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Papers by Muna Silwal
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Jun 20, 2024
Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal, 2017
Background: Substance use is a major public health concern in global settings, and is very common... more Background: Substance use is a major public health concern in global settings, and is very common during adolescence period leading to physical and/or mental health complications. This study assessed the prevalence of substance use and associated factors among high school adolescents in Rithepani 2, Lekhnath, Kaski, 2073.Objectives: The study was designed to provide estimates of substance use by school-going adolescents in Lekhnath and to identify risk factors associated with.Methods: A school based cross-sectional study was conducted from 17th October to 21st October, 2016 among eighth to 12th grade high school students in the Rithepani-2, Lekhnath. Participants were selected by purposive sampling techniques, and data were collected using questionnaire. Frequency, percentage, means, SD and chi-square test was performed to identify factors associated with substance use.Results: Majority of the respondents 93 (56.4%) belonged to the age group 15 - 18 years. Majority of the responden...
Online learning is a virtual learning system that integrates internet connection with teaching an... more Online learning is a virtual learning system that integrates internet connection with teaching and learning process. This system has become a solution for the continuity of teaching and learning process in Nepal during Covid-19 pandemic. Thus the main objective of this study was to assess the perception of nursing students towards online classes during Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 133 nursing students studying at Gandaki Medical College of Nepal. Data were collected through online survey using a semi-structured questionnaire from 15 to 21, September, 2020 and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16 employing descriptive and inferential statistical method. Results: The result showed that mobile was the most commonly (51.9%) used gadget for attending online class. One third of the students (35.3%) had no access to static internet and 4.5% of them did not have internet at their home. Majority of the students (91.7%) felt that online classes should be continued during this pandemic. Nearly two third of the respondents (63.2%) were satisfi ed from the online classes. Overall, 54.1% had negative perception towards online classes. There is statistically signifi cant association of perception with residence (p = 0.033), type of nursing programme (p = 0.027), family income (p = 0.022), education level of father (p = 0.029) and mother (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Online learning method is a solution taken by higher education in Nepal during the Covid-19 outbreak. Based on the survey result, almost half of the respondents had negative perception towards online learning. However, majority felt that online classes should be continued during this pandemic. Therefore, it is recommended to foster face to face interaction between students and teachers and to promote learning environment at home for online learning.
Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, Oct 19, 2020
Introduction: Mental health is as important as physical health to respond to COVID-19 pandemic. T... more Introduction: Mental health is as important as physical health to respond to COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic has increased social isolation and fear regarding health and well-being as well as a dilemma which can lead to mental health problems among general people and health workers.Thus the main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress among nurses working in a hospital of Nepal during the period of Corona lockdown. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 152 nurses working at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre of Kaski district of Nepal. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic items and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) scale from 11 April to 18 April, 2020. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 applying descriptive statistics and inferential statistical method. Results: Respondent's mean age and SD was 24.09 + 3.19 years. The sample mean score of DASS-42 was 29.46 (SD 25.37). Depression, anxiety and stress were prevalent among 39.5%, 50% and 25.7% of the respondents respectively. There was significant association of depression with education level (χ 2 =6.597; p=0.01) and working unit (χ 2 =8.187; p=0.004). Anxiety was significantly associated with working unit (χ 2 =6.973; p=0.008) and children status (χ 2 =4.199; p=0.040). Stress was significantly associated with age (χ 2 =4.906; p=0.027), working unit (χ 2 =4.984; p=0.026) and children status (χ 2 =5.653; p=0.017). Conclusion: Based on findings, it can be concluded that some degree of depression, anxiety and stress were prevalent among nurses during COVID-19 pandemic. Further assessment should be made to confirm the respective diagnoses. Stress and anxiety relieving sessions and psychological support programs may help for the nurses with higher than cutoffs .
