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Papers by Srimal Fernando

The relationship between regional organizations and member states and intra-regional relationship... more The relationship between regional organizations and member states and intra-regional relationships may vary from one regional organization to the other. Relations among member states and association with the rest of the world of regional organizations are dependent on their individual frameworks, attitudes of member states and regional political economy.

A long and difficult election journey for uncountable numbers of Sri Lankan politicians and for p... more A long and difficult election journey for uncountable numbers of Sri Lankan politicians and for party supporters of Sri Lanka Freedom party (SLFP) had proceeded in June 1994.

From the inception Sri Lanka and South Africa have made enormous strides in diplomatic cooperatio... more From the inception Sri Lanka and South Africa have made enormous strides in diplomatic cooperation. 2019 is a special milestone for both nations when they celebrate 25 years of diplomatic relations while looking to strengthen bilateral and economic ties based on common aspirations for a sustainable future.

India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs

The growth of economic corridors in developing regions has become instrumental in boosting econom... more The growth of economic corridors in developing regions has become instrumental in boosting economic growth and infrastructure. Economic corridors integrate existing road and rail networks to build effective multimodal transportation networks within a particular geographical setting with the aid of quality distribution networks, logistics and infrastructure. This helps in interlinking various markets and production centres of respective countries. This article investigates the influence of economic corridors in promoting sustainable as well as economic development in the South Asian region. The primary data for the article was collected using semi-structured questionnaires for local respondents and interviews that were conducted with key informants across South Asian region. According to the research conducted amongst informed individuals related to transport corridors and economic hubs in the region, it was found that there is direct correlation between the establishment of economic...

From the Horn of Africa, past the Arabian and the Indian Peninsula, going all the way to Indonesi... more From the Horn of Africa, past the Arabian and the Indian Peninsula, going all the way to Indonesia and beyond, the great Indian Ocean region, stretches across these important junctures which becomes an important medium for India to strengthen its security. India's geostrategic and geo-economic strategy is now getting extremely influenced by its changing Ocean Diplomacy towards indo-pacific. With the recent development of increasing Chinese influence in this region becomes important for India to change its discourse in the Indian Ocean. This geopolitical importance of the Indian Ocean region binding Asia, Africa and Australasia together is calling for a lot of attention by the Indian foreign policy makers for India to counter the China's growing power and its role in the Indian Ocean. India by using its economic, political and diplomatic window with the Indian Ocean rim states needs to further build her strategic power to counter the role of China.

Elections in South Asia and in Indonesia". By Srimal Fernando* ( Published by Ieee ;es -Spanish I... more Elections in South Asia and in Indonesia". By Srimal Fernando* ( Published by Ieee ;es -Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies Journal agency of the Ministry of Defense of Spain ) Date of Publishing 29 September 2015
Author -* Srimal Fernando * International Affairs Expert and a Global Editor for Foreign Exchange Diplomatic Society
http://www.ieee.es/conten…/noticias/…/09/DIEEEO105-2015.html

^ Srimal Fernando. South Africa and Singapore Continues to Grow Stronger partnership . The Dipl... more ^ Srimal Fernando. South Africa and Singapore Continues to Grow Stronger partnership . The Diplomacy Society. [2015-04-12].
Srimal Fernando. South Africa and Singapore partnership continues to grow stronger. The Diplomacy Society. [2015-04-12].

“Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ( Referencias -Srimal Fernando.) Spanish) Kogannu Cemetery (Add... more “Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ( Referencias -Srimal Fernando.) Spanish)
Kogannu Cemetery (Addu Atoll ) The Maldives (Spanish) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementerio_de_Kogannu)
Referencias -Srimal Fernando. «The Cultural Beauty of Maldivian Islands» (en inglés). Consultado el 09 de octubre de 2013.

References Fernando, Srimal (25 January 2010). "Manipay: The Paradise of Jaffna". Daily Mirror ... more References

Fernando, Srimal (25 January 2010). "Manipay: The Paradise of Jaffna". Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka).

Journey across the Addu Atoll BY SRIMAL Fernando Addu atoll situated 400 miles south of Male' ... more Journey across the Addu Atoll BY SRIMAL Fernando

Addu atoll situated 400 miles south of Male' has been a strategic location in the islands of Maldives. This equatorial islands beauty lies in its position in the archipelago.

