Igor Smolyar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Igor Smolyar
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2003
The Barents Sea Atlantic Water (AW) is defined in eight different ways in the literature. These d... more The Barents Sea Atlantic Water (AW) is defined in eight different ways in the literature. These definitions can be consolidated into one statement (decision rule) that allows the separation of the AW of the Barents Sea from the rest of the water masses there. The decision rule defines AW as a straight-line function of temperature and salinity and non-Atlantic Water and Mixed Water by their proximity to AW on a temperature–salinity diagram. This rule is used to map the monthly-mean distribution of AW in the Barents Sea at 0, 30, 50 and 100 m depths. These maps demonstrate two stable seasons (winter and summer) of AW intrusion into the Barents Sea. The average duration of the AW-winter season is five months (January to May), whilst that of the AW-summer season is four months (July to October). During the winter, the area coverage of the AW at the surface equals 23% and varies slightly with depth. During summer, there is zero areal coverage of the AW at the surface, and with depth it v...
Computations of the Morphological Characteristics of Binary Arbitrary Patterns
We developed software in the Python 3.7 environment to calculate the morphological characteristic... more We developed software in the Python 3.7 environment to calculate the morphological characteristics of various categories of binary images formed in nature and beyond. These images (called arbitrary) have a complicated structure and vary in size from nano microns (such as images of the microstructure of materials) to hundreds of kilometers (such as satellite images of the surfaces of Earth and Mars). The technology of processing arbitrary patterns is presented in two US patents and peer-reviewed papers and consists of two basic steps. The inputs of the program are binary patterns in the raster BMP format. The outputs are the morphological characteristics of arbitrary patterns: disorder of layer structure (DStr), disorder of layer size (DSize), and pattern complexity (PCom). These parameters are presented in Excel tables using the Comma Separate Values (CSV) format. The <em>ReadMe</em> file contains information that allows one to run the program and understand its output. ...
World Ocean Database 2013 (NCEI Accession 0117075)
The World Ocean Database (WOD) is the World's largest publicly available uniform format quali... more The World Ocean Database (WOD) is the World's largest publicly available uniform format quality controlled ocean profile dataset. Ocean profile data are sets of measurements of an ocean variable at a single geographic location within a short (minutes to hours) temporal period in some portion of the water column from the surface to the bottom. To be considered a profile for the WOD, there must be more than a single depth/variable pair. Multiple profiles at the same location from the same set of instruments is an oceanographic cast. There are more than 13 million oceanographic casts in the WOD 2013 (WOD13) initial release, from the second voyage of Captain Cook (1772) to the modern Argo floats (end of 2012). Ocean variables in the WOD13 include temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, tracers, and biological variables such as plankton and chlorophyll. Quality control procedures are documented and performed on each cast, the results included as flags on each measurement. The WOD13...
NOAA Atlas NESDIS 47
For updates on the data, documentation and additional information about WOD01 please refer to:
This atlas describes a collection of scientifically quality controlled ocean Conductivity/Salinit... more This atlas describes a collection of scientifically quality controlled ocean Conductivity/Salinity-Temperature-Depth (Pressure) (CTD) casts. Yearly distributions for individual years of all CTD casts in the database are presented to provide information on the state of ocean CTD cast observations.