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Aug 17, 2018
Background: Abortion is public health concern in many parts of the world and is also contentious ... more Background: Abortion is public health concern in many parts of the world and is also contentious issue with religious, moral, cultural and political dimensions. Awareness program has most essential role to prevent the unusual death of mothers in the world. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitude on legalization of abortion among undergraduate students. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used for this study. Proportionate stratified sampling technique and simple random sampling technique was used to select the subjects. Total 90 students were chosen as a sample and structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 19.82. Most 58 (64.40%) of the respondents were females; majority 76 (84.40%) of the respondents were of upper caste group. Most 85 (94.4%) of the respondents had adequate knowledge on legalization of abortion and majority 83 (94.30%) of the respondents had positive attitude towards legalization of abortion. The study shows that the most knowledgeable area was on concept of abortion (88.55%) and the least knowledgeable (58.00%) area was on method of abortion. Factors like age, gender, residence and educational faculty were not found to be associated with knowledge on legalization of abortion. Conclusions: Undergraduate students had good level of knowledge and attitude on legalization of abortion. Highest knowledge was present in concept of abortion and lowest in methods of abortion. More awareness program should be accessible to undergraduates in order to increase the level of knowledge.
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Jul 31, 2017
Background: Uterine prolapse is the main public health problem of reproductive age women in Nepal... more Background: Uterine prolapse is the main public health problem of reproductive age women in Nepal. Uterine prolapse (UP), which affects about 10% of women of reproductive age in Nepal, is the most frequently reported cause of poor health in women of reproductive age and postmenopausal women. Currently, women's awareness of UP is unknown, and attempts to unravel the UP problem are inadequate. Objectives: The objectives of this study was to determine prevalence of uterine prolapse, to explore factors affecting women with uterine prolapse and to find association between selected variables and prevalence of uterine prolapse. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted from 7 th July, 2016 to 7 th of August, 2016 among married women with at least one child in the Ritthepani, Ward No 2, Lekhnath. Participants were selected by purposive sampling techniques, and data were collected through structured interview schedule. Frequency, percentage, mean, SD and chi-square test was performed to identify factors associated with prevalence of uterine prolapse. Results: The major findings were majority 35 (35%) of women were in the age group of 20 to 30 years, followed by 89 (89%) Hindu religion, 48 (48%) belonged to janajati and religious minority which included Newar, Magar, Gurung, Tamang and Muslims. Most of the women 35 (35%) were Illiterate, 44 (44%) earn their living by working in agriculture, 57 (57%) respondents had ≥Rs1500 per month income in the family, 58 (58%) belonged to nuclear families, 76 (76%) of the respondents had knowledge about uterine prolapse and they got information mostly from 24 (24%) friends. The prevalence rate of women with uterine prolapse was found to be 13% whereas mean and standard deviation were 0.87 ±0.33. The findings of association between the prevalence of uterine prolapse with age at first child birth, abortion, sexual intercourse immediate after delivery and constipation were found to be significantly associated. Almost all respondents
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Feb 4, 2019
Background: Nursing students are important human resources in the field of health. Detection of p... more Background: Nursing students are important human resources in the field of health. Detection of potential anxiety and stress among nursing students is crucial since anxiety and stress can lead to low productivity, low quality of life, and suicidal ideas. Identifying factors affecting anxiety and stress in initial period of college among nursing students can help nursing educators to find ways to decrease anxiety and stress. Objectives: To assess the anxiety and stress among B.Sc. nursing first year students in their initial college life. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used for this study. Consecutive sampling technique was used to select the subjects. Total 13 students (100%) were taken as a sample and standardized Beck anxiety scale and modified scale for academic stress was used to collect data. Results: The study shows that majority of the students, 8 (61.5%) were in the age of 18 years old, follows Hindu religion, 10 (76.9%) belonged to upper caste, 11 (84.6%) stayed in urban area, 7 (53.8%) had no difficulty in this college. Out of 13, 2 (15.4%) students had moderate anxiety and 11 (84.60%) had low level of anxiety with 1.15 ±0.37 whereas 6 (46%) students had mild stress and 7 (54%) had moderate level of stress with 1.53 ±0.51. There were no significant association of anxiety score and stress score with age, ethnicity, residence, feeling difficulties in the college with p < 0.05; 6 (46%). There was low positive correlation between anxiety and academic stress with r p = 0.395. It was found that the cause of anxiety was due to college environment, seniors ragging, difficult subjects, delay session and can be reduced by stopping seniors ragging, providing transportation, starting session on time, counselling, providing lunch in canteen, friendly environment, free hours for library. Conclusions: Students who are newly taking admission to nursing profession will have mild form of psychological variation. Students are mainly faced with practical and academic stressors and anxiety. Hence the study strongly suggests that, starting session on time, time management, avoid ragging, student counselling are the most important factors to reduce anxiety and academic stress to the newly admitted students.
