Slim Youssef - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Slim Youssef

Research paper thumbnail of Do renewable energy and national patents impact the environmental sustainability of Tunisia?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

This study is focused on analyzing the linkage between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, renewable ... more This study is focused on analyzing the linkage between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, renewable energy consumption (RE), foreign direct investment (FDI), national patents (NP), exports (X), imports (M), and gross domestic product (GDP) in Tunisia by using the time series data from 1980 to 2017. A unit root test and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model were applied to avoid bias caused by data mismatch and autocorrelation of time series data. Elasticity long-run test shows that renewable energy consumption, exports, and gross domestic product have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, while foreign direct investment acts negatively on CO2 emissions. Depending on the error correction term test, there is a long-run causality: from CO2 emissions, renewable energy, foreign direct investment, exports, and gross domestic product to home patent. Findings of the short-run causality show that there is a unidirectional causality running from exports to CO2 emissions and from exports to gross domestic product. Our results also show that Tunisia should encourage foreign direct investment because it seems to be an important factor in the mitigation of CO2 emissions.

Research paper thumbnail of Inspecting the influence of renewable energy and R&D in defending environmental quality: evidence for California

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Research paper thumbnail of The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade

Latin American Economic Review, 2019

Nowadays, tourism plays an important role in most countries as the number of international touris... more Nowadays, tourism plays an important role in most countries as the number of international tourists has considerably expanded (United Nations Environment Program 2011). The tourism sector represents an important part of the world gross domestic product (GDP), employs directly and indirectly an important proportion of the global work force, represents an important share in total exports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) represents an important source of world's tourism investment. The expansion of this sector resulted in an increase in fossil energy consumption and in important green house gas (GHG) emissions. However, investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy related to the touristic sector seem generating significant returns within a short payback

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable energy, arable land, agriculture, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in Morocco

The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration and Granger causality ... more The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration and Granger causality tests are used to investigate the dynamic short and long-run causality relationships between per capita renewable energy (RE) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), agricultural value added (AVA), and arable land use (LUSE) for the case of Morocco during the period 1980-2013. Two models are used: the first with the AVA variable, and the second with the LUSE variable. The Wald test confirms the existence of a long-run relationship between variables for each considered model. Our long-run estimates indicate that an increase in economic growth, agricultural production, and arable land use contribute to increase the use of renewable energy, while a decrease in CO2 emissions increases renewable energy consumption. Granger causality tests reveal the existence of a short-run unidirectional causality running from AVA and from LUSE to RE consumption; a lon...

Research paper thumbnail of National advertising and cooperation in a Manufacturer-two retailers channel

We consider a supply channel composed of one manufacturer and two symmetric retailers. Three case... more We consider a supply channel composed of one manufacturer and two symmetric retailers. Three cases are studied. The non-cooperation case is a leader-follower relationship. The manufacturer determines his spending in national advertising and the wholesale price. Then, retailers determine non-cooperatively the price for consumers. In the partial-cooperation case, retailers decide jointly for the price. In the full-cooperation case, all members of the channel cooperate by maximizing a joint profit function. Interestingly, partial-cooperation reduces the profits of retailers with respect to non-cooperation, when the degree of substituability between the two products proposed by retailers is low. Because of symmetry, this also implies that the total profit of retailers may decrease with partial-cooperation. Thus, when the degree of substituability between products is low, it is in the interest of retailers to set their prices non-cooperatively. We propose a cooperative implementable cont...

Research paper thumbnail of The role of renewable energy in reducing terrorism: Evidence from Pakistan

Renewable Energy, 2021

Abstract Critics have investigated the relationship between fossil energy and conflicts, incorpor... more Abstract Critics have investigated the relationship between fossil energy and conflicts, incorporating political, military, economic and social factors that have led to these clashes. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, no econometric study has examined the causal relationship between renewable or fossil energy and conflicts such as terrorism in the case of Pakistan. This paper examines the relationship between terrorism, renewable energy and the consumption of fossil energy in Pakistan, taking into consideration several factors such as economic growth and income inequality. This study uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) testing approach to examine the long-term relationship between the considered variables over the annual period of 1980-2015. The Wald test confirms the existence of long-term relationships between our variables. Granger causality reveals long-term bi-directional causalities between all variables. Although, in the short term there are bidirectional causal links between renewable energy and fossil energy, the study shows that there are short-term unidirectional causalities running from terrorism and fossil energy to GDP, from GDP to renewable energy, and from income inequality to fossil energy. In fact, long-term parameter indicates that fossil energy reduces terrorism and that renewable energy consumption increases fossil energy. In contrast to the long-term parameter, the study reveals that economic growth increases terrorism in Pakistan. Moreover, this project suggests that Pakistan continue to encourage the use of renewable and fossil energies by (or through) intensifying its diplomatic efforts to resolve political and military conflicts around the world, particularly in the Middle East.