Secular climate fluctuations in the Sea of Azov region (based on thermohaline data over 120 years)
Doklady Earth Sciences, 2008
ABSTRACT Social and economic progress depends on many factors, weather and climate included. Pres... more ABSTRACT Social and economic progress depends on many factors, weather and climate included. Present-day longterm forecasting infers global warming. However, the great interest shown by specialists in long-term and still debatable climatic tendencies should be balanced by a deep consideration for weather cataclysms. Their scrutiny in a long-term aspect may help to orient the society and economy toward the assessment of real natural risks. A glowing example of this thesis is the severe winter in 2006 on the East European Plain from Murmansk to Krasnodar. The weather on this territory spanning several thousand kilometers was characterized by both very low air temperatures (from ‐20 ° to ‐30 ° C) and a long period (more than 40 days) of frosts. The extremely cold winter caused arctic ice conditions with typical hummocking in the northern Caspian Sea, the Kerch Strait, and the Sea of Azov. The ice thickness reached 0.5 m, and the height of ice hummocks reached
Data Science Journal, 2013
We document the geographical and temporal distributions of oceanographic vertical profile observa... more We document the geographical and temporal distributions of oceanographic vertical profile observations made during World War II (1939-1945) that are included in the "World Ocean Database" (WOD). The WOD is a product of the NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center, USA and its co-located ICSU World Data Center for Oceanography. The WOD is the largest collection of ocean profile data available internationally without restriction. All data shown in this paper are available online without restriction and at no cost. The WOD is built upon the international exchange of oceanographic data with contributions of data received from many countries. Most of the data shown in this paper and the data within the WOD in which these data reside in a uniform format were gathered under the auspices of the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) committee of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO and the ICSU (International Council of Science)
Calcified Tissue International, 2009
Mammalian enamel formation is periodic, including fluctuations attributable to the daily biologic... more Mammalian enamel formation is periodic, including fluctuations attributable to the daily biological clock as well as longer-period oscillations that enigmatically correlate with body mass. Because the scaling of bone mass to body mass is an axiom of vertebrate hard tissue biology, we consider that long-period enamel formation rhythms may reflect corresponding and heretofore unrecognized rhythms in bone growth. The principal aim of this study is to seek a rhythm in bone growth demonstrably related to enamel oscillatory development. Our analytical approach is based in morphology, using a variety of hard tissue microscopy techniques. We first ascertain the relationship among long-period enamel rhythms, the striae of Retzius, and body mass using a large sample of mammalian taxa. In addition, we test whether osteocyte lacuna density (a surrogate for rates of cell proliferation) in bone is correlated with mammalian body mass. Finally, using fluorescently labeled developing bone tissues, we investigate whether the bone lamella, a fundamental microanatomical unit of bone, relates to rhythmic enamel growth increments. Our results confirm a positive correlation between long-period enamel rhythms and body mass and a negative correlation between osteocyte density and body mass. We also confirm that lamellar bone is an incremental tissue, one lamella formed in the species
Applied Sciences, 2021
Patterns found among both living systems, such as fish scales, bones, and tree rings, and non-liv... more Patterns found among both living systems, such as fish scales, bones, and tree rings, and non-living systems, such as terrestrial and extraterrestrial dunes, microstructures of alloys, and geological seismic profiles, are comprised of anisotropic layers of different thicknesses and lengths. These layered patterns form a record of internal and external factors that regulate pattern formation in their various systems, making it potentially possible to recognize events in the formation history of these systems. In our previous work, we developed an empirical model (EM) of anisotropic layered patterns using an N-partite graph, denoted as G(N), and a Boolean function to formalize the layer structure. The concept of isotropic and anisotropic layers was presented and described in terms of the G(N) and Boolean function. The central element of the present work is the justification that arbitrary binary patterns are made up of such layers. It has been shown that within the frame of the propos...
Applied Sciences, 2022
In our previous work, we introduced an empirical model (EM) of arbitrary binary images and three ... more In our previous work, we introduced an empirical model (EM) of arbitrary binary images and three morphological characteristics: disorder of layer structure (DStr), disorder of layer size (DSize), and pattern complexity (PCom). The basic concept of the EM is that forms of lines play no role as a morphological factor in any narrow area of an arbitrary binary image; instead, the basic factor is the type of line connectivity, i.e., isotropic/anisotropic connections. The goal of the present work is to justify the possibility of making the EM applicable for the processing of grayscale arbitrary images. One of the possible ways to reach this goal is to assess the influence of image binarization on the robustness of DStr and DSize. Images that exhibit high and low edge gradient are used for this experimental study. The robustness of DStr and DSize against the binarization procedure is described in absolute (deviation from average) and relative (Pearson’s coefficient correlation) terms. Imag...
