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Papers by Sky Institute

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. It i... more Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. It is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and belongs to the same genus as dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses. Japanese encephalitis virus, a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae, was first reported in Japan in the 1871 (WHO, 2015). JEV has spread to most countries in south, east and southeast Asia (Mackenzie et al., 2007). Several flavivirus non-structural (NS) proteins, such as N S 2 B-N S 3 , N S 3 h e l i c a s e , N S 4 B , N S 5 methyltransferase, and NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), have been identified as potential anti-viral drug targets (Luo et al., 2015; Xie et al., 2015; Lim et al., 2015). Many compounds have an inhibitory effect on the virus, raising hopes that new treatments are on the horizon for prevention and treatment of flavivirusassociated diseases (Lim et al., 2013). A literature review estimates nearly 68,000 clinical cases of JE globally each year, with approximately 13,600 to 20,400 deaths (WHO, 2015). JE primarily affects children, most adults in endemic

Fuzzy Physiological Approach is a hard key problem in the industrial core domain of computer-aide... more Fuzzy Physiological Approach is a hard key problem in the industrial core domain of computer-aided design (CAD) applications. A work piece must be represented in some standard CAD object description format such that its representation can be efficiently used in a CAD process like redesign. The proposed task adopted Optimum Shape Operator (OSO) to use the fuzzy concept for creating a new CAD model. In this change, the optimization ranking of each vertex pair and furthermore maintain the features of optimized models. In the paper, we want to create new feature of physiological model using fuzzy set theory and mathematical concept. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

Pyrazinamide is a drug used to treat tuberculosis. In case of active tuberculosis, it is often us... more Pyrazinamide is a drug used to treat tuberculosis. In case of active tuberculosis, it is often used together with rifampicin, isoniazid and either streptomycin or ethambutol. It is not generally recommended for the treatment of latent tuberculosis. Pyrazinamide was first made in 1936 but did not come into wide use until 1972. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. Pyrazinamide is a synthetic pyrazinoic acid amide derivative with bactericidal property. Pyrazinamide is particularly active against slowly multiplying intracellular bacilli. Its bactericidal action is dependent upon the presence of bacterial pyrazinamidase enzyme, which removes the amide group to produce active pyrazinoic acid. Pyrazinamide is an important component of multidrug therapy for tuberculosis. Rifampicin, also known as rifampin, is used to treat several types of bacterial infections. This includes

Itracona zole and fluconazole are triazole antifungal drugs, which are multi-ringed synthetic com... more Itracona zole and fluconazole are triazole antifungal drugs, which are multi-ringed synthetic compounds containing three nitrogen atoms in the azole ring; the imidazoles (ketoconazole and miconazole) contain only two nitrogen atoms in the azole ring Both of the triazole drugs are broad spectrum antifungal agents and exhibit many similarities in their pharmacological attributes. These drugs are currently used to treat infections caused by Candida albicans, As per gillusparacoccidioidesbrasiliensis, Sprothrixschenckii, Histoplasmacapsulaturm, Cryptococcus neoformans and many others The drugs are shown to be active both using animal models or clinically. As other azole antifungal drugs, the triazole antifungals are primarily fungi-static at clinically achieved plasma levels. Mechanistically, these inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol which is an essential component of fungal cell membrane c a u s i n g a b n o r m a l i t i e s i n t h e m e m b r a n e permeability, membrane-bound enzyme activity and increased saturation of fatty acids in the lipid bi-layer. The triazoles are thought to have greater anti-fungal potency, lower toxicity and a wider antifungal spectrum than the imidazoles. However, it has been reported that itraconazole and fluconazole induce adverse drug reactions (ADRs). These include mild reversible ADRs such as gastrointestinal disturbances (dyspepsia, nausea, abdominal pain and constipation),dizziness and pruritis. However, rare but severe hepatotoxicity has been reported in patients undergoing itraconazoleor fluconazole therapy and this is important clinically due to the fatalities. The mechanism of triazole-induced liver damage is unknown. Previous studies had suggested that the hepatotoxicity could be due to metabolic idiosyncrasy.