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Aug 17, 2018
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk. Infants shou... more Background: Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk. Infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life to achieve optimal growth, development and health. Thereafter, to meet their evolving nutritional requirements, infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods, while continuing to breastfeed for up to two years or beyond. Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants; it is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for the health of mothers. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women on exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: The quantitative descriptive research design was used for this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the subjects in community setting. Total 140 subjects were taken as a sample and self-administered structured questionnaire on knowledge, attitude and practice of exclusive breast feeding among reproductive age group women was used to collect data. Results: The study shows that out of 140 women, 48 (34.3%) belonged to 26-30 age group, 136 (97.14%) were married, 109 (77.9%) women followed Hindu caste, 67 (47.9%) women belonged to Dalit group, 129 (92.1%) women were housewife, 73 (52.1%) women had taken primary education, 68 (48.6%) had monthly income >20000, 116 (82.9 %) had ≤3 children. Among 140 women, 69 (49.3%) had good knowledge and fair knowledge whereas only 2 (1.4%) had poor knowledge. Regarding attitude 122 (87.1%) thought that EBF was better than other artificial feeding, 75 (53.6%) believed that first milk should be discarded, 108 (77.1%) agreed that EBF is enough for child up to 6 months, 77 (55%) didn't feel comfortable with extra feeding other than breast milk, 51 (36.4) stated that they were not comfortable because of insufficient amount to meet child's demand, 100 (71.4%) agreed that child less than six months who is exclusively breastfed were healthier than child who took additional foods. Out of 140 women, 139 (99.3%) breastfed her last child, 83 (59.3%) started breastfeeding within 1 hr after delivery, 77 (55%) breastfed on demand of baby, 91 (65%) had not given anything before initiating breastfeeding, 25 (17.9%) had given plain water before breast milk after delivery, 107 (76.4%) had given breast milk only starting from birth to six months of age. | Original Article Conclusions: The study revealed that there was good level of knowledge and practice among women in the reproductive age group in Pokhara-Lekhnath. Hence the study strongly suggests that there was appropriate level of knowledge about exclusive breast feeding among mother of reproductive age group in Pokhara-Lekhnath which will help in enhancing the growth and development of child.
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Dec 31, 2019
Introduction: Mental health problems raise many human rights issues. People with mental illness a... more Introduction: Mental health problems raise many human rights issues. People with mental illness are exposed to human rights violation within and outside the health care context. Because of lack of awareness, people with mental illness and their families do not exercise their rights. Psychiatric patients are most vulnerable groups in community. Incidence of violation of rights of mentally ill patients can be avoided if the community people become aware of them. Objective: To assess knowledge regarding human rights and myth of mental illness among community people. Method: A descriptive crosssectional study was conducted among 140 community people of Ritthepani-27, Kaski, Nepal. Non probability convenient sampling technique was adopted to collect the data. Inclusion criteria included head of the family of the selected community who were willing to participate in the study. Data was collected through face to face interview using a structured questionnaire. Results: In the present study, it was found that 46.40% of the community people had inadequate knowledge regarding human rights of mentally ill patients. There was no significant association between demographic variables and knowledge score of the respondents. The study found that more than half of the respondents (51%) had belief that mental illness is not related to physical health. Likewise 36.4% believed mental illness is caused by supernatural power and evil and 30% believed that marriage can cure mental illness. Conclusion: Based on findings, it is concluded that the level of knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill patient is inadequate and there is a high prevalence of myths and misconceptions related to mental illness among the adult population. So, there is need to conduct awareness raising activities in the community.
Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal
Introduction: Endotracheal suctioning (ETS) is an essential procedure that involves removal of ac... more Introduction: Endotracheal suctioning (ETS) is an essential procedure that involves removal of accumulated lung secretions from tracheobronchial tree through an artificial airway. It is crucial that this procedure is performed with professional competence based on updated scientific evidence and guidelines that guarantee efficiency and safety of the patient to prevent the common infection like ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Objectives: To identify the level of knowledge regarding ETS among nurses and to measure the association between knowledge level and selected demographic variables. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted for this study which was conducted in Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre of Kaski, Nepal. The study population were all the nurses working in in-patient department of the hospital. Sample size was calculated through standard formula and probability simple random sampling technique was used to select 92 ...
Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal, 2017
Background: Uterine prolapse is the main public health problem of reproductive age women in Nepal... more Background: Uterine prolapse is the main public health problem of reproductive age women in Nepal. Uterine prolapse (UP), which affects about 10% of women of reproductive age in Nepal, is the most frequently reported cause of poor health in women of reproductive age and postmenopausal women. Currently, women’s awareness of UP is unknown, and attempts to unravel the UP problem are inadequate.Objectives: The objectives of this study was to determine prevalence of uterine prolapse, to explore factors affecting women with uterine prolapse and to find association between selected variables and prevalence of uterine prolapse.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted from 7th July, 2016 to 7th of August, 2016 among married women with at least one child in the Ritthepani, Ward No 2, Lekhnath. Participants were selected by purposive sampling techniques, and data were collected through structured interview schedule. Frequency, percentage, mean, SD and chi-square test was ...
Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 2020
Introduction: Mental health is as important as physical health to respond to COVID-19 pandemic. T... more Introduction: Mental health is as important as physical health to respond to COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic has increased social isolation and fear regarding health and well-being as well as a dilemma which can lead to mental health problems among general people and health workers.Thus the main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress among nurses working in a hospital of Nepal during the period of Corona lockdown. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 152 nurses working at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre of Kaski district of Nepal. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic items and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) scale from 11 April to 18 April, 2020. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 applying descriptive statistics and inferential statistic...
Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted real suffering in many parts of the world and is ... more Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted real suffering in many parts of the world and is expected to impact different sectors. Lockdown is considered to be an effective measure in slowing the spread of coronavirus. The study expects to understand community and healthcare providers’ perspectives on COVID-19 and pandemic responses during and after the lockdown in Nepal. Methods and Materials: Data were collected through telephone interviews with six representatives of community-based organizations and nine healthcare providers, and the collation of information about COVID-19 from social media, news outlets and government announcements. Data were thematically coded and analyzed according to the themes. Results: Although rapid dissemination of educational information through various social media was found, people reported an information overload on COVID-19 while questioning the authenticity of their sources. Several misbeliefs on the COVID-19 virus are rooted in the Nepalese co...
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Jun 20, 2024
Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal, 2017
Background: Substance use is a major public health concern in global settings, and is very common... more Background: Substance use is a major public health concern in global settings, and is very common during adolescence period leading to physical and/or mental health complications. This study assessed the prevalence of substance use and associated factors among high school adolescents in Rithepani 2, Lekhnath, Kaski, 2073.Objectives: The study was designed to provide estimates of substance use by school-going adolescents in Lekhnath and to identify risk factors associated with.Methods: A school based cross-sectional study was conducted from 17th October to 21st October, 2016 among eighth to 12th grade high school students in the Rithepani-2, Lekhnath. Participants were selected by purposive sampling techniques, and data were collected using questionnaire. Frequency, percentage, means, SD and chi-square test was performed to identify factors associated with substance use.Results: Majority of the respondents 93 (56.4%) belonged to the age group 15 - 18 years. Majority of the responden...
Online learning is a virtual learning system that integrates internet connection with teaching an... more Online learning is a virtual learning system that integrates internet connection with teaching and learning process. This system has become a solution for the continuity of teaching and learning process in Nepal during Covid-19 pandemic. Thus the main objective of this study was to assess the perception of nursing students towards online classes during Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 133 nursing students studying at Gandaki Medical College of Nepal. Data were collected through online survey using a semi-structured questionnaire from 15 to 21, September, 2020 and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16 employing descriptive and inferential statistical method. Results: The result showed that mobile was the most commonly (51.9%) used gadget for attending online class. One third of the students (35.3%) had no access to static internet and 4.5% of them did not have internet at their home. Majority of the students (91.7%) felt that online classes should be continued during this pandemic. Nearly two third of the respondents (63.2%) were satisfi ed from the online classes. Overall, 54.1% had negative perception towards online classes. There is statistically signifi cant association of perception with residence (p = 0.033), type of nursing programme (p = 0.027), family income (p = 0.022), education level of father (p = 0.029) and mother (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Online learning method is a solution taken by higher education in Nepal during the Covid-19 outbreak. Based on the survey result, almost half of the respondents had negative perception towards online learning. However, majority felt that online classes should be continued during this pandemic. Therefore, it is recommended to foster face to face interaction between students and teachers and to promote learning environment at home for online learning.
Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, Oct 19, 2020
Introduction: Mental health is as important as physical health to respond to COVID-19 pandemic. T... more Introduction: Mental health is as important as physical health to respond to COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic has increased social isolation and fear regarding health and well-being as well as a dilemma which can lead to mental health problems among general people and health workers.Thus the main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress among nurses working in a hospital of Nepal during the period of Corona lockdown. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 152 nurses working at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre of Kaski district of Nepal. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic items and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) scale from 11 April to 18 April, 2020. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 applying descriptive statistics and inferential statistical method. Results: Respondent's mean age and SD was 24.09 + 3.19 years. The sample mean score of DASS-42 was 29.46 (SD 25.37). Depression, anxiety and stress were prevalent among 39.5%, 50% and 25.7% of the respondents respectively. There was significant association of depression with education level (χ 2 =6.597; p=0.01) and working unit (χ 2 =8.187; p=0.004). Anxiety was significantly associated with working unit (χ 2 =6.973; p=0.008) and children status (χ 2 =4.199; p=0.040). Stress was significantly associated with age (χ 2 =4.906; p=0.027), working unit (χ 2 =4.984; p=0.026) and children status (χ 2 =5.653; p=0.017). Conclusion: Based on findings, it can be concluded that some degree of depression, anxiety and stress were prevalent among nurses during COVID-19 pandemic. Further assessment should be made to confirm the respective diagnoses. Stress and anxiety relieving sessions and psychological support programs may help for the nurses with higher than cutoffs .
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Aug 17, 2018
Background: Abortion is public health concern in many parts of the world and is also contentious ... more Background: Abortion is public health concern in many parts of the world and is also contentious issue with religious, moral, cultural and political dimensions. Awareness program has most essential role to prevent the unusual death of mothers in the world. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitude on legalization of abortion among undergraduate students. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used for this study. Proportionate stratified sampling technique and simple random sampling technique was used to select the subjects. Total 90 students were chosen as a sample and structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 19.82. Most 58 (64.40%) of the respondents were females; majority 76 (84.40%) of the respondents were of upper caste group. Most 85 (94.4%) of the respondents had adequate knowledge on legalization of abortion and majority 83 (94.30%) of the respondents had positive attitude towards legalization of abortion. The study shows that the most knowledgeable area was on concept of abortion (88.55%) and the least knowledgeable (58.00%) area was on method of abortion. Factors like age, gender, residence and educational faculty were not found to be associated with knowledge on legalization of abortion. Conclusions: Undergraduate students had good level of knowledge and attitude on legalization of abortion. Highest knowledge was present in concept of abortion and lowest in methods of abortion. More awareness program should be accessible to undergraduates in order to increase the level of knowledge.
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Jul 31, 2017
Background: Uterine prolapse is the main public health problem of reproductive age women in Nepal... more Background: Uterine prolapse is the main public health problem of reproductive age women in Nepal. Uterine prolapse (UP), which affects about 10% of women of reproductive age in Nepal, is the most frequently reported cause of poor health in women of reproductive age and postmenopausal women. Currently, women's awareness of UP is unknown, and attempts to unravel the UP problem are inadequate. Objectives: The objectives of this study was to determine prevalence of uterine prolapse, to explore factors affecting women with uterine prolapse and to find association between selected variables and prevalence of uterine prolapse. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted from 7 th July, 2016 to 7 th of August, 2016 among married women with at least one child in the Ritthepani, Ward No 2, Lekhnath. Participants were selected by purposive sampling techniques, and data were collected through structured interview schedule. Frequency, percentage, mean, SD and chi-square test was performed to identify factors associated with prevalence of uterine prolapse. Results: The major findings were majority 35 (35%) of women were in the age group of 20 to 30 years, followed by 89 (89%) Hindu religion, 48 (48%) belonged to janajati and religious minority which included Newar, Magar, Gurung, Tamang and Muslims. Most of the women 35 (35%) were Illiterate, 44 (44%) earn their living by working in agriculture, 57 (57%) respondents had ≥Rs1500 per month income in the family, 58 (58%) belonged to nuclear families, 76 (76%) of the respondents had knowledge about uterine prolapse and they got information mostly from 24 (24%) friends. The prevalence rate of women with uterine prolapse was found to be 13% whereas mean and standard deviation were 0.87 ±0.33. The findings of association between the prevalence of uterine prolapse with age at first child birth, abortion, sexual intercourse immediate after delivery and constipation were found to be significantly associated. Almost all respondents