Heliyon, 2016
Large-scale patterns evident from satellite images of aeolian landforms on Earth and other planet... more Large-scale patterns evident from satellite images of aeolian landforms on Earth and other planets; those of intermediate scale in marine and terrestrial sand ripples and sediment profiles; and small-scale patterns such as lamellae in the bones of vertebrates and annuli in fish scales are each represented by layers of different thicknesses and lengths. Layered patterns are important because they form a record of the state of internal and external factors that regulate pattern formation in these geological and biological systems. It is therefore potentially possible to recognize trends, periodicities, and events in the history of the formation of these systems among the incremental sequences. Though the structures and sizes of these 2-D patterns are typically scale-free, they are also characteristically anisotropic; that is, the number of layers and their absolute thicknesses vary significantly during formation. The aim of the present work is to quantify the structure of layered patterns and to reveal similarities and differences in the processing and interpretation of layered landforms and biological systems. To reach this goal we used N-partite graph
Data Science Journal, 2013
The World Ocean Database (WOD) is the most comprehensive global ocean profile-plankton database a... more The World Ocean Database (WOD) is the most comprehensive global ocean profile-plankton database available internationally without restriction. All data are in one well-documented format and are available both on DVDs for a minimal charge and on-line without charge. The latest DVD version of the WOD is the World Ocean Database 2009 (WOD09). All data in the WOD are associated with as much metadata as possible, and every ocean data value has a quality control flag associated with it. The WOD is a product of the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center and its co-located World Data Center for Oceanography. However, the WOD exists because of the international oceanographic data exchange that has occurred under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and the International Council of Science (ICSU) World Data Center (WDC) system. World Data Centers are part of the ICSU World Data System.
The World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01) was released in 2001 as part of the Global Ocean Data Arche... more The World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01) was released in 2001 as part of the Global Ocean Data Archeology and Rescue (GODAR) project. It contains 7 million temperature profiles and 2 million salinity profiles from all parts of the world ocean from 1773 to July, 2001. The data is available on CD-ROM as well as a constantly updated version online. All temperature and salinity data on WOD01 have been quality controlled through rigorous procedures which include using the data to calculate climatologies over various time periods (annual, seasonal, monthly). For periods with sufficient geographic coverage, 1955 to 2003 for temperature, 1955 to 1998 for salinity, five year mean differences from the climatologcal monthly means where calculated, removing the annual cycle. The results were used to estimate decadal changes in heat content and freshwater budgets globally. The use of the WOD01 data in scientific research provided quality control of data and the discovery of problems which were not ...
A Discrete Model of the 2-D Fish Scale Anisotropic Pattern and its Application to Development of the World Ocean Ichthyological Observation Network
Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE, 2000
Quantification of Bone Growth Rate Variability in Rats Exposed to Micro- (near zero G) and Macrogravity (2G)
ABSTRACT
System and method for quantification of size and anisotropic structure of layered patterns
Quantitation of Bone Growth Rate Variability in Rats Exposed to Micro-(near zero G) and Macrogravity (2G)
ABSTRACT
This is a very valuable contribution to the data science literature. I support publication after ... more This is a very valuable contribution to the data science literature. I support publication after minor revision. P1, L8: What is the definition of a "cast" (or a "profile")? For example, does a temperature profile from the surface down to 50 or 100 m depth qualify? What about down to 20 m? What about a salinity profile from 100 m depth to 150 m depth? Or a mooring with sensors at just a few depths, e.g., 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m? IE, what are the (1) upper/lower depth bounds, (2) minimum number of depth levels, (3) other thresholds C1
PeerJ
Various natural patterns—such as terrestrial sand dune ripples, lamellae in vertebrate bones, gro... more Various natural patterns—such as terrestrial sand dune ripples, lamellae in vertebrate bones, growth increments in fish scales and corals, aortas and lamellar corpuscles in humans and animals—comprise layers of different thicknesses and lengths. Microstructures in manmade materials—such as alloys, perlite steels, polymers, ceramics, and ripples induced by laser on the surface of graphen—also exhibit layered structures. These layered patterns form a record of internal and external factors regulating pattern formation in their various systems, making it potentially possible to recognize and identify in their incremental sequences trends, periodicities, and events in the formation history of these systems. The morphology of layered systems plays a vital role in developing new materials and in biomimetic research. The structures and sizes of these two-dimensional (2D) patterns are characteristically anisotropic: That is, the number of layers and their absolute thicknesses vary significa...
ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2003
The Barents Sea Atlantic Water (AW) is defined in eight different ways in the literature. These d... more The Barents Sea Atlantic Water (AW) is defined in eight different ways in the literature. These definitions can be consolidated into one statement (decision rule) that allows the separation of the AW of the Barents Sea from the rest of the water masses there. The decision rule defines AW as a straight-line function of temperature and salinity and non-Atlantic Water and Mixed Water by their proximity to AW on a temperature–salinity diagram. This rule is used to map the monthly-mean distribution of AW in the Barents Sea at 0, 30, 50 and 100 m depths. These maps demonstrate two stable seasons (winter and summer) of AW intrusion into the Barents Sea. The average duration of the AW-winter season is five months (January to May), whilst that of the AW-summer season is four months (July to October). During the winter, the area coverage of the AW at the surface equals 23% and varies slightly with depth. During summer, there is zero areal coverage of the AW at the surface, and with depth it v...
Computations of the Morphological Characteristics of Binary Arbitrary Patterns
We developed software in the Python 3.7 environment to calculate the morphological characteristic... more We developed software in the Python 3.7 environment to calculate the morphological characteristics of various categories of binary images formed in nature and beyond. These images (called arbitrary) have a complicated structure and vary in size from nano microns (such as images of the microstructure of materials) to hundreds of kilometers (such as satellite images of the surfaces of Earth and Mars). The technology of processing arbitrary patterns is presented in two US patents and peer-reviewed papers and consists of two basic steps. The inputs of the program are binary patterns in the raster BMP format. The outputs are the morphological characteristics of arbitrary patterns: disorder of layer structure (DStr), disorder of layer size (DSize), and pattern complexity (PCom). These parameters are presented in Excel tables using the Comma Separate Values (CSV) format. The <em>ReadMe</em> file contains information that allows one to run the program and understand its output. ...
World Ocean Database 2013 (NCEI Accession 0117075)
The World Ocean Database (WOD) is the World's largest publicly available uniform format quali... more The World Ocean Database (WOD) is the World's largest publicly available uniform format quality controlled ocean profile dataset. Ocean profile data are sets of measurements of an ocean variable at a single geographic location within a short (minutes to hours) temporal period in some portion of the water column from the surface to the bottom. To be considered a profile for the WOD, there must be more than a single depth/variable pair. Multiple profiles at the same location from the same set of instruments is an oceanographic cast. There are more than 13 million oceanographic casts in the WOD 2013 (WOD13) initial release, from the second voyage of Captain Cook (1772) to the modern Argo floats (end of 2012). Ocean variables in the WOD13 include temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, tracers, and biological variables such as plankton and chlorophyll. Quality control procedures are documented and performed on each cast, the results included as flags on each measurement. The WOD13...
NOAA Atlas NESDIS 47
For updates on the data, documentation and additional information about WOD01 please refer to:
This atlas describes a collection of scientifically quality controlled ocean Conductivity/Salinit... more This atlas describes a collection of scientifically quality controlled ocean Conductivity/Salinity-Temperature-Depth (Pressure) (CTD) casts. Yearly distributions for individual years of all CTD casts in the database are presented to provide information on the state of ocean CTD cast observations.