Research paper thumbnail of Non-resident and resident patents, renewable and fossil energy, pollution, and economic growth in the USA

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020

The main objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of foreign research and development (R... more The main objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of foreign research and development (R&D) spillovers on pollution and renewable energy consumption (RE). We choose as proxies for R&D and for foreign R&D spillovers, resident patents (RP) and non-resident patents (NRP), respectively. We use annual data for the USA spanning the period 1980-2016. We show the presence of a long-run relationship between NRP, RP, RE, fossil energy consumption (FE), net energy imports (NEI), gross domestic product (GDP), and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. There are long-run unidirectional Granger causalities running from all considered variables to economic growth. There are short-run unidirectional causalities running from NEI to all considered variables except RP and GDP, from GDP to RP and RE, from FE to RE, and from carbon emissions to RE. By using the autoregressive distributed lag approach, several long-run elasticities are evaluated. In particular, RP increases carbon emissions, whereas NRP reduces it. Both RP and NRP have a positive impact on RE and GDP. RP and NRP seem to be complementary activities, and RE reduces NEI. Therefore, the US authorities should encourage the use of NRP because of their beneficial effect on pollution, home innovation, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth. Keywords Non-resident patents. Resident patents. Renewable energy consumption. Carbon dioxide emissions. Economic growth JEL classifications C32. O34. O51. Q42. Q54 Highlights-There is a short-run unidirectional causality running from NEI to RE.-In the long-run, RP increases carbon emissions, whereas NRP reduces it.-In the long-run, both RP and NRP have a positive impact on RE and GDP.-RE reduces NEI in the long-run.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the role of renewable energy and foreign and non-foreign patents on mitigating emissions: evidence for Tunisian economy

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

This study investigates the relationships among renewable energies (RE), carbon dioxide (CO2) emi... more This study investigates the relationships among renewable energies (RE), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign and non-foreign patents (FP, NFP), and trade (TR) for the case of Tunisia using time series data spanning the period 1980–2017. The autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) model approach of Pesaran et al. (J Appl Econ 16:289–326, 2001) and the causality of Granger are employed to explore the dynamic association between the underlined variables. The results from the long-run elasticities show that FDI and TR have negative and statistically significant impacts on RE, while NFP has a positive and statistically significant effect on the consumption of RE. Both FP and CO2 emission variables are insignificant in the long run. In the short run, there are no Granger causal links between RE and patents (FP and NFP), but we have one-way causality running from CO2 emissions to patents (FP and NFP). In the long run, there are bidirectional causalities between RE, NFP, and TR. The Tunisian authorities must impose more stringent environmental standards to attract foreign investments that are more respectful of the environment, and import and export cleaner. It is also necessary to encourage R&D and innovation which appear to be beneficial for the environment.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigating the Interdependence Between Non-Hydroelectric Renewable Energy, Agricultural Value Added, and Arable Land Use in Argentina

Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 2018

We examine the dynamic relationships between per capita carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, real gro... more We examine the dynamic relationships between per capita carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), non-hydroelectric renewable energy (NHRE) consumption, agricultural value added (AVA), and agricultural land (AGRL) use for the case of Argentina over the period 1980-2013 by employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration and Granger causality tests. The Wald test confirms the existence of a long-run cointegration between variables. There are long-run bidirectional causalities between all considered variables. The short-run Granger causality suggests bidirectional causality between AVA and agricultural land use; unidirectional causalities running from AGRL to NHRE and from NHRE to AVA. Long-run elasticity estimates suggest that increasing AVA increases GDP and reduces both pollution and NHRE; increasing NHRE reduces AVA and AGRL. Thus it seems that agriculture and renewable energy are substitute activities and compete for land use. We recommend that Argentina should continue to encourage agricultural production. The substitutability between agricultural and non-hydroelectric renewable energy productions, and their competition for agricultural land use, 2 should be at least reduced or even stopped by encouraging R&D in second-generation (or even in third-generation) biofuels production and in new renewable energy technologies more efficient in land use.

Research paper thumbnail of Combustible renewables and waste consumption, agriculture, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Brazil

Carbon Management, 2019

This paper employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and Granger causality tests... more This paper employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and Granger causality tests to examine the dynamic causal links between per capita combustible renewables and waste (CRW) consumption, agricultural value added (AVA), carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, and real gross domestic product (GDP) for the case of Brazil, spanning the period 1980-2011. The Fisher statistic of the Wald test confirms the existence of long-run cointegration between the considered variables. Short-run empirical findings reveal that there is a unidirectional causality running from agriculture to CO 2 emissions and to GDP. However, there is long-run bidirectional causality between all considered variables. The ARDL long-run estimates show that both CRW consumption and AVA contribute to increase economic growth and to decrease CO 2 emissions. Agricultural production and CRW consumption seem to play substitutable roles in the Brazilian economy as increasing CRW consumption reduces AVA in the long-run, and vice versa. In addition, economic growth increases agricultural production at the expense of CRW production. We recommend that Brazil should continue to encourage agricultural and biofuels productions. The actual substitutability between agricultural and biofuels production should be reduced or even stopped by encouraging second-generation biofuels and discouraging first-generation biofuels. This may be done by policies of subsidization or taxation, encouraging R&D, and giving competitive credits.