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Feb 4, 2019
Background: Nursing students are important human resources in the field of health. Detection of p... more Background: Nursing students are important human resources in the field of health. Detection of potential anxiety and stress among nursing students is crucial since anxiety and stress can lead to low productivity, low quality of life, and suicidal ideas. Identifying factors affecting anxiety and stress in initial period of college among nursing students can help nursing educators to find ways to decrease anxiety and stress. Objectives: To assess the anxiety and stress among B.Sc. nursing first year students in their initial college life. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive research design was used for this study. Consecutive sampling technique was used to select the subjects. Total 13 students (100%) were taken as a sample and standardized Beck anxiety scale and modified scale for academic stress was used to collect data. Results: The study shows that majority of the students, 8 (61.5%) were in the age of 18 years old, follows Hindu religion, 10 (76.9%) belonged to upper caste, 11 (84.6%) stayed in urban area, 7 (53.8%) had no difficulty in this college. Out of 13, 2 (15.4%) students had moderate anxiety and 11 (84.60%) had low level of anxiety with 1.15 ±0.37 whereas 6 (46%) students had mild stress and 7 (54%) had moderate level of stress with 1.53 ±0.51. There were no significant association of anxiety score and stress score with age, ethnicity, residence, feeling difficulties in the college with p < 0.05; 6 (46%). There was low positive correlation between anxiety and academic stress with r p = 0.395. It was found that the cause of anxiety was due to college environment, seniors ragging, difficult subjects, delay session and can be reduced by stopping seniors ragging, providing transportation, starting session on time, counselling, providing lunch in canteen, friendly environment, free hours for library. Conclusions: Students who are newly taking admission to nursing profession will have mild form of psychological variation. Students are mainly faced with practical and academic stressors and anxiety. Hence the study strongly suggests that, starting session on time, time management, avoid ragging, student counselling are the most important factors to reduce anxiety and academic stress to the newly admitted students.
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Aug 17, 2018
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk. Infants shou... more Background: Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk. Infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life to achieve optimal growth, development and health. Thereafter, to meet their evolving nutritional requirements, infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods, while continuing to breastfeed for up to two years or beyond. Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants; it is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for the health of mothers. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women on exclusive breastfeeding. Methods: The quantitative descriptive research design was used for this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the subjects in community setting. Total 140 subjects were taken as a sample and self-administered structured questionnaire on knowledge, attitude and practice of exclusive breast feeding among reproductive age group women was used to collect data. Results: The study shows that out of 140 women, 48 (34.3%) belonged to 26-30 age group, 136 (97.14%) were married, 109 (77.9%) women followed Hindu caste, 67 (47.9%) women belonged to Dalit group, 129 (92.1%) women were housewife, 73 (52.1%) women had taken primary education, 68 (48.6%) had monthly income >20000, 116 (82.9 %) had ≤3 children. Among 140 women, 69 (49.3%) had good knowledge and fair knowledge whereas only 2 (1.4%) had poor knowledge. Regarding attitude 122 (87.1%) thought that EBF was better than other artificial feeding, 75 (53.6%) believed that first milk should be discarded, 108 (77.1%) agreed that EBF is enough for child up to 6 months, 77 (55%) didn't feel comfortable with extra feeding other than breast milk, 51 (36.4) stated that they were not comfortable because of insufficient amount to meet child's demand, 100 (71.4%) agreed that child less than six months who is exclusively breastfed were healthier than child who took additional foods. Out of 140 women, 139 (99.3%) breastfed her last child, 83 (59.3%) started breastfeeding within 1 hr after delivery, 77 (55%) breastfed on demand of baby, 91 (65%) had not given anything before initiating breastfeeding, 25 (17.9%) had given plain water before breast milk after delivery, 107 (76.4%) had given breast milk only starting from birth to six months of age. | Original Article Conclusions: The study revealed that there was good level of knowledge and practice among women in the reproductive age group in Pokhara-Lekhnath. Hence the study strongly suggests that there was appropriate level of knowledge about exclusive breast feeding among mother of reproductive age group in Pokhara-Lekhnath which will help in enhancing the growth and development of child.