The game of cricket requires considerable amount of physical fitness and mastery of skills. A key... more The game of cricket requires considerable amount of physical fitness and mastery of skills. A key element of fast bowling is ball-release speed or peak bowling speed (V-peak). Ball-release speed in fast bowlers is influenced by various anthropometric factors. Certain anthropometric measurements are advantageous for a good performance in fast bowling in cricket like longer the arm length more the leverage which helps the bowler to bowl fast. In this study, the researcher has tried to find out the predictive anthropometric variables which contribute towards fast bowling in cricket. To achieve the purpose of the study, 45 male fast bowlers of inter-collegiate cricket teams in various colleges affiliated to University of Lucknow, Lucknow were randomly selected as subjects. 18 anthropometric variables namely: the height, weight, foreleg length, thigh length, leg length, upper arm length, forearm length, ponderal index, crural ratio, arm length, hand length, upper arm girth, forearm girth...

Prediction and modeling of T-cell epitopes of Nipah virus antigenic proteins nucleocapsid, phosph... more Prediction and modeling of T-cell epitopes of Nipah virus antigenic proteins nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein, matrix, fusion, glycoprotein, L protein, W protein, V protein and C protein followed by the binding simulation studies of predicted highest binding scorers with their corresponding MHC class I alleles were done in this study. ProPred1 tool was used to predict the promiscuous MHC class I epitopes of viral proteins. 3D structures of epitopes were built with the help of PEPstr server. Molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed through the NAMD graphical user interface embedded in visual molecular dynamics. Epitopes IRTIAAYPL and NPTAVPFTL of Matrix Protein and W-protein have lowest binding energy and highest score with HLA-B*2705 and HLA-B*5101 MHC class I allele, respectively. These predicted peptides are highly potential to induce T-cell-mediated immune response and are expected to be useful in designing epitope-based vaccines against Nipah virus.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent in many countries of the world like USA, India etc.The ... more Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent in many countries of the world like USA, India etc.The major causes of chronic kidney diseases include [22] lack of iron in diet which causes anemia , [1] hypertension, diabetes and stress .Patients were divided into groups in which one group was given oral dose of iron(ferritin) and second group was given intravenous dose of iron. The levels of albumin, hemoglobin, proteinuria, transferrin,and glomerular ltration rate(GFR) were unchanged in both the groups of patient samples analysed by plasma iothalamatemeglumine method but the levels of serum ferritin and logarithmic-ratio of concentration of protein in urine andcreatinine were changed and increased and decreased for oral group and intravenous administered iron group respectively. Various infected samples from skin, bone, lung, sepsis, urinary tract infections (UTI), cardiovascular diseases, angina, stroke, and cancer related patient samples. The rate values for the ratio of intravenous ...

In the present study, prediction and modeling of T cell epitopes from proteome of Nipahvirus foll... more In the present study, prediction and modeling of T cell epitopes from proteome of Nipahvirus followed by the binding simulation with periodic boundary conditions of predicted highest binding scores with their corresponding MHC class II alleles were done. Immunoinformatic tool ProPred was used to predict the MHC class II epitopes of viral proteins. The molecular modeling of the epitopes was done by PEPstr server and alleles were done by MODELLER software. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies were performed through the NAMD graphical user interface embedded in visual molecular dynamics software. Epitopes VIIDVGSMV, VTVRRTAGS, YKIYTPGAN, LVGDVRLAGand VLYRAQLAS have considerable binding with DRB1*0301, DRB1*0804 and DRB1*0817 MHC class II alleles. These predicted peptides are highly potential to induce T cell-mediated immune response and are expected to be useful in designing epitope-based vaccines against Nipah virus after further testing by wet lab studies. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

The modern lifestyles and changing patterns in dietary habits have made the human population vuln... more The modern lifestyles and changing patterns in dietary habits have made the human population vulnerable to various kinds of lifestyle diseases/complex chronic diseases such as type 2diabetes,heart disease, metabolic syndrome ,chronic renal failure, osteoporosis, stroke, depression, obesity, arthritis, atherosclerosis ,asthma, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative syndromes, cancers, cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases etc. indeveloping as well as in developed countries. It has been observed that the drugs and treatments presently available in modern system of medicine are not providing permanent cure for these diseases due to their adverse reactions making the patients immunologically deficient and more prone to diseases. Thus, scientific efforts are being made throughout the world to search for alternative approach, which can provide safe and affordable treatments for such disorders. Nature has provided vast resources which can be used to develop alternative or complimentary therapy to treat these disease conditions in a holistic manner. The modern lifestyles and changing patterns in

Aromatic ring derivative molecules like daunomycin, epiadriamycin and adriamycin are anticancerou... more Aromatic ring derivative molecules like daunomycin, epiadriamycin and adriamycin are anticancerous anthracycline drugs that are obtained from Streptomyces peucetius strains of bacteria through the process of fermentation.These drugs a r e e ff e c t i v e i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f a c u t e lymphoblastic leukemia, and myelogenous leukemia. These drugs intercalate in the major groove and minor groove of various DNA sequences and inhibit the replication of DNA during the S-phase of cell cycle. The structure of these drugs consists of a planar, hydrophobic tetracycline ring structure linked to a sugar moiety with a glycosidic bond linkage. The anthracycline d e r i v a t i v e h a s f o u r f u s e d r i n g s (A-D). Epiadriamycin molecule has 4' hydroxyl (OH) group inversion on the sugar moiety as compared to Adriamycin and Daunomycin molecules. There are various forces between drug-DNA complexes such as electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic effects, salt bridges...

Blow flies (family-Calliphoridae) and flesh flies (family-Sarcophagidae) are amongst the first wa... more Blow flies (family-Calliphoridae) and flesh flies (family-Sarcophagidae) are amongst the first wave of insects which arrive on a corpse for feeding and breeding purposes. Development rates of these flies are frequently used to determine post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensic entomological investigations. The rate of larval growth is directly affected by environmental conditions such as photoperiod and ambient temperature. In the flesh fly, Sarcophaga dux, short-day photoperiods and low temperature induce pupal diapause. Diapause is a form of dormancy in insects which confer survival during unfavourable environmental conditions. Distinct genetic traits and endocrinological factors are found responsible for the induction and regulation of diapauses in different insect species. The life stage at which the insect exhibits diapause is also species specific. Present study investigates the incidence of diapause in the laboratory reared populations of S. dux and define further the factors r...

Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was initially recognized in Ugand, Africa (Faye et... more Zika virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was initially recognized in Ugand, Africa (Faye et al., 2014) in 1947 in monkeys through a method that observed yellow fever. It was later distinguished in people in 1952 in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Congenital ZIKV syndrome includes microcephaly, spasticity, craniofacial disproportion, irritability, seizures and other brainstem dysfunctions (Costello et al., 2016) has caused a public health emergency of international concern (WHO, 2016). Brazil without immunity in the p o p u l a t i o n s a w l a rg e n u m b e r s i n f e c t e d immediately as the virus was amplified in the population, resulting in thousands of pregnant women infected at once. The Brazilian ZIKV strain has been shown to cause birth defects in experimental models by targeting cortical progenitor cells, inducing cell death and impairing neurodevelopment (Cugola et al., 2016). Initially the Brazilian Ministry of Health advised reporting diagnosed cases of Zika as dengue, since the symptoms were in most of the cases similar to a

Blood is a body uid of animals that delivers necessary substances (nutrients and oxygen) to the ... more Blood is a body uid of animals that delivers necessary substances (nutrients and oxygen) to the cells and maintains homeostasis and transports metabolic products away from the cells. The average adult's body contains about 5 liters of blood. Blood is separated in to 2 distinct layers.  Plasma  Formed Elements Plasma: Plasma is the yellow straw coloured liquid component of blood in which the blood cells are suspended normally. Formed Elements: Formed elements are the cells and cell-like structures in the blood that constitute about 45% of our blood volume. There are three types of formed elements:  Red blood cells (RBC)  Leukocytes (WBC)  Platelets RBCs are the most abundant cells in the blood-there are about 5 million of them per cubic of blood. They are formed in the bone marrow and have a lifetime of about 3 months. Red bloodcells are important mainly because theycontain Hemoglobin, a protein substance that attaches to oxygen and transports this element to body cells and tissues .Haematopoiesis is the process of forming blood c e l l u l a r c o m p o n e n t s. A l l c e l l u l a r b l o o d components are derived from haemat-opoietic stem cells. In a healthy adult person, approximately 11 12 10-10 new blood cells are produced. Primarily the Bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, involved in the formation of blood. Hemotoxins (hematotoxins) are the toxins that destroy red blood cells, disrupt blood clotting, and cause organ degeneration and generalized tissue damage. Hemotoxins not only damage the blood but also damage other tissues. Injury from a hematotoxins

The protective effect of Asparagus adscendens was evaluated on genotoxicity induced by an alkylat... more The protective effect of Asparagus adscendens was evaluated on genotoxicity induced by an alkylating agent Cyclophosphamide. The present study deals with the anti-genotoxic effect on DNA and chromosome damage. This study was carried out by using chromosome aberration assay and micronucleus test. Different group of mice were treated with Asparagus adscendens for 14 days and 24 hour after the last injection with Cyclophosphamide at dose of 70mg/kg body weight and Colchicines at dose of 4mg/kg before two hours of the autopsy. In Chromosomal Aberration assay, a significant difference was seen in the % aberration in chromosome treated with Asparagus adscendens as compared to control group. The same results were also observed in the frequency of micronucleus data of all animals .The results of this study strongly recommended that the plant Asparagus adscendens may be used as an anti-genotoxic agent, but further study is required to establish its biochemical mechanism of action.

