampal NE release in rat is regulated by C~2D-adrenoceptors, a species variation of the human a2A-Subtype.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1990
In the recruitment process, there is a huge workload on the Human Resource (HR) department to sel... more In the recruitment process, there is a huge workload on the Human Resource (HR) department to select the right candidate for a particular job profile from the number of applicants. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the HR person, which indirectly results in the selection of candidates not suitable for that job profile. So our aim with this paper was to overcome this problem, with the help of a proposed system that tries to design a tool to integrate the Job Characteristics Model into the HR system. The proposed system also contains the module which assists the Manager person to analyze the performance of employees. The system would be used for predicting suitable candidates according to business requirements, thus reducing the workload of the Human Resource department.