Research paper thumbnail of Does renewable energy consumption and health expenditures decrease carbon dioxide emissions? Evidence for sub-Saharan Africa countries

Renewable Energy, 2018

This paper employs a number of panel methodological approaches to explore the link between per ca... more This paper employs a number of panel methodological approaches to explore the link between per capita carbon dioxide emissions, per capita real income, renewable energy consumption and health expenditures for a panel of 42 sub-Saharan African countries, spanning the period 1995-2011. The empirical findings provide supportive of a long-run relationship among the variables. Granger causality reveals the presence of a short-run unidirectional causality running from real GDP to CO 2 emissions, a bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, a unidirectional causality running from real GDP to renewable energy consumption, and a unidirectional causality running from real GDP to heath expenditure, while long-run estimates document that both renewable energy consumption and health expenditures contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, while real GDP leads to the increase of emissions in these countries. The results are expected to be of high importance for policymakers in the region. Both renewable energy consumption and expansionary health expenditures are the major drivers of pollution declines. In that sense the findings imply that a substantial part of the state budget in relevance to health expenditures would be a good path to combat global warming in these countries.

Research paper thumbnail of The role of renewable energy and agriculture in reducing CO 2 emissions: Evidence for North Africa countries

Ecological Indicators, 2017

this paper uses panel cointegration techniques and Granger causality tests to investigate the dyn... more this paper uses panel cointegration techniques and Granger causality tests to investigate the dynamic causal links between per capita renewable energy consumption, agricultural value added (AVA), carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, and real gross domestic product (GDP) for a panel of five North Africa countries spanning the period 1980-2011. In the short-run, the Granger causality tests show the existence of a bidirectional causality between CO 2 emissions and agriculture, a unidirectional causality running from agriculture to GDP, a unidirectional causality running from GDP to renewable energy consumption, and a unidirectional causality running from renewable energy consumption to agriculture. In the long-run, there is bidirectional causality between agriculture and CO 2 emissions, a unidirectional causality running from renewable energy to both agriculture and emissions, and a unidirectional causality running from output to both agriculture and emissions. Long-run parameter estimates show that an increase in GDP and in renewable energy consumption increase CO 2 emissions, whereas an increase in agricultural value added reduces CO 2 emissions. As policy recommendation, North African authorities should encourage renewable energy consumption, and especially clean renewable energy such as solar or wind, as this improves agricultural production and help to combat global warming.

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable energy consumption and agriculture: evidence for cointegration and Granger causality for Tunisian economy

International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 2016

This paper uses the vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality tests to investiga... more This paper uses the vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality tests to investigate short and long-run relationships between per capita carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, trade openness ratio and agricultural value added (AVA) in Tunisia spanning the period 1980-2011. The Johansen-Juselius test shows that all our considered variables are cointegrated. Short-run Granger causality tests reveal the existence of bidirectional causalities between AVA and CO 2 emissions, and between AVA and trade; unidirectional causalities running from non-renewable energy and output to AVA and to renewable energy, and from CO 2 emissions to renewable energy. Interestingly, there are long-run bidirectional causalities between all considered variables. Our long-run parameters estimates show that non-renewable energy, trade and AVA increase CO 2 emissions, whereas renewable energy reduces CO 2 emissions. In addition, the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported. Our policy recommendations are to increase international economic exchanges because this gives new opportunities to the agricultural sector to develop and to benefit from renewable energy technology transfer. Subsidizing renewable energy use in the agricultural sector enables it to become more competitive on the international markets while polluting less and contributing to combat global warming.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy consumption, output and trade nexus in North Africa

This study uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the impact of energy consumption, and t... more This study uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the impact of energy consumption, and trade on economic growth for five North Africa countries within a multivariate framework over the period 1980-2009. Short-run dynamic relationship shows that there is evidence of one way short-run relationship from i) output, exports, and capital to imports, ii) fossil fuels consumption to exports, iii) exports to capital and iv) labor to combustible renewables and waste consumption. The vector error correction model shows that there is evidence of long-run relationship running from i) combustible renewables and waste consumption, fossil fuels consumption, exports, imports, capital, and labor to output, ii) fossil fuels consumption, exports, imports, capital, and labor to combustible renewables and waste consumption, and iii) combustible renewables and waste consumption, fossil fuels consumption, exports, capital, and labor to imports. The long-run elasticities show that combustible renewables and waste consumption is not statistically significant and only fossil fuels consumption can affect output while trade is statistically significant and have a negative impact on output through imports and positive impact through exports. The policy implication of these results is that, in these countries, trade openness is not sufficiently efficient to incite the use of energies for production.

Research paper thumbnail of Local advertising externalities and cooperation in one manufacturer-two retailers channel with exogenous marginal profits

Game theory is a relevant and powerful tool for analyzing strategic interactions in a supply chai... more Game theory is a relevant and powerful tool for analyzing strategic interactions in a supply chain in which the decision of each player affect the payoff of other players. In order to relax the classical two supply chain members' situation to a three supply chain members' situation and to integrate the problem of competition at retail level, we consider a supply chain consisting of a monopolistic manufacturer and two duopolistic retailers. The latter two are geographically related. Our paper examines the optimal decisions on advertising (local, national and cooperative advertising) in a centralized and a decentralized supply chain using Stackelberg-Cournot game, Stackelberg-Collusion game and Cooperative games, and we investigate the impact of the existing of competition at retail level, the retailer coalition and the cooperation between all supply chain members' on the channel members' optimal decisions, on the sales volume and on the profits. Applying the equilibrium analysis and using numerical example, comparing results indicates that all advertising, the sales volume of each member and the total profit in the centralized decision-making are larger than those in the decentralized decision-making. Retailer coalition harms themselves (in terms of profit) despite the increasing of sales, but is beneficial to the manufacturer. We identify also the feasible solutions of the best cooperative advertising scheme that members are interesting in cooperation.