This working paper discusses the dependence of Indian agriculture on uncertain rains. In addition... more This working paper discusses the dependence of Indian agriculture on uncertain rains. In addition the farmers experience other production risks as well as marketing risks related to different crop enterprises and for different agro-climatic regions and areas. It then argues on the need for crop insurance as an alternative to manage production risk. It then takes up the historical overview of crop insurance products and their performance. It is followed by the discussion on the currently available crop insurance products for specific crops and regions. It discusses at length the two important products, namely, National Agricultural Insurance Scheme and Weather Based Insurance Scheme. It also reflects on some deficiencies in these products.

The use of lasers in medicine and biology has demonstrated its interest through innovative advanc... more The use of lasers in medicine and biology has demonstrated its interest through innovative advanced technologies such as laser microdissection and /or photoablation which at different levels of expression enable understanding of the physiological mechanisms in the evolution of a disease. Lasers have achieved a prominent position in medical application and offer unique advantages for medical diagnosis, therapeutic treatments and internal surgeries in most medical disciplines including dermatology, dentistry, neurosurgery, eye surgery, cancer surgery, urology, gastroenterology etc. because of their ability to deliver high precision treatments, whilst remaining minimally invasive. Thus Laserbased therapies and diagnostic methods represent an area of huge future potential.Research efforts andcontinuous improvements over recent years have resulted in excimer lasers becoming the tool of choice for many applications in medical sciences.Excimer lasers, which are pulsed gas lasers operating ...

Helium has varied applications in biomedicine. The research studies with hyperpolarized helium-3 ... more Helium has varied applications in biomedicine. The research studies with hyperpolarized helium-3 (3 He) and xenon-129 (129 Xe) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been found useful in developing non-radiation based and sensitive approaches for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The applications of atmospheric pressure plasmas (APPs) in biomedicine are becoming better treatment protocols for various chronic diseases as the research studies have shown their potential in bacterial sterilization, blood coagulation and wound healing, dermatology and cancer treatment. It is interesting to emphasize that the atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet driven by pulsed dc voltage has been utilized to treat human lung cancer cells in vitro. This plasma device may serve as a valuable tool for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-promoting cancer therapy, a boon for cancer patients. Helium based low temperature atmospheric pressure plasma has been found to break Amyloidfibrils into smaller un...

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and gr... more Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.Millions depend on the polluted Yamuna river.

Although the distinction between optimum decision and pre-processing or feature extraction is not... more Although the distinction between optimum decision and pre-processing or feature extraction is not essential, the concept of functional breakdown provides a clear picture for the understanding of the pattern recognition problem. Correct recognition will depend on the amount of discriminating information contained in the measurements and the effective utilization of this information. In some applications, contextual information is indispensable in achieving accurate recognition. For instance, in the recognition of cursive handwritten characters and the classification of fingerprints, contextual information is extremely desirable. When we wish to design a pattern recognition system which is resistant to distortions, flexible under large pattern deviations, and capable of self-adjustment, we are confronted with the adaptation problem. There are many interesting problems that remain in the area of face recognition.

India has an additional requirement of 0.8 million doctors and 1.7 million nurses, apart from fac... more India has an additional requirement of 0.8 million doctors and 1.7 million nurses, apart from facing a significant shortage of paramedics. 45% of the population travels more than 100 Kms to access tertiary level of medical care. Poor accessibility, accountability, affordability, and availability of healthcare services are key constraints that make the idea of 'Health for all' a seemingly impossible accomplishment. Besides, the sector is largely dominated by unorganized private players, mostly comprising of clinics and nursing homes. These facilities offer limited range of services and operate with minimal standards of quality. Moreover, the public sector focus is mainly on primary care with a program based approach. Other issues restricting growth of the sector are of high capital expenditure, high dependence on imported medical equipments, long gestation period for the business to turn profitable, archaic norms for medical education, and absence of any central governing authority for paramedical education.