Simran J. Singh - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Simran J. Singh
Proceedings of The 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory — PoS(LATTICE2021)
Thimble regularisation of Yang Mills theories is still to a very large extent terra incognita. We... more Thimble regularisation of Yang Mills theories is still to a very large extent terra incognita. We discuss a couple of topics related to this big issue. 2d YM theories are in principle good candidates as a working ground. An analytic solution is known, for which one can switch from a solution in terms of a sum over characters to a form which is a sum over critical points. We would be interested in an explicit realisation of this mechanism in the lattice regularisation, which is actually quite hard to work out. A second topic is the inclusion of a topological term in the lattice theory, which is the prototype of a genuine sign problem for pure YM fields. For both these challenging problems we do not have final answers. We present the current status of our study.
Proceedings of The 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory — PoS(LATTICE2021)
We present results of the location of the closest singularities in the complex chemical potential... more We present results of the location of the closest singularities in the complex chemical potential plane using a novel method. These results are obtained with (2+1)-flavor of highly improved staggered quarks (HISQ) on lattices with temporal extent of = 4, 6. We show that the scaling is consistent with the expected scaling of the Lee-Yang edge singularities in the vicinity of the Roberge-Weiss (RW) transition. We determine various non-universal parameters using 3D Ising model scaling functions that map QCD in the scaling region of the RW transition. Furthermore, as a preliminary result we discuss how the Lee-Yang edge singularity can be used to probe the chiral phase transition in QCD. The singularity obtained close to the chiral phase transition temperature seems to be in agreement with the expected scaling of the Lee-Yang edge singularity. As an outlook, we discuss the scaling of the Lee-Yang edge singularity in the vicinity of a possible critical end point in QCD, at even lower temperatures. In the future, such a scaling analysis might hint on the existence and the location of the critical end point. The work presented here is a part of an ongoing project of Bielefeld Parma joint collaboration.
Physical Review D, 2022
We present a calculation of the net baryon number density as a function of imaginary baryon numbe... more We present a calculation of the net baryon number density as a function of imaginary baryon number chemical potential, obtained with highly improved staggered quarks at temporal lattice extent of Nτ = 4, 6. We construct various rational function approximations of the lattice data and discuss how poles in the complex plane can be determined from them. We compare our results of the singularities in the chemical potential plane to the theoretically expected positions of the Lee-Yang edge singularity in the vicinity of the Roberge-Weiss and chiral phase transitions. We find a temperature scaling that is in accordance with the expected power law behavior.
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Lattice, 2020
Thimble regularisation is a possible solution to the sign problem, which is evaded by formulating... more Thimble regularisation is a possible solution to the sign problem, which is evaded by formulating quantum field theories on manifolds where the imaginary part of the action stays constant (Lefschetz thimbles). A major obstacle is due to the fact that one in general needs to collect contributions coming from more than one thimble. Here we explore the idea of performing Taylor expansions on Lefschetz thimbles. We show that in some cases we can compute expansions in regions where only the dominant thimble contributes to the result in such a way that these (different, disjoint) regions can be bridged. This can most effectively be done via Pad\'e approximants. In this way multi-thimble simulations can be circumvented. The approach can be trusted provided we can show that the analytic continuation we are performing is a legitimate one, which thing we can indeed show. We briefly discuss two prototypal computations, for which we obtained a very good control on the analytical structure (...
Telecom, 2021
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can play a key role in meeting certain demands of cellular networ... more Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can play a key role in meeting certain demands of cellular networks. UAVs can be used not only as user equipment (UE) in cellular networks but also as mobile base stations (BSs) wherein they can either augment conventional BSs by adapting their position to serve the changing traffic and connectivity demands or temporarily replace BSs that are damaged due to natural disasters. The flexibility of UAVs allows them to provide coverage to UEs in hot-spots, at cell-edges, in coverage holes, or regions with scarce cellular infrastructure. In this work, we study how UAV locations and other cellular parameters may be optimized in such scenarios to maximize the spectral efficiency (SE) of the network. We compare the performance of machine learning (ML) techniques with conventional optimization approaches. We found that, on an average, a double deep Q learning approach can achieve 93.46% of the optimal median SE and 95.83% of the optimal mean SE. A simple greedy...
IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2021
First person view (FPV) technology for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provides an immersive expe... more First person view (FPV) technology for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provides an immersive experience for pilots and enables various personal and commercial applications such as aerial photography, drone racing, search and rescue operations, agricultural surveillance, and structural inspection. While real time video streaming from a UAV and vision-based collision avoidance strategies have been studied in literature as separate topics, in this paper we tackle collision avoidance in FPV scenarios, taking into account network delays and real time video parameters. We present a theoretical model for obstacle collisions that considers the current communication channel conditions, the real time video parameters, and the UAV's position relative to the closest obstacle. A video adaptation algorithm is then designed, using this metric, to tune the FPV video resolution, number of re-transmission attempts, and the modulation scheme to maximize the probability of avoiding collisions. This algorithm also takes into account specific latency constraints of the application. This video algorithm was evaluated in various scenarios and its ability to respond to both distances to the obstacle as well as the communication channel conditions was demonstrated. It was found that, for the considered scenarios, the performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm was, on an average, 58.63% higher than the closest non-adaptive one in terms of maximizing the probability of avoiding collision. Such collision avoidance strategies could be used to make UAV FPV applications safer and more reliable.
Proceedings of 37th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory — PoS(LATTICE2019), 2020
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2018
Agricultural Reviews, 2016
The Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) gene provides instructions for making a protein called the grow... more The Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) gene provides instructions for making a protein called the growth hormone receptor. The GHR mediates biological actions of growth hormone on target cells by transducing the growth hormone (GH) signal across the cell membrane and inducing transcription of many genes, including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1). The gene coding for bovine GHR gene consists of nine exons. In exon 8 of the bovine GHR gene, T/A nucleotide variation results in to change in tyrosine from phenylalanine in the transmembrane domain of the GHR protein, has been reported to be associated with a major effect on milk yield in cows. GHR (growth hormone receptor) gene has been shown to harbor a causal mutation of a QTL influencing milk yield and composition GHR gene is a polymorphic gene and the polymorphisms are related to different economic traits of different species. The GHR gene influences physical traits and helps to selection of animals. The lengths of the variable TG-repe...
American journal of cancer research, 2014
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor in adults. It is... more Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor in adults. It is an aggressive primary brain neoplasm, associated with a poor prognosis and median survival of less than 1 year. Approximately 50% of patients diagnosed with malignant gliomas in the United States are over the age of 65. Advancing age and poor performance status are two variables that have found to negatively affect prognosis. When compared to younger patients, not only is the treatment of elderly patients associated with decreased efficacy but also greater toxicity. As a result, elderly patients often receive less aggressive treatment and are excluded from clinical trials. There are many challenges in the treatment of elderly patients with GBM including increased surgical morbidity and mortality as well as increased toxicity to radiation and chemotherapy. As such, the optimal therapy remains unclear and controversial for the elderly malignant glioma population.
Political Behavior, 2008
This paper explores whether an individual's news source can explain their attitudes on immigratio... more This paper explores whether an individual's news source can explain their attitudes on immigration. We focus on the Spanish-speaking population in the U.S., since they have the option of accessing their news in English, Spanish or in both languages. Our audience influence hypothesis predicts that Spanish-language news will cover immigration in a more positive and informative manner than will English-language news. Thus, Latinos who use Spanish-language news may have a higher likelihood of possessing pro-immigrant sentiments than Latinos who only use English-language news. Content analysis of Spanish and English-language television news segments demonstrates that Spanish-language news does provide a more positive discussion of immigration than does English-language news. Analysis of Latino survey respondents indicate that those who use Spanish-language news hold more favorable views towards immigration than those who only use English-language news. Generational status also influences Latinos' immigration attitudes, though its impact is not as great as one's news source.