Research paper thumbnail of A Game Theoretic Framework for Competing/Cooperating Retailers under price and advertising dependent demand

In this paper, we develop a game theoretic model for cooperative advertising in a supply chain co... more In this paper, we develop a game theoretic model for cooperative advertising in a supply chain consisting of a monopolistic manufacturer selling its product to the consumer only through competing duopolistic retailers. We consider a new form of the demand function which is an additive form. The demand is influenced by both retail price and advertising expenditures. To identify optimal advertising and pricing decisions, we discuss three possible games (two non cooperative games including Stackelberg-Cournot and Stackelberg-Collusion, and one cooperative game) and then we compare the various decision variables and the profits for all cases and also with similar results of the existing literature to develop some important insights.

Research paper thumbnail of Output, renewable energy consumption and international trade: Evidence from a panel of 69 countries

This paper uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the causal relationship between output,... more This paper uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the causal relationship between output, renewable energy consumption and international trade for a sample of 69 countries during the period 1980-2007. In the short-run, Granger causality tests show that there is evidence of bidirectional causality relationship between output and trade (exports or imports), and a unidirectional causality relationship running from renewable energy consumption to trade. However, in the short-run, there is evidence of no causality running from trade to renewable energy consumption. In the long-run, the error correction term provides that there is evidence of bidirectional causality relationship between output, trade and renewable energy consumption. Long-run estimations show that all coefficients are positive and statistically significant. Policies recommendations are that, in the long-run, international trade enables countries to benefit from technology transfer and to build the human and physical capacities needed to produce more renewable energies, while increasing their output. Therefore, more trade openness could be a good policy for combating global warming as it incites the use of renewable energies.

Research paper thumbnail of Economic growth and combustible renewables and waste consumption nexus in MENA countries

This paper is an attempt to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth and combu... more This paper is an attempt to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth and combustible renewables and waste consumption for 12 countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region during the period of 1975-2008 using panel cointegration techniques and panel causality tests. Granger causality test shows that there is evidence of no causality among variables in the short-run, while in the long-run the panel error correction model results reveal bidirectional causality between combustible renewables and waste consumption and economic growth. The results from OLS, FMOLS and DOLS panel estimates suggest that: i) The coefficient of combustible renewables and waste is positive and statistically significant. ii) The impact of economic growth on combustible renewables and waste is positive and statistically significant. In the long-run, a 1% increase in combustible renewables and waste increases real GDP in MENA countries by approximately 0.08%, and a 1% increase in economic growth increase combustible renewables and waste by approximately 0.43%. These results reveal that there is no strong relationship between variables given that the impact of each one on the other is quite small.

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa Countries

African Development Review, 2015

Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, this paper uses panel cointegration te... more Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, this paper uses panel cointegration techniques to investigate the short and the long-run relationship between CO 2 emissions, economic growth, renewable energy consumption and trade openness for a panel of 24 Sub-Saharan Africa countries over the period 1980-2010. The validity of the EKC hypothesis has not been supported for these countries. Short-run Granger causality results reveal that there is a bidirectional causality between emissions and economic growth; bidirectional causality between emissions and real exports; unidirectional causality from real imports to emissions; and unidirectional causality runs from trade (exports or imports) to renewable energy consumption. There is an indirect short-run causality running from emissions to renewable energy and an indirect short-run causality from GDP to renewable energy. In the long-run, the error correction term is statistically significant for emissions, renewable energy consumption and trade openness. The long-run estimates suggest that real GDP per capita and real imports per capita both have a negative and statistically significant impact on per capita CO 2 emissions. The impact of the square of real GDP per capita and real exports per capita are both positive and statistically significant on per capita CO 2 emissions. For the model with imports, renewable energy consumption per capita has a positive impact on per capita emissions. One policy recommendation is that Sub-Saharan countries should expand their trade exchanges particularly with developed countries and try to maximize their benefit from technology transfer generated by such trade relations as this increases their renewable energy consumption.

Research paper thumbnail of The Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness

We use panel cointegration techniques to investigate the causal relationship between CO 2 emissio... more We use panel cointegration techniques to investigate the causal relationship between CO 2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and trade openness in three different models for a panel of twenty five OECD countries over the period 1980-2009. Also the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has been tested for these countries. Short-run Granger causality tests show the existence of a unidirectional causality running from the square of per capita output to per capita CO 2 emissions and per capita non-renewable energy consumption and a unidirectional causality running from per capita real exports to per capita CO 2 emissions. There is an indirect short-run causality running from per capita output to per capita non-renewable energy consumption. In the long-run, the FMOLS and DOLS estimates suggest that per capita GDP and per capita non-renewable energy consumption have a positive impact on per capita CO 2 emissions. The long-run estimates sugges...