Secular climate fluctuations in the Sea of Azov region (based on thermohaline data over 120 years)
Doklady Earth Sciences, 2008
ABSTRACT Social and economic progress depends on many factors, weather and climate included. Pres... more ABSTRACT Social and economic progress depends on many factors, weather and climate included. Present-day longterm forecasting infers global warming. However, the great interest shown by specialists in long-term and still debatable climatic tendencies should be balanced by a deep consideration for weather cataclysms. Their scrutiny in a long-term aspect may help to orient the society and economy toward the assessment of real natural risks. A glowing example of this thesis is the severe winter in 2006 on the East European Plain from Murmansk to Krasnodar. The weather on this territory spanning several thousand kilometers was characterized by both very low air temperatures (from ‐20 ° to ‐30 ° C) and a long period (more than 40 days) of frosts. The extremely cold winter caused arctic ice conditions with typical hummocking in the northern Caspian Sea, the Kerch Strait, and the Sea of Azov. The ice thickness reached 0.5 m, and the height of ice hummocks reached
Data Science Journal, 2013
We document the geographical and temporal distributions of oceanographic vertical profile observa... more We document the geographical and temporal distributions of oceanographic vertical profile observations made during World War II (1939-1945) that are included in the "World Ocean Database" (WOD). The WOD is a product of the NOAA/National Oceanographic Data Center, USA and its co-located ICSU World Data Center for Oceanography. The WOD is the largest collection of ocean profile data available internationally without restriction. All data shown in this paper are available online without restriction and at no cost. The WOD is built upon the international exchange of oceanographic data with contributions of data received from many countries. Most of the data shown in this paper and the data within the WOD in which these data reside in a uniform format were gathered under the auspices of the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) committee of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO and the ICSU (International Council of Science)
Calcified Tissue International, 2009
Mammalian enamel formation is periodic, including fluctuations attributable to the daily biologic... more Mammalian enamel formation is periodic, including fluctuations attributable to the daily biological clock as well as longer-period oscillations that enigmatically correlate with body mass. Because the scaling of bone mass to body mass is an axiom of vertebrate hard tissue biology, we consider that long-period enamel formation rhythms may reflect corresponding and heretofore unrecognized rhythms in bone growth. The principal aim of this study is to seek a rhythm in bone growth demonstrably related to enamel oscillatory development. Our analytical approach is based in morphology, using a variety of hard tissue microscopy techniques. We first ascertain the relationship among long-period enamel rhythms, the striae of Retzius, and body mass using a large sample of mammalian taxa. In addition, we test whether osteocyte lacuna density (a surrogate for rates of cell proliferation) in bone is correlated with mammalian body mass. Finally, using fluorescently labeled developing bone tissues, we investigate whether the bone lamella, a fundamental microanatomical unit of bone, relates to rhythmic enamel growth increments. Our results confirm a positive correlation between long-period enamel rhythms and body mass and a negative correlation between osteocyte density and body mass. We also confirm that lamellar bone is an incremental tissue, one lamella formed in the species
Applied Sciences, 2021
Patterns found among both living systems, such as fish scales, bones, and tree rings, and non-liv... more Patterns found among both living systems, such as fish scales, bones, and tree rings, and non-living systems, such as terrestrial and extraterrestrial dunes, microstructures of alloys, and geological seismic profiles, are comprised of anisotropic layers of different thicknesses and lengths. These layered patterns form a record of internal and external factors that regulate pattern formation in their various systems, making it potentially possible to recognize events in the formation history of these systems. In our previous work, we developed an empirical model (EM) of anisotropic layered patterns using an N-partite graph, denoted as G(N), and a Boolean function to formalize the layer structure. The concept of isotropic and anisotropic layers was presented and described in terms of the G(N) and Boolean function. The central element of the present work is the justification that arbitrary binary patterns are made up of such layers. It has been shown that within the frame of the propos...
Applied Sciences, 2022
In our previous work, we introduced an empirical model (EM) of arbitrary binary images and three ... more In our previous work, we introduced an empirical model (EM) of arbitrary binary images and three morphological characteristics: disorder of layer structure (DStr), disorder of layer size (DSize), and pattern complexity (PCom). The basic concept of the EM is that forms of lines play no role as a morphological factor in any narrow area of an arbitrary binary image; instead, the basic factor is the type of line connectivity, i.e., isotropic/anisotropic connections. The goal of the present work is to justify the possibility of making the EM applicable for the processing of grayscale arbitrary images. One of the possible ways to reach this goal is to assess the influence of image binarization on the robustness of DStr and DSize. Images that exhibit high and low edge gradient are used for this experimental study. The robustness of DStr and DSize against the binarization procedure is described in absolute (deviation from average) and relative (Pearson’s coefficient correlation) terms. Imag...