Image and Vision Computing, 1998
ABSTRACT
British Journal of Psychiatry, 2007
BackgroundBlack and minority ethnic (BME) patients are disproportionately detained under the Ment... more BackgroundBlack and minority ethnic (BME) patients are disproportionately detained under the Mental Health Act 1983. There has been no systematic exploration of differences within and between ethnic groups, nor of the explanations put forward for this excess.AimsTo systematically review detention and ethnicity, with meta-analyses of detention rates for BME groups, and to explore the explanations offered for ethnic differences in detention rates.MethodLiterature search and metaanalysis. Explanations offered were categorised, supporting literature was accessed and the strength of the evidence evaluated.ResultsIn all, 49 studies met inclusion criteria; of these, 19 were included in the meta-analyses. Compared with White patients, Black patients were 3.83 times, BME patients 3.35 times and Asian patients 2.06 times more likely to be detained. The most common explanations related to misdiagnosis and discrimination against BME patients, higher incidence of psychosis and differences in ill...
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2000
Four phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) enzymes (Superbins a, b, c, and d) with varying platelet aggregati... more Four phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) enzymes (Superbins a, b, c, and d) with varying platelet aggregation inhibitor activities have been purified from Austrelaps superbus by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange, and reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Purity and homogeneity of the superbins have been confirmed by high-performance capillary zone electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The electron spray ionization mass spectrometry data showed that their molecular masses range from 13,140 to 13,236 Da. Each of the proteins has been found to be basic and exhibit varying degrees of PLA 2 activity. They also displayed different platelet aggregation inhibitory activities. Superbin a was found to possess the most potent inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 9.0 nM, whereas Superbin d was found to be least effective with an IC 50 of 3.0 M. Superbins b and c were moderately effective with IC 50 values of 0.05 and 0.5 M, respectively. The amino-terminal sequencing confirmed the identity of these superbins. cDNA cloning resulted in the identification of 17 more PLA 2 isoforms in A. superbus venom. It has also provided complete information on the precursor PLA 2. The precursor PLA 2 contained a 27-amino-acid signal peptide and 117-to 125amino-acid PLA 2 (molecular mass ranging from 13,000 to 14,000 Da). Two of these PLA 2 enzymes resembled more closely (87%) Superbin a in structure. Two unique PLA 2 enzymes containing an extra pancreatic loop also have been identified among the isoforms.
Proceedings of The 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory — PoS(LATTICE2021)
A new approach is presented to explore the singularity structure of lattice QCD at imaginary chem... more A new approach is presented to explore the singularity structure of lattice QCD at imaginary chemical potential. Our method can be seen as a combination of the Taylor expansion and analytic continuation approaches. Its novelty lies in using rational (Padé) approximants for studying Lee Yang edge singularities. The motivation for using rational approximants will be exhibited. We will provide some confidence in our approach based on numerical experiments performed on well-motivated "toy models". Our focus lies in identifying singularities of the net-baryon number density in the complex plane. To this end we have found signatures of the Roberge-Weiss critical point(and Chiral singularities-subject to some caveats). In this contribution we will discuss the setup, simulation parameters and results obtained for 2+1 QCD in the complex / plane.
As established in the Sikh scriptural canon, ideal leaders internalize qualities of self-sovereig... more As established in the Sikh scriptural canon, ideal leaders internalize qualities of self-sovereignty, intentional servitude, integrative creativity, authentic compassion, and perhaps most significant of all, Divine inspiration. Models of communal decision-making can also be derived from the lives of the Gur -Prophets (1469–1708 C.E.) and the institutions they established. Though the faith recognizes no clergy class, graduates of historical seminaries often emerge as significant leaders for the Sikh nation. The community outside of the homeland, however, has experienced a lesser effort in the cultivation of leadership. With a primary focus on education, religious centers, youth camps, and retreats have played a critical role in imparting Sikh culture to the masses. While ideals are clearly articulated within the Sikh tradition, it is the application of the ideals that is necessary – Sikh leadership continually works towards these ends, and will ever seek to progress as individuals as...