Research paper thumbnail of Do renewable energy and national patents impact the environmental sustainability of Tunisia?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

This study is focused on analyzing the linkage between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, renewable ... more This study is focused on analyzing the linkage between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, renewable energy consumption (RE), foreign direct investment (FDI), national patents (NP), exports (X), imports (M), and gross domestic product (GDP) in Tunisia by using the time series data from 1980 to 2017. A unit root test and an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model were applied to avoid bias caused by data mismatch and autocorrelation of time series data. Elasticity long-run test shows that renewable energy consumption, exports, and gross domestic product have a positive impact on CO2 emissions, while foreign direct investment acts negatively on CO2 emissions. Depending on the error correction term test, there is a long-run causality: from CO2 emissions, renewable energy, foreign direct investment, exports, and gross domestic product to home patent. Findings of the short-run causality show that there is a unidirectional causality running from exports to CO2 emissions and from exports to gross domestic product. Our results also show that Tunisia should encourage foreign direct investment because it seems to be an important factor in the mitigation of CO2 emissions.

Research paper thumbnail of Inspecting the influence of renewable energy and R&D in defending environmental quality: evidence for California

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Research paper thumbnail of The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade

Latin American Economic Review, 2019

Nowadays, tourism plays an important role in most countries as the number of international touris... more Nowadays, tourism plays an important role in most countries as the number of international tourists has considerably expanded (United Nations Environment Program 2011). The tourism sector represents an important part of the world gross domestic product (GDP), employs directly and indirectly an important proportion of the global work force, represents an important share in total exports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) represents an important source of world's tourism investment. The expansion of this sector resulted in an increase in fossil energy consumption and in important green house gas (GHG) emissions. However, investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy related to the touristic sector seem generating significant returns within a short payback

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable energy, arable land, agriculture, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in Morocco

The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration and Granger causality ... more The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration and Granger causality tests are used to investigate the dynamic short and long-run causality relationships between per capita renewable energy (RE) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), agricultural value added (AVA), and arable land use (LUSE) for the case of Morocco during the period 1980-2013. Two models are used: the first with the AVA variable, and the second with the LUSE variable. The Wald test confirms the existence of a long-run relationship between variables for each considered model. Our long-run estimates indicate that an increase in economic growth, agricultural production, and arable land use contribute to increase the use of renewable energy, while a decrease in CO2 emissions increases renewable energy consumption. Granger causality tests reveal the existence of a short-run unidirectional causality running from AVA and from LUSE to RE consumption; a lon...

Research paper thumbnail of National advertising and cooperation in a Manufacturer-two retailers channel

We consider a supply channel composed of one manufacturer and two symmetric retailers. Three case... more We consider a supply channel composed of one manufacturer and two symmetric retailers. Three cases are studied. The non-cooperation case is a leader-follower relationship. The manufacturer determines his spending in national advertising and the wholesale price. Then, retailers determine non-cooperatively the price for consumers. In the partial-cooperation case, retailers decide jointly for the price. In the full-cooperation case, all members of the channel cooperate by maximizing a joint profit function. Interestingly, partial-cooperation reduces the profits of retailers with respect to non-cooperation, when the degree of substituability between the two products proposed by retailers is low. Because of symmetry, this also implies that the total profit of retailers may decrease with partial-cooperation. Thus, when the degree of substituability between products is low, it is in the interest of retailers to set their prices non-cooperatively. We propose a cooperative implementable cont...

Research paper thumbnail of The role of renewable energy in reducing terrorism: Evidence from Pakistan

Renewable Energy, 2021

Abstract Critics have investigated the relationship between fossil energy and conflicts, incorpor... more Abstract Critics have investigated the relationship between fossil energy and conflicts, incorporating political, military, economic and social factors that have led to these clashes. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, no econometric study has examined the causal relationship between renewable or fossil energy and conflicts such as terrorism in the case of Pakistan. This paper examines the relationship between terrorism, renewable energy and the consumption of fossil energy in Pakistan, taking into consideration several factors such as economic growth and income inequality. This study uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) testing approach to examine the long-term relationship between the considered variables over the annual period of 1980-2015. The Wald test confirms the existence of long-term relationships between our variables. Granger causality reveals long-term bi-directional causalities between all variables. Although, in the short term there are bidirectional causal links between renewable energy and fossil energy, the study shows that there are short-term unidirectional causalities running from terrorism and fossil energy to GDP, from GDP to renewable energy, and from income inequality to fossil energy. In fact, long-term parameter indicates that fossil energy reduces terrorism and that renewable energy consumption increases fossil energy. In contrast to the long-term parameter, the study reveals that economic growth increases terrorism in Pakistan. Moreover, this project suggests that Pakistan continue to encourage the use of renewable and fossil energies by (or through) intensifying its diplomatic efforts to resolve political and military conflicts around the world, particularly in the Middle East.