Addu or Seenu Atoll comprises Hithadhoo, Mardhoo, Feydhoo, Gan, villingili, Huludhoo and Medhoo islands. Most of the islands are formed from coral layers rising sharply from the plateau. The capital of Addu is Gan Island.

Gan Island was used as a naval base during the British period of the colonial rule. Gan, Feydhoo, Mardhoo and Hithadhoo are connected by a 12km causeway. Huludhoo, Medhoo and Villingili are accessible only by ferry.

Most islands in the Addu Atoll are dry and sandy. The most common tree is the coconut tree. The Addu Islands have a population of 30,000 representing 10% of the total Maldivian population.

People of Addu have their own unique character. They are a small community unified by a common history. Intelligent and hard working people of Addu are respectful of each other. They indulge themselves in some form of art such as dancing, music or painting.

It seems that the island's first settlers were Aryan immigrants from India who were believed to have colonized Sri Lanka around 500 B.C. Outside nations influenced Addu life significantly. The Persian and Arab travellers influenced the conversion of the Addu people to Islam in 1153 A.D.

After the conversion of the first known king of the Maley Dynasty these rulers became known as the Sultans. The Maley or Theemuge Dynasty lasted 235 years. Under the rule of 26 different sultans. The Hilali Dynasty ruled for over a period of 170 years until the Portuguese conquest.

The Utheem Dynasty ruled for 127 years until the Huraage Dynasty. The Huraage Dynasty prevailed until 1968.

During the Huraage Dynasty, diplomatic relations with Sri Lanka were established. The two countries formed an alliance, that continued throughout Sri Lanka's Dutch and British colonial periods.

Addu Atoll has many places of interest. Some areas of interest include the Gan war memorial, Gan garment industrial zone, 900 year old Kogannu cemetery in Meedhu Island and the bustling city of Hithadhoo. villingili, Feydhoo and Mardhoo are all year round beach destinations with brilliant sunshine, dry weather and perfect sea conditions.

Fishing is the traditional livelihood of the people of Addu.

The traditional boat used for fishing is called dhoni. Fishing provides job opportunities for the vast majority of the islanders.

As with fishing, boat building is also a craft native to the people of Addu Atoll. In Addu all field crops are raised largely by natural rainfall. Water from the underground water tables lies near the surface. Some islands have ponds and lakes.

To protect unspoiled ecological wonders, people of Addu use mainly organic fertilizer and crop rotation cultivation.

Planting for the most parts of the year occurs during the south west monsoon season. Coconut, banana, chillies, cucumber, cabbage and onions are the main agro based industries in the islands of Addu.

An excellent administrative framework has been outlined by the Atoll Chiefs Minister's office in Hithadhoo.

It gives a new impetus and dimension to the Addu islands investment climate. Delightful paradoxes, unexpected contrast and many other qualities make the equatorial islands of Addu a unique vacation destination.

Discovering the Maldives The people of the Maldives have their unique character. They are a smal... more Discovering the Maldives

The people of the Maldives have their unique character. They are a small community unified by a common history.

By Srimal Fernando

Far from any continental land mass the islands of the Maldives have long been called a garland of pearls set in the azure waters of the Indian Ocean. The Maldives situated 500 km from the Southern tip of both Sri Lanka and India is the ideal exotic tropical island paradise. The atolls of the Maldives are strung along a length of roughly 512 miles north to south, and measure 81 miles across at its greatest width. The Maldives comprised of about 1190 islands grouped into atolls are rising from a common plateau.

Most of the islands in the Maldives are dry and sandy with brilliant sunshine all year around. The most common tree is the coconut tree. The population of the country stands at 300,000 and the common language is Dhivehi .The country gained its independence from Britain in 1965 and has been a republic since 1968.The capital of the Maldives is Male, and a bustling prosperous town which houses the intellectual elite as well as the seat of government. About 75,000 people work in Male on a two square kilometre land mass. The capital maintains a green, peaceful and clean environment.

The people of the Maldives have their unique character. They are a small community unified by a common history. The intelligent and hard working people of the Maldives are respectful of each other. They involve themselves in art forms such as dancing, music and painting. It seems that the islands first settlers were Aryan immigrants from India who were believed to have colonized Sri Lanka around 500 B.C.