Proceedings of The 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory — PoS(LATTICE2021)
Thimble regularisation of Yang Mills theories is still to a very large extent terra incognita. We... more Thimble regularisation of Yang Mills theories is still to a very large extent terra incognita. We discuss a couple of topics related to this big issue. 2d YM theories are in principle good candidates as a working ground. An analytic solution is known, for which one can switch from a solution in terms of a sum over characters to a form which is a sum over critical points. We would be interested in an explicit realisation of this mechanism in the lattice regularisation, which is actually quite hard to work out. A second topic is the inclusion of a topological term in the lattice theory, which is the prototype of a genuine sign problem for pure YM fields. For both these challenging problems we do not have final answers. We present the current status of our study.
Proceedings of The 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory — PoS(LATTICE2021)
We present results of the location of the closest singularities in the complex chemical potential... more We present results of the location of the closest singularities in the complex chemical potential plane using a novel method. These results are obtained with (2+1)-flavor of highly improved staggered quarks (HISQ) on lattices with temporal extent of = 4, 6. We show that the scaling is consistent with the expected scaling of the Lee-Yang edge singularities in the vicinity of the Roberge-Weiss (RW) transition. We determine various non-universal parameters using 3D Ising model scaling functions that map QCD in the scaling region of the RW transition. Furthermore, as a preliminary result we discuss how the Lee-Yang edge singularity can be used to probe the chiral phase transition in QCD. The singularity obtained close to the chiral phase transition temperature seems to be in agreement with the expected scaling of the Lee-Yang edge singularity. As an outlook, we discuss the scaling of the Lee-Yang edge singularity in the vicinity of a possible critical end point in QCD, at even lower temperatures. In the future, such a scaling analysis might hint on the existence and the location of the critical end point. The work presented here is a part of an ongoing project of Bielefeld Parma joint collaboration.
Physical Review D, 2022
We present a calculation of the net baryon number density as a function of imaginary baryon numbe... more We present a calculation of the net baryon number density as a function of imaginary baryon number chemical potential, obtained with highly improved staggered quarks at temporal lattice extent of Nτ = 4, 6. We construct various rational function approximations of the lattice data and discuss how poles in the complex plane can be determined from them. We compare our results of the singularities in the chemical potential plane to the theoretically expected positions of the Lee-Yang edge singularity in the vicinity of the Roberge-Weiss and chiral phase transitions. We find a temperature scaling that is in accordance with the expected power law behavior.
arXiv: High Energy Physics - Lattice, 2020
Thimble regularisation is a possible solution to the sign problem, which is evaded by formulating... more Thimble regularisation is a possible solution to the sign problem, which is evaded by formulating quantum field theories on manifolds where the imaginary part of the action stays constant (Lefschetz thimbles). A major obstacle is due to the fact that one in general needs to collect contributions coming from more than one thimble. Here we explore the idea of performing Taylor expansions on Lefschetz thimbles. We show that in some cases we can compute expansions in regions where only the dominant thimble contributes to the result in such a way that these (different, disjoint) regions can be bridged. This can most effectively be done via Pad\'e approximants. In this way multi-thimble simulations can be circumvented. The approach can be trusted provided we can show that the analytic continuation we are performing is a legitimate one, which thing we can indeed show. We briefly discuss two prototypal computations, for which we obtained a very good control on the analytical structure (...
Telecom, 2021
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can play a key role in meeting certain demands of cellular networ... more Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can play a key role in meeting certain demands of cellular networks. UAVs can be used not only as user equipment (UE) in cellular networks but also as mobile base stations (BSs) wherein they can either augment conventional BSs by adapting their position to serve the changing traffic and connectivity demands or temporarily replace BSs that are damaged due to natural disasters. The flexibility of UAVs allows them to provide coverage to UEs in hot-spots, at cell-edges, in coverage holes, or regions with scarce cellular infrastructure. In this work, we study how UAV locations and other cellular parameters may be optimized in such scenarios to maximize the spectral efficiency (SE) of the network. We compare the performance of machine learning (ML) techniques with conventional optimization approaches. We found that, on an average, a double deep Q learning approach can achieve 93.46% of the optimal median SE and 95.83% of the optimal mean SE. A simple greedy...
IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2021
First person view (FPV) technology for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provides an immersive expe... more First person view (FPV) technology for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provides an immersive experience for pilots and enables various personal and commercial applications such as aerial photography, drone racing, search and rescue operations, agricultural surveillance, and structural inspection. While real time video streaming from a UAV and vision-based collision avoidance strategies have been studied in literature as separate topics, in this paper we tackle collision avoidance in FPV scenarios, taking into account network delays and real time video parameters. We present a theoretical model for obstacle collisions that considers the current communication channel conditions, the real time video parameters, and the UAV's position relative to the closest obstacle. A video adaptation algorithm is then designed, using this metric, to tune the FPV video resolution, number of re-transmission attempts, and the modulation scheme to maximize the probability of avoiding collisions. This algorithm also takes into account specific latency constraints of the application. This video algorithm was evaluated in various scenarios and its ability to respond to both distances to the obstacle as well as the communication channel conditions was demonstrated. It was found that, for the considered scenarios, the performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm was, on an average, 58.63% higher than the closest non-adaptive one in terms of maximizing the probability of avoiding collision. Such collision avoidance strategies could be used to make UAV FPV applications safer and more reliable.
Proceedings of 37th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory — PoS(LATTICE2019), 2020
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2018
Agricultural Reviews, 2016
The Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) gene provides instructions for making a protein called the grow... more The Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) gene provides instructions for making a protein called the growth hormone receptor. The GHR mediates biological actions of growth hormone on target cells by transducing the growth hormone (GH) signal across the cell membrane and inducing transcription of many genes, including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1). The gene coding for bovine GHR gene consists of nine exons. In exon 8 of the bovine GHR gene, T/A nucleotide variation results in to change in tyrosine from phenylalanine in the transmembrane domain of the GHR protein, has been reported to be associated with a major effect on milk yield in cows. GHR (growth hormone receptor) gene has been shown to harbor a causal mutation of a QTL influencing milk yield and composition GHR gene is a polymorphic gene and the polymorphisms are related to different economic traits of different species. The GHR gene influences physical traits and helps to selection of animals. The lengths of the variable TG-repe...
American journal of cancer research, 2014
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor in adults. It is... more Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumor in adults. It is an aggressive primary brain neoplasm, associated with a poor prognosis and median survival of less than 1 year. Approximately 50% of patients diagnosed with malignant gliomas in the United States are over the age of 65. Advancing age and poor performance status are two variables that have found to negatively affect prognosis. When compared to younger patients, not only is the treatment of elderly patients associated with decreased efficacy but also greater toxicity. As a result, elderly patients often receive less aggressive treatment and are excluded from clinical trials. There are many challenges in the treatment of elderly patients with GBM including increased surgical morbidity and mortality as well as increased toxicity to radiation and chemotherapy. As such, the optimal therapy remains unclear and controversial for the elderly malignant glioma population.
Political Behavior, 2008
This paper explores whether an individual's news source can explain their attitudes on immigratio... more This paper explores whether an individual's news source can explain their attitudes on immigration. We focus on the Spanish-speaking population in the U.S., since they have the option of accessing their news in English, Spanish or in both languages. Our audience influence hypothesis predicts that Spanish-language news will cover immigration in a more positive and informative manner than will English-language news. Thus, Latinos who use Spanish-language news may have a higher likelihood of possessing pro-immigrant sentiments than Latinos who only use English-language news. Content analysis of Spanish and English-language television news segments demonstrates that Spanish-language news does provide a more positive discussion of immigration than does English-language news. Analysis of Latino survey respondents indicate that those who use Spanish-language news hold more favorable views towards immigration than those who only use English-language news. Generational status also influences Latinos' immigration attitudes, though its impact is not as great as one's news source.