Research paper thumbnail of Non-resident and resident patents, renewable and fossil energy, pollution, and economic growth in the USA

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020

The main objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of foreign research and development (R... more The main objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of foreign research and development (R&D) spillovers on pollution and renewable energy consumption (RE). We choose as proxies for R&D and for foreign R&D spillovers, resident patents (RP) and non-resident patents (NRP), respectively. We use annual data for the USA spanning the period 1980-2016. We show the presence of a long-run relationship between NRP, RP, RE, fossil energy consumption (FE), net energy imports (NEI), gross domestic product (GDP), and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. There are long-run unidirectional Granger causalities running from all considered variables to economic growth. There are short-run unidirectional causalities running from NEI to all considered variables except RP and GDP, from GDP to RP and RE, from FE to RE, and from carbon emissions to RE. By using the autoregressive distributed lag approach, several long-run elasticities are evaluated. In particular, RP increases carbon emissions, whereas NRP reduces it. Both RP and NRP have a positive impact on RE and GDP. RP and NRP seem to be complementary activities, and RE reduces NEI. Therefore, the US authorities should encourage the use of NRP because of their beneficial effect on pollution, home innovation, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth. Keywords Non-resident patents. Resident patents. Renewable energy consumption. Carbon dioxide emissions. Economic growth JEL classifications C32. O34. O51. Q42. Q54 Highlights-There is a short-run unidirectional causality running from NEI to RE.-In the long-run, RP increases carbon emissions, whereas NRP reduces it.-In the long-run, both RP and NRP have a positive impact on RE and GDP.-RE reduces NEI in the long-run.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the role of renewable energy and foreign and non-foreign patents on mitigating emissions: evidence for Tunisian economy

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021

This study investigates the relationships among renewable energies (RE), carbon dioxide (CO2) emi... more This study investigates the relationships among renewable energies (RE), carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign and non-foreign patents (FP, NFP), and trade (TR) for the case of Tunisia using time series data spanning the period 1980–2017. The autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) model approach of Pesaran et al. (J Appl Econ 16:289–326, 2001) and the causality of Granger are employed to explore the dynamic association between the underlined variables. The results from the long-run elasticities show that FDI and TR have negative and statistically significant impacts on RE, while NFP has a positive and statistically significant effect on the consumption of RE. Both FP and CO2 emission variables are insignificant in the long run. In the short run, there are no Granger causal links between RE and patents (FP and NFP), but we have one-way causality running from CO2 emissions to patents (FP and NFP). In the long run, there are bidirectional causalities between RE, NFP, and TR. The Tunisian authorities must impose more stringent environmental standards to attract foreign investments that are more respectful of the environment, and import and export cleaner. It is also necessary to encourage R&D and innovation which appear to be beneficial for the environment.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigating the Interdependence Between Non-Hydroelectric Renewable Energy, Agricultural Value Added, and Arable Land Use in Argentina

Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 2018

We examine the dynamic relationships between per capita carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, real gro... more We examine the dynamic relationships between per capita carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), non-hydroelectric renewable energy (NHRE) consumption, agricultural value added (AVA), and agricultural land (AGRL) use for the case of Argentina over the period 1980-2013 by employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach to cointegration and Granger causality tests. The Wald test confirms the existence of a long-run cointegration between variables. There are long-run bidirectional causalities between all considered variables. The short-run Granger causality suggests bidirectional causality between AVA and agricultural land use; unidirectional causalities running from AGRL to NHRE and from NHRE to AVA. Long-run elasticity estimates suggest that increasing AVA increases GDP and reduces both pollution and NHRE; increasing NHRE reduces AVA and AGRL. Thus it seems that agriculture and renewable energy are substitute activities and compete for land use. We recommend that Argentina should continue to encourage agricultural production. The substitutability between agricultural and non-hydroelectric renewable energy productions, and their competition for agricultural land use, 2 should be at least reduced or even stopped by encouraging R&D in second-generation (or even in third-generation) biofuels production and in new renewable energy technologies more efficient in land use.

Research paper thumbnail of Combustible renewables and waste consumption, agriculture, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Brazil

Carbon Management, 2019

This paper employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and Granger causality tests... more This paper employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and Granger causality tests to examine the dynamic causal links between per capita combustible renewables and waste (CRW) consumption, agricultural value added (AVA), carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, and real gross domestic product (GDP) for the case of Brazil, spanning the period 1980-2011. The Fisher statistic of the Wald test confirms the existence of long-run cointegration between the considered variables. Short-run empirical findings reveal that there is a unidirectional causality running from agriculture to CO 2 emissions and to GDP. However, there is long-run bidirectional causality between all considered variables. The ARDL long-run estimates show that both CRW consumption and AVA contribute to increase economic growth and to decrease CO 2 emissions. Agricultural production and CRW consumption seem to play substitutable roles in the Brazilian economy as increasing CRW consumption reduces AVA in the long-run, and vice versa. In addition, economic growth increases agricultural production at the expense of CRW production. We recommend that Brazil should continue to encourage agricultural and biofuels productions. The actual substitutability between agricultural and biofuels production should be reduced or even stopped by encouraging second-generation biofuels and discouraging first-generation biofuels. This may be done by policies of subsidization or taxation, encouraging R&D, and giving competitive credits.