Outside nations influenced Maldivian life significantly. The Persian and Arab travellers converted Maldivian people to Islam in 1153 A.D. After the conversion of the first known king of the Malay

Dynasty, these rulers became known as Sultans. The Malay or Theemuge Dynasty lasted 235 years .Under the rule of 29 different sultans the Hilali Dynasty prevailed for over a century until the Portuguese conquest. The Utheem and Huraage Dynasty prevailed thereafter until the Maldives became a republic in 1968. During the Huraage Dynasty diplomatic relations with Sri Lanka were established. The two countries formed an alliance that continued throughout Sri Lanka’s Dutch and British colonial periods.

The Maldives have many places of interest. For example, the Mulee Aage Presidents residence which was built in 1913 and the Hukuru Misky mosque which was built in 1656. The Marine Drives diversity clearly represents the contrast of life in Male’. Gan war memorial ,Gan garment industrial zone , the 900 year old Kogannu cemetery in Meedhu island and the bustling city of Hithadhoo are some other interesting places to see in the Addu Atoll.

The tourism industry is the main economic source for the people of the Maldives. The country has almost 100 island tourist resorts . The island with tourist resort are covered with lush tropical vegetation,numerous palm trees surrounded by white sandy beaches and shallow lagoons with reefs just a few steps away. Within these micro environments most resorts offers everything one needs on a tropical island holiday.

Fishing is the traditional livelihood of the people of the Maldives. The traditional boat used for fishing is called Dhoni. Fishing provides job opportunities for the vast majority of islanders and fishing boat building is also a craft native to the people of the Maldives. On the islands all field crops are raised largely by natural rainfall.

To protect the unspoiled ecological wonders, people of the Maldives use mainly organic fertilizer and crop rotation for cultivation. Planting mostly occurs during the South west monsoon season. Coconut,bananas, chilies, cucumbers, cabbages and onions ar the main crops on the islands of the Maldives.

An excellent administrative framework has been outlined by the Maldivian government to give new impetus and dimension to the countrys investment climate. Delightful paradoxes, unexpected contrast and many other qualities make the islands of the Maldives a unique vacation destination.

Maldives: Offering insights into marvels of South Asia By Srimal Fernando & Abdul Hafeez The Mal... more Maldives: Offering insights into marvels of South Asia

By Srimal Fernando & Abdul Hafeez
The Maldives ,an equatorial nation situated in the azure waters of the Indian Ocean is a country with its own uniqueness. Though rising from a common plateau, the geography of the Maldives features diverse and exciting elements. The Maldives in fact comprises 1190 islands, located along a 512 mile stretch.

The country is situated 500km from the Southern tip of both Sri Lanka and India. Male’ the capital of the Maldives is situated in the Kaafa.

Atoll is a bustling affluent island which houses the intellectual elite as well as the seat of the government.

The People of the Maldives are unified by a common history. They are also united through a common language, Dhivehi. The language has its roots in Sanskrit. .

The countries first settlers were Ariyan immigrants from India who were believed to have colonized Sri Lanka around 500B.C. External nations influenced the Maldivian life significantly. In 1153 A.D the Persian and the Arab travelers converted the people of this Island nation from Buddhism to Islam. After the conversion of the first known king of the Malay dynasty, the rulers became known as Sultans. The Malay or Thimuge dynasty lasted for 235 years. Under the rule of 29 different Sultans the Hilali dynasty prevailed until the Maldives became a Republic.

The country gained its Independence from Britain in 1965. Since 1978 His Excellency the President, Maamoon Abdul Gayoom has been governing the country and overseeing its administration.

The population of Maldives presently stands at 293,746 (2005) scattered across the 199 inhabited islands .The economy of the country has grown at an annual rate of 9% GDP. The per capita income of Maldives increased from USD 377 in 1978 to USD 2401 in 2004.

Expansion of the tourism sector in the Maldives continues to achieve spectacular gain, recording a figure of 616,716. foreign tourist arrivals in 2004. The country has made the optimum out of almost 100 island resorts covered with lush green vegetation and numerous palm trees with sandy beeches, shallow lagoons and reefs with multi colored fish to develop tourism to great heights.