Journal of Gandaki Medical College, Dec 31, 2019
Introduction: Mental health problems raise many human rights issues. People with mental illness a... more Introduction: Mental health problems raise many human rights issues. People with mental illness are exposed to human rights violation within and outside the health care context. Because of lack of awareness, people with mental illness and their families do not exercise their rights. Psychiatric patients are most vulnerable groups in community. Incidence of violation of rights of mentally ill patients can be avoided if the community people become aware of them. Objective: To assess knowledge regarding human rights and myth of mental illness among community people. Method: A descriptive crosssectional study was conducted among 140 community people of Ritthepani-27, Kaski, Nepal. Non probability convenient sampling technique was adopted to collect the data. Inclusion criteria included head of the family of the selected community who were willing to participate in the study. Data was collected through face to face interview using a structured questionnaire. Results: In the present study, it was found that 46.40% of the community people had inadequate knowledge regarding human rights of mentally ill patients. There was no significant association between demographic variables and knowledge score of the respondents. The study found that more than half of the respondents (51%) had belief that mental illness is not related to physical health. Likewise 36.4% believed mental illness is caused by supernatural power and evil and 30% believed that marriage can cure mental illness. Conclusion: Based on findings, it is concluded that the level of knowledge regarding rights of mentally ill patient is inadequate and there is a high prevalence of myths and misconceptions related to mental illness among the adult population. So, there is need to conduct awareness raising activities in the community.
Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal
Introduction: Endotracheal suctioning (ETS) is an essential procedure that involves removal of ac... more Introduction: Endotracheal suctioning (ETS) is an essential procedure that involves removal of accumulated lung secretions from tracheobronchial tree through an artificial airway. It is crucial that this procedure is performed with professional competence based on updated scientific evidence and guidelines that guarantee efficiency and safety of the patient to prevent the common infection like ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Objectives: To identify the level of knowledge regarding ETS among nurses and to measure the association between knowledge level and selected demographic variables. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted for this study which was conducted in Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre of Kaski, Nepal. The study population were all the nurses working in in-patient department of the hospital. Sample size was calculated through standard formula and probability simple random sampling technique was used to select 92 ...
Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal, 2017
Background: Uterine prolapse is the main public health problem of reproductive age women in Nepal... more Background: Uterine prolapse is the main public health problem of reproductive age women in Nepal. Uterine prolapse (UP), which affects about 10% of women of reproductive age in Nepal, is the most frequently reported cause of poor health in women of reproductive age and postmenopausal women. Currently, women’s awareness of UP is unknown, and attempts to unravel the UP problem are inadequate.Objectives: The objectives of this study was to determine prevalence of uterine prolapse, to explore factors affecting women with uterine prolapse and to find association between selected variables and prevalence of uterine prolapse.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted from 7th July, 2016 to 7th of August, 2016 among married women with at least one child in the Ritthepani, Ward No 2, Lekhnath. Participants were selected by purposive sampling techniques, and data were collected through structured interview schedule. Frequency, percentage, mean, SD and chi-square test was ...
Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 2020
Introduction: Mental health is as important as physical health to respond to COVID-19 pandemic. T... more Introduction: Mental health is as important as physical health to respond to COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic has increased social isolation and fear regarding health and well-being as well as a dilemma which can lead to mental health problems among general people and health workers.Thus the main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with depression, anxiety and stress among nurses working in a hospital of Nepal during the period of Corona lockdown. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 152 nurses working at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre of Kaski district of Nepal. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic items and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-42) scale from 11 April to 18 April, 2020. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 applying descriptive statistics and inferential statistic...
Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted real suffering in many parts of the world and is ... more Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted real suffering in many parts of the world and is expected to impact different sectors. Lockdown is considered to be an effective measure in slowing the spread of coronavirus. The study expects to understand community and healthcare providers’ perspectives on COVID-19 and pandemic responses during and after the lockdown in Nepal. Methods and Materials: Data were collected through telephone interviews with six representatives of community-based organizations and nine healthcare providers, and the collation of information about COVID-19 from social media, news outlets and government announcements. Data were thematically coded and analyzed according to the themes. Results: Although rapid dissemination of educational information through various social media was found, people reported an information overload on COVID-19 while questioning the authenticity of their sources. Several misbeliefs on the COVID-19 virus are rooted in the Nepalese co...