Heliyon, 2016
Large-scale patterns evident from satellite images of aeolian landforms on Earth and other planet... more Large-scale patterns evident from satellite images of aeolian landforms on Earth and other planets; those of intermediate scale in marine and terrestrial sand ripples and sediment profiles; and small-scale patterns such as lamellae in the bones of vertebrates and annuli in fish scales are each represented by layers of different thicknesses and lengths. Layered patterns are important because they form a record of the state of internal and external factors that regulate pattern formation in these geological and biological systems. It is therefore potentially possible to recognize trends, periodicities, and events in the history of the formation of these systems among the incremental sequences. Though the structures and sizes of these 2-D patterns are typically scale-free, they are also characteristically anisotropic; that is, the number of layers and their absolute thicknesses vary significantly during formation. The aim of the present work is to quantify the structure of layered patterns and to reveal similarities and differences in the processing and interpretation of layered landforms and biological systems. To reach this goal we used N-partite graph
Data Science Journal, 2013
The World Ocean Database (WOD) is the most comprehensive global ocean profile-plankton database a... more The World Ocean Database (WOD) is the most comprehensive global ocean profile-plankton database available internationally without restriction. All data are in one well-documented format and are available both on DVDs for a minimal charge and on-line without charge. The latest DVD version of the WOD is the World Ocean Database 2009 (WOD09). All data in the WOD are associated with as much metadata as possible, and every ocean data value has a quality control flag associated with it. The WOD is a product of the U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center and its co-located World Data Center for Oceanography. However, the WOD exists because of the international oceanographic data exchange that has occurred under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and the International Council of Science (ICSU) World Data Center (WDC) system. World Data Centers are part of the ICSU World Data System.
The World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01) was released in 2001 as part of the Global Ocean Data Arche... more The World Ocean Database 2001 (WOD01) was released in 2001 as part of the Global Ocean Data Archeology and Rescue (GODAR) project. It contains 7 million temperature profiles and 2 million salinity profiles from all parts of the world ocean from 1773 to July, 2001. The data is available on CD-ROM as well as a constantly updated version online. All temperature and salinity data on WOD01 have been quality controlled through rigorous procedures which include using the data to calculate climatologies over various time periods (annual, seasonal, monthly). For periods with sufficient geographic coverage, 1955 to 2003 for temperature, 1955 to 1998 for salinity, five year mean differences from the climatologcal monthly means where calculated, removing the annual cycle. The results were used to estimate decadal changes in heat content and freshwater budgets globally. The use of the WOD01 data in scientific research provided quality control of data and the discovery of problems which were not ...
A Discrete Model of the 2-D Fish Scale Anisotropic Pattern and its Application to Development of the World Ocean Ichthyological Observation Network
Proceedings of OCEANS 2005 MTS/IEEE, 2000
Quantification of Bone Growth Rate Variability in Rats Exposed to Micro- (near zero G) and Macrogravity (2G)
ABSTRACT
System and method for quantification of size and anisotropic structure of layered patterns
Quantitation of Bone Growth Rate Variability in Rats Exposed to Micro-(near zero G) and Macrogravity (2G)
ABSTRACT
This is a very valuable contribution to the data science literature. I support publication after ... more This is a very valuable contribution to the data science literature. I support publication after minor revision. P1, L8: What is the definition of a "cast" (or a "profile")? For example, does a temperature profile from the surface down to 50 or 100 m depth qualify? What about down to 20 m? What about a salinity profile from 100 m depth to 150 m depth? Or a mooring with sensors at just a few depths, e.g., 50 m, 100 m, and 200 m? IE, what are the (1) upper/lower depth bounds, (2) minimum number of depth levels, (3) other thresholds C1
PeerJ
Various natural patterns—such as terrestrial sand dune ripples, lamellae in vertebrate bones, gro... more Various natural patterns—such as terrestrial sand dune ripples, lamellae in vertebrate bones, growth increments in fish scales and corals, aortas and lamellar corpuscles in humans and animals—comprise layers of different thicknesses and lengths. Microstructures in manmade materials—such as alloys, perlite steels, polymers, ceramics, and ripples induced by laser on the surface of graphen—also exhibit layered structures. These layered patterns form a record of internal and external factors regulating pattern formation in their various systems, making it potentially possible to recognize and identify in their incremental sequences trends, periodicities, and events in the formation history of these systems. The morphology of layered systems plays a vital role in developing new materials and in biomimetic research. The structures and sizes of these two-dimensional (2D) patterns are characteristically anisotropic: That is, the number of layers and their absolute thicknesses vary significa...