Fishing is the traditional livelihood of the Maldivians. The fisheries industry in the Maldives plays a major role in the countries exports. The traditional boats used for fishing are called Dhoni .The fishing industry provides job opportunities to the vast majority of the Maldivian islanders

Agriculture is another sector in the Maldives which has been recently growing in quality and quantity .The government has introduced a range of incentives to enable farmers to boost production and attract foreign direct investment to the Agriculture sector. Planting is done during the South west monsoon season .Coconut ,Banana ,Chilies ,Cucumbers and Papaya are the main agro based crops which are grown in the islands of the Maldives

The Maldives has passed 41 years of independence. The growth and achievements of the Maldives since independence are outstanding .The socio- economic background from Haa Atoll in the Northern tip of the Maldives, to Seenu Atoll at the Southern end is both vast and diverse. If one is to understand and experience the marvels of South Asia, the Maldives is surely not a place to be missed!

Empowering rural women by Jessica Harris and Srimal Fernando An initiative to enhance the socio... more Empowering rural women by Jessica Harris and
Srimal Fernando
An initiative to enhance the socio-economic conditions of rural women in the Hambantota district of Sri Lanka.

The poverty of women in Sri Lanka has drastically increased in the last two decades and is linked to their unequal situation in the labour market and status within the family. In the Hambantota district in the south, the unemployment rate for women is 40.5 per cent, against 13.4 per cent for men. The socio-economic conditions of women in this district are very poor as against the national level.

The Ruhunu Rural Women's Organisation (RRWO) was founded in 1990 in Weeraketiya to improve the socio-economic conditions of rural women in the district. Its mission is to enhance the capacity of disadvantaged people, especially rural women, and bring about sustainable development. With of 3,200 direct members fostered, RRWO has developed about 48 community-based organisations (CBOs) in 40 villages.

It has adopted a gender and development (GAD) approach to develop sensitivity to gender issues and actively promote the empowerment of rural women at all levels and aspects of their work. The GAD analysis is based on the development philosophy of promoting empowerment of the poor. Since women are the majority of the poor in the Hambantota district, RRWO's organisational goals focus on improving their position.

RRWO's main product is micro-financing and it has developed a savings and credit board. Some of its activities include community mobilisation, organic home gardening, rainwater harvesting, development of entrepreneurial theoretical knowledge, basic finance and accounting training for savings programmes, and organising farmers to implement environmental-friendly farming technologies.

The Hambantota district is in the dry zone, and there is an acute water shortage during the dry season, which lasts between six and nine months. In the villages, women have to walk nearly 2 km to fetch water. Sometimes they fetch water twice a day.

Over the past two years, RRWO's most successful project has been `Making the Domestic Role of Women Effective,' supported by the British High Commission. The project aims to ease domestic activities, promote productivity among women and improve nutrition levels of over 325 low-income families. A major objective is to educate the local community about the advantages of harvesting rainwater and construct percolation tanks to save women the burden of fetching water lover long distances. It also plans to provide energy-efficient clay stoves and help put up organic gardens. "Before the rainwater harvesting tanks, we used to walk for miles to fetch water," says Mary Edirisinghe from Dangathwala. Thanks to rainwater harvesting, a household can save up to 1,344 hours per year.

RRWO has designed training programmes for work-efficient kitchens, which includes using energy-efficient clay stoves. The clay stove, which costs Rs. 200, also enables women to cook two dishes and boil water at the same time.

It needs less firewood, emits less smoke and ash, thereby improving their overall health as well. "Because of the clay stove, I can now heat water and prepare two dishes at the same time. My health has also improved," says H.A. Ramyalatha from Budhiyagama village.

The time saved by the women is used to plant trees and cultivate fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs in their home gardens.

RRWO also encourages its beneficiaries to form their own CBOs. A savings programme is created in each CBO to increase the households' savings and ensure sustainability of the project. Each CBO collects funds every month from its members. This allows members to avail loans for maintenance or repair of the rainwater harvesting tanks.