Research paper thumbnail of Does renewable energy consumption and health expenditures decrease carbon dioxide emissions? Evidence for sub-Saharan Africa countries

Renewable Energy, 2018

This paper employs a number of panel methodological approaches to explore the link between per ca... more This paper employs a number of panel methodological approaches to explore the link between per capita carbon dioxide emissions, per capita real income, renewable energy consumption and health expenditures for a panel of 42 sub-Saharan African countries, spanning the period 1995-2011. The empirical findings provide supportive of a long-run relationship among the variables. Granger causality reveals the presence of a short-run unidirectional causality running from real GDP to CO 2 emissions, a bidirectional causality between renewable energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, a unidirectional causality running from real GDP to renewable energy consumption, and a unidirectional causality running from real GDP to heath expenditure, while long-run estimates document that both renewable energy consumption and health expenditures contribute to the reduction of carbon emissions, while real GDP leads to the increase of emissions in these countries. The results are expected to be of high importance for policymakers in the region. Both renewable energy consumption and expansionary health expenditures are the major drivers of pollution declines. In that sense the findings imply that a substantial part of the state budget in relevance to health expenditures would be a good path to combat global warming in these countries.

Research paper thumbnail of The role of renewable energy and agriculture in reducing CO 2 emissions: Evidence for North Africa countries

Ecological Indicators, 2017

this paper uses panel cointegration techniques and Granger causality tests to investigate the dyn... more this paper uses panel cointegration techniques and Granger causality tests to investigate the dynamic causal links between per capita renewable energy consumption, agricultural value added (AVA), carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, and real gross domestic product (GDP) for a panel of five North Africa countries spanning the period 1980-2011. In the short-run, the Granger causality tests show the existence of a bidirectional causality between CO 2 emissions and agriculture, a unidirectional causality running from agriculture to GDP, a unidirectional causality running from GDP to renewable energy consumption, and a unidirectional causality running from renewable energy consumption to agriculture. In the long-run, there is bidirectional causality between agriculture and CO 2 emissions, a unidirectional causality running from renewable energy to both agriculture and emissions, and a unidirectional causality running from output to both agriculture and emissions. Long-run parameter estimates show that an increase in GDP and in renewable energy consumption increase CO 2 emissions, whereas an increase in agricultural value added reduces CO 2 emissions. As policy recommendation, North African authorities should encourage renewable energy consumption, and especially clean renewable energy such as solar or wind, as this improves agricultural production and help to combat global warming.

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable energy consumption and agriculture: evidence for cointegration and Granger causality for Tunisian economy

International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 2016

This paper uses the vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality tests to investiga... more This paper uses the vector error correction model (VECM) and Granger causality tests to investigate short and long-run relationships between per capita carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, real gross domestic product (GDP), renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, trade openness ratio and agricultural value added (AVA) in Tunisia spanning the period 1980-2011. The Johansen-Juselius test shows that all our considered variables are cointegrated. Short-run Granger causality tests reveal the existence of bidirectional causalities between AVA and CO 2 emissions, and between AVA and trade; unidirectional causalities running from non-renewable energy and output to AVA and to renewable energy, and from CO 2 emissions to renewable energy. Interestingly, there are long-run bidirectional causalities between all considered variables. Our long-run parameters estimates show that non-renewable energy, trade and AVA increase CO 2 emissions, whereas renewable energy reduces CO 2 emissions. In addition, the inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is not supported. Our policy recommendations are to increase international economic exchanges because this gives new opportunities to the agricultural sector to develop and to benefit from renewable energy technology transfer. Subsidizing renewable energy use in the agricultural sector enables it to become more competitive on the international markets while polluting less and contributing to combat global warming.

Research paper thumbnail of Energy consumption, output and trade nexus in North Africa

This study uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the impact of energy consumption, and t... more This study uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the impact of energy consumption, and trade on economic growth for five North Africa countries within a multivariate framework over the period 1980-2009. Short-run dynamic relationship shows that there is evidence of one way short-run relationship from i) output, exports, and capital to imports, ii) fossil fuels consumption to exports, iii) exports to capital and iv) labor to combustible renewables and waste consumption. The vector error correction model shows that there is evidence of long-run relationship running from i) combustible renewables and waste consumption, fossil fuels consumption, exports, imports, capital, and labor to output, ii) fossil fuels consumption, exports, imports, capital, and labor to combustible renewables and waste consumption, and iii) combustible renewables and waste consumption, fossil fuels consumption, exports, capital, and labor to imports. The long-run elasticities show that combustible renewables and waste consumption is not statistically significant and only fossil fuels consumption can affect output while trade is statistically significant and have a negative impact on output through imports and positive impact through exports. The policy implication of these results is that, in these countries, trade openness is not sufficiently efficient to incite the use of energies for production.

Research paper thumbnail of Local advertising externalities and cooperation in one manufacturer-two retailers channel with exogenous marginal profits

Game theory is a relevant and powerful tool for analyzing strategic interactions in a supply chai... more Game theory is a relevant and powerful tool for analyzing strategic interactions in a supply chain in which the decision of each player affect the payoff of other players. In order to relax the classical two supply chain members' situation to a three supply chain members' situation and to integrate the problem of competition at retail level, we consider a supply chain consisting of a monopolistic manufacturer and two duopolistic retailers. The latter two are geographically related. Our paper examines the optimal decisions on advertising (local, national and cooperative advertising) in a centralized and a decentralized supply chain using Stackelberg-Cournot game, Stackelberg-Collusion game and Cooperative games, and we investigate the impact of the existing of competition at retail level, the retailer coalition and the cooperation between all supply chain members' on the channel members' optimal decisions, on the sales volume and on the profits. Applying the equilibrium analysis and using numerical example, comparing results indicates that all advertising, the sales volume of each member and the total profit in the centralized decision-making are larger than those in the decentralized decision-making. Retailer coalition harms themselves (in terms of profit) despite the increasing of sales, but is beneficial to the manufacturer. We identify also the feasible solutions of the best cooperative advertising scheme that members are interesting in cooperation.