Image and Vision Computing, 1998
ABSTRACT
British Journal of Psychiatry, 2007
BackgroundBlack and minority ethnic (BME) patients are disproportionately detained under the Ment... more BackgroundBlack and minority ethnic (BME) patients are disproportionately detained under the Mental Health Act 1983. There has been no systematic exploration of differences within and between ethnic groups, nor of the explanations put forward for this excess.AimsTo systematically review detention and ethnicity, with meta-analyses of detention rates for BME groups, and to explore the explanations offered for ethnic differences in detention rates.MethodLiterature search and metaanalysis. Explanations offered were categorised, supporting literature was accessed and the strength of the evidence evaluated.ResultsIn all, 49 studies met inclusion criteria; of these, 19 were included in the meta-analyses. Compared with White patients, Black patients were 3.83 times, BME patients 3.35 times and Asian patients 2.06 times more likely to be detained. The most common explanations related to misdiagnosis and discrimination against BME patients, higher incidence of psychosis and differences in ill...
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2000
Four phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) enzymes (Superbins a, b, c, and d) with varying platelet aggregati... more Four phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2) enzymes (Superbins a, b, c, and d) with varying platelet aggregation inhibitor activities have been purified from Austrelaps superbus by a combination of gel filtration, ion-exchange, and reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Purity and homogeneity of the superbins have been confirmed by high-performance capillary zone electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The electron spray ionization mass spectrometry data showed that their molecular masses range from 13,140 to 13,236 Da. Each of the proteins has been found to be basic and exhibit varying degrees of PLA 2 activity. They also displayed different platelet aggregation inhibitory activities. Superbin a was found to possess the most potent inhibitory activity with an IC 50 of 9.0 nM, whereas Superbin d was found to be least effective with an IC 50 of 3.0 M. Superbins b and c were moderately effective with IC 50 values of 0.05 and 0.5 M, respectively. The amino-terminal sequencing confirmed the identity of these superbins. cDNA cloning resulted in the identification of 17 more PLA 2 isoforms in A. superbus venom. It has also provided complete information on the precursor PLA 2. The precursor PLA 2 contained a 27-amino-acid signal peptide and 117-to 125amino-acid PLA 2 (molecular mass ranging from 13,000 to 14,000 Da). Two of these PLA 2 enzymes resembled more closely (87%) Superbin a in structure. Two unique PLA 2 enzymes containing an extra pancreatic loop also have been identified among the isoforms.
Proceedings of The 38th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory — PoS(LATTICE2021)
A new approach is presented to explore the singularity structure of lattice QCD at imaginary chem... more A new approach is presented to explore the singularity structure of lattice QCD at imaginary chemical potential. Our method can be seen as a combination of the Taylor expansion and analytic continuation approaches. Its novelty lies in using rational (Padé) approximants for studying Lee Yang edge singularities. The motivation for using rational approximants will be exhibited. We will provide some confidence in our approach based on numerical experiments performed on well-motivated "toy models". Our focus lies in identifying singularities of the net-baryon number density in the complex plane. To this end we have found signatures of the Roberge-Weiss critical point(and Chiral singularities-subject to some caveats). In this contribution we will discuss the setup, simulation parameters and results obtained for 2+1 QCD in the complex / plane.
As established in the Sikh scriptural canon, ideal leaders internalize qualities of self-sovereig... more As established in the Sikh scriptural canon, ideal leaders internalize qualities of self-sovereignty, intentional servitude, integrative creativity, authentic compassion, and perhaps most significant of all, Divine inspiration. Models of communal decision-making can also be derived from the lives of the Gur -Prophets (1469–1708 C.E.) and the institutions they established. Though the faith recognizes no clergy class, graduates of historical seminaries often emerge as significant leaders for the Sikh nation. The community outside of the homeland, however, has experienced a lesser effort in the cultivation of leadership. With a primary focus on education, religious centers, youth camps, and retreats have played a critical role in imparting Sikh culture to the masses. While ideals are clearly articulated within the Sikh tradition, it is the application of the ideals that is necessary – Sikh leadership continually works towards these ends, and will ever seek to progress as individuals as...