(This article was published in the Business Line print editio

Mulkirigala (originally known and sometimes still referred to as Mulgirigala) is an imposing rock... more Mulkirigala (originally known and sometimes still referred to as Mulgirigala) is an imposing rock with remarkable cave temples located 21km North from the town of Tangalle in the district of Hambantota. This enormous boulder known as the "Little Sigiriya" rises almost perpendicularly for over two hundred meters out of the surrounding palm forest. Mulkirigala consists of a series of rock temples carved out of the face of a huge rock outcrop built in the 2nd Century. BC. The Mulkirigala Viharaya is a Buddhist temple complex that ascends and crowns the rock. It is a temple of great antiquity with fine murals. In these rock temples, the British colonial administrator George Turner discovered an ancient manuscript, Mahavamsa, the great chronicle, in 1826.

The climb to the summit of this sacred rock begins near the dwelling of the Buddhist monks at the base. A stone path gives way to a flight of steps leading up the flank of the rock. Immediately beyond the ticket office lies the first terrace, home to two rock temples and a small Dagoba. The temple nearest to the entrance contains a reclining Buddha with murals of Vishnu, Kataragama, Vibbishana and paintings of Jataka tales. Just past the ticket office there is a steep flight of steps that leads up to the second terrace. The rock temple on this terrace houses a reclining Buddha with two disciples. The path rises steeply thereafter and turns into a flight of steps and leads to the next terrace, the location of four cave temples with a small rock pool.

Mulkirigala Stupa

Immediately behind the pool is the smallest of the four temples, the Naga Viharaya. The Aluth Viharaya, Raja Maha Viharaya, and Piriven Viharaya are the other three temples on this terrace. Next to the Raja Maha Viharaya is a narrow flight of steps that leads to the summit of the fourth terrace. The view of the surrounding lands from this terrace is breathtaking especially at sunrise and sunset.

The origin of Mulkirigala is so ancient that it has been veiled in the mists of time. The first historical evidence identifies Prince Rohana the brother of Prince Bhaddakachchana who made Mulkirigala area his homeland around 500 B.C. History shows that one of the 32 Bo sprouts from the original Bo tree brought over by Sanghamitta Thera was planted at the Mulkirigala Viharaya.

The Mahavamsa records King Saddatissa constructed the Mulkirigala Viharaya in the 3rd century. The Mulkirigala caves have a mixture of religious and secular paintings and sculptures with several reclining Buddhas, including the 15 metre long sculptures of Buddha's Parinirvana. Mulkirigala contains many beautiful wall paintings based on Jataka stories of Wessanthara and Thelepaththa.

There are seven Viharas and seven sculptures of Buddha. One of the seven viharas at Mulkirigala, Dakkinagiri Viharaya was constructed by King Dhatusena around 400A.D. During the rule of King Agbo, Girivehera was constructed.

Mulkirigala temple Rock

Ministers known as Mulava, during the King Walagamba's reign built Mulava Viharaya. These and other kings of bygone eras who ruled this country contributed immensely to the improvement of the Viharaya. Ven. Wataraggoda Dhammapala Thera, a pioneer amongst the monks of Ruhuna had connections with the Kandyan King Sri Rajasinghe who did a yeoman service for the Buddhist cause.

Mulkirigala was served in different ways during the Portuguese, Dutch and British colonial periods. Hambantota district has many places of interest such as the Tangalle, Polhena, Great and Little Bases on the South and South East coast offers excellent underwater coral exploration sites. Geographic diversity gives Hambantota a rich wildlife resource.

Yala and Bundala National Parks located in the South East edge of the district are two conserved wildlife parks. Kataragama, a favourite pilgrim location visited by Sri Lankans irrespective of their religious beliefs is an important destination to foster reconciliation and peace. People of the area indulge themselves in some form of art such as dancing, music or painting.

Accommodation around Mulkirigala, Weeraketiya and Tangalle, is modest, with basic facilities such as several small hotels or guest houses which continue to provide homely accommodation to suit different lifestyles. One feels welcomed by the hospitality of the smiling people.

With its remarkable history and unrivalled setting, no wonder Mulkirigala has always been a prime destination for travellers from all corners of the country. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2009/12/20/spe25.asp

affna peninsula maintains a sense of identity with a divinely determined past moving towards a br... more affna peninsula maintains a sense of identity with a divinely determined past moving towards a bright future. Jaffna situated 450 km North of Colombo has been a strategic location in the Northern region of Sri Lanka. The Jaffna peninsula consist of 2,587 square kilometre land area and is almost an island with a special ambience not felt anywhere else in the country.