Research paper thumbnail of A Game Theoretic Framework for Competing/Cooperating Retailers under price and advertising dependent demand

In this paper, we develop a game theoretic model for cooperative advertising in a supply chain co... more In this paper, we develop a game theoretic model for cooperative advertising in a supply chain consisting of a monopolistic manufacturer selling its product to the consumer only through competing duopolistic retailers. We consider a new form of the demand function which is an additive form. The demand is influenced by both retail price and advertising expenditures. To identify optimal advertising and pricing decisions, we discuss three possible games (two non cooperative games including Stackelberg-Cournot and Stackelberg-Collusion, and one cooperative game) and then we compare the various decision variables and the profits for all cases and also with similar results of the existing literature to develop some important insights.

Research paper thumbnail of Output, renewable energy consumption and international trade: Evidence from a panel of 69 countries

This paper uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the causal relationship between output,... more This paper uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the causal relationship between output, renewable energy consumption and international trade for a sample of 69 countries during the period 1980-2007. In the short-run, Granger causality tests show that there is evidence of bidirectional causality relationship between output and trade (exports or imports), and a unidirectional causality relationship running from renewable energy consumption to trade. However, in the short-run, there is evidence of no causality running from trade to renewable energy consumption. In the long-run, the error correction term provides that there is evidence of bidirectional causality relationship between output, trade and renewable energy consumption. Long-run estimations show that all coefficients are positive and statistically significant. Policies recommendations are that, in the long-run, international trade enables countries to benefit from technology transfer and to build the human and physical capacities needed to produce more renewable energies, while increasing their output. Therefore, more trade openness could be a good policy for combating global warming as it incites the use of renewable energies.

Research paper thumbnail of Economic growth and combustible renewables and waste consumption nexus in MENA countries

This paper is an attempt to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth and combu... more This paper is an attempt to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth and combustible renewables and waste consumption for 12 countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region during the period of 1975-2008 using panel cointegration techniques and panel causality tests. Granger causality test shows that there is evidence of no causality among variables in the short-run, while in the long-run the panel error correction model results reveal bidirectional causality between combustible renewables and waste consumption and economic growth. The results from OLS, FMOLS and DOLS panel estimates suggest that: i) The coefficient of combustible renewables and waste is positive and statistically significant. ii) The impact of economic growth on combustible renewables and waste is positive and statistically significant. In the long-run, a 1% increase in combustible renewables and waste increases real GDP in MENA countries by approximately 0.08%, and a 1% increase in economic growth increase combustible renewables and waste by approximately 0.43%. These results reveal that there is no strong relationship between variables given that the impact of each one on the other is quite small.

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa Countries

African Development Review, 2015

Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, this paper uses panel cointegration te... more Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, this paper uses panel cointegration techniques to investigate the short and the long-run relationship between CO 2 emissions, economic growth, renewable energy consumption and trade openness for a panel of 24 Sub-Saharan Africa countries over the period 1980-2010. The validity of the EKC hypothesis has not been supported for these countries. Short-run Granger causality results reveal that there is a bidirectional causality between emissions and economic growth; bidirectional causality between emissions and real exports; unidirectional causality from real imports to emissions; and unidirectional causality runs from trade (exports or imports) to renewable energy consumption. There is an indirect short-run causality running from emissions to renewable energy and an indirect short-run causality from GDP to renewable energy. In the long-run, the error correction term is statistically significant for emissions, renewable energy consumption and trade openness. The long-run estimates suggest that real GDP per capita and real imports per capita both have a negative and statistically significant impact on per capita CO 2 emissions. The impact of the square of real GDP per capita and real exports per capita are both positive and statistically significant on per capita CO 2 emissions. For the model with imports, renewable energy consumption per capita has a positive impact on per capita emissions. One policy recommendation is that Sub-Saharan countries should expand their trade exchanges particularly with developed countries and try to maximize their benefit from technology transfer generated by such trade relations as this increases their renewable energy consumption.

Research paper thumbnail of The Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Role of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness

We use panel cointegration techniques to investigate the causal relationship between CO 2 emissio... more We use panel cointegration techniques to investigate the causal relationship between CO 2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and trade openness in three different models for a panel of twenty five OECD countries over the period 1980-2009. Also the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis has been tested for these countries. Short-run Granger causality tests show the existence of a unidirectional causality running from the square of per capita output to per capita CO 2 emissions and per capita non-renewable energy consumption and a unidirectional causality running from per capita real exports to per capita CO 2 emissions. There is an indirect short-run causality running from per capita output to per capita non-renewable energy consumption. In the long-run, the FMOLS and DOLS estimates suggest that per capita GDP and per capita non-renewable energy consumption have a positive impact on per capita CO 2 emissions. The long-run estimates sugges...