Jaffna peninsula which points towards the west to the tip of India is a flat dry land with shallow lagoons and a number of offshore islands. The narrow neck of the peninsula, occupied by the Chundikkulam bird sanctuary and causeway known as Elephant Pass, connects it to the rest of Sri Lanka.

Kayts, Karaitivu and Punkudutivu islands are joined to the mainland by causeways over the shallow water around the peninsula. Delft, Eluvaitivu, Analaitivu, Nainativu, Mandaitivu and Kurikaddawan islands are accessible only by ferry.

Most areas in the Jaffna peninsula are dry and sandy. The most common tree is the palmyra palm with its elegant fan like fronds.

The people of Jaffna peninsula have their own unique character. They are a kindred society unified by a common history. The ties and obligations felt by individuals to their community reflect the tradition of strong family ties.

Intelligent as well as hard working, the people of Jaffna are tolerant and respectful of each other. The people of Jaffna have been able to blend tradition and modernity.

After the rule of Chola empire in the Jaffna peninsula the Arya Chakravathi dynasty reigned from 1240 to 1450. Jaffna was occupied by the Portuguese (1617 to 1658) and the Dutch (1658 to 1795) until the British conquest. The British period of colonial rule shaped the future of Jaffna city in significant ways.

Jaffna peninsula has many places of interest. The Jaffna Fort, which was build by the Dutch in 1680 is probably the best architecturally designed Dutch fort in all Asia. The centrally positioned star shaped 22 hectare fort was covered by a grass mound and surrounded by a moat.

Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil, north of the town centre is Jaffna's best known and most significant Hindu kovil. The original Murugan temple was built in the 15th century. The beautifully maintained large open aired complex has shrines that represent Hindu deities.

Nagadipa temple is built on one of the sites where the Buddha visited. This large open aired complex of Naga Pooshani Amman Kovil is situated on the Nainativu island near Jaffna peninsula. Nagadipa a favourite pilgrim location, visited by Sri Lankans irrespective of their religions is an important destination to foster reconciliation and peace.

The newly reopened Jaffna public library considered as one of the finest libraries in South Asia is an important place symbolically.

Delft island which is named after the Dutch ceramics town is 10 km from Punkudutivu.

The island bears traces of Portuguese and Dutch eras. The 2000 year old Katarodai ruins, with its twenty dagobas lies west of Chunnakam in the Jaffna peninsula.

The largest Roman Catholic cathedral in Jaffna is St. Mary's. St. John, the Baptist church is the first Anglican church in Sri Lanka, dates from early 19th century.

Jaffna has countless Hindu temples ranging from sprawling complexes with towering gopurams and mandapams. Kopai cemetery, Nelliady shrine, Dhurakai Amman kovil are some of the heritage sites in the Jaffna peninsula.

Point Pedro and Kankesanturai are all year around beach destinations with brilliant sunshine, dry weather and perfect sea conditions.
Economy

In the Jaffna peninsula all field crops are raised largely by natural rainfall. Water from the underground water tables lies near the surface. Some islands near the Jaffna peninsula have ponds or small lakes.

True to their endeavour to protect unspoiled ecological wonders, Jaffna people use mainly organic fertiliser and crop rotation cultivation. Planting for the most part occurs during the north eastern monsoon season.

Paddy, coconut, potatoes, chillies and onions are the main agro based industries in the area nearly. 18,875 acres of paddy and 1960 acres of coconut are grown in the Jaffna peninsula.

Jaffna peninsula is renowned for its agriculture. It is aided by irrigation from limestone wells and farmers who are now returning to commercial volumes of production. The peninsula is also famous for its distinctively tasty mangoes.

Jaffna peninsula is also the leading area in the Northern Province for the production of milk. Daily 13,818 litres of milk are produced.

Fishing is the traditional livelihood of the people of the Jaffna peninsula. The fisheries industry plays a major role in the peninsula and has an annual catch of 5,310 tonnes. Gurunagar is the major fishing port in the peninsula.

An excellent business framework has been outlined by the Jaffna Chamber of Commerce, Jaffna Chamber of Commerce and Industries of Yalpanam and the Jaffna Chamber of Small and Micro Industries and gives new impetus and dimension to the Jaffna peninsula investment climate.

The history of Jaffna challenges the imagination and enchants the visitor who seeks natural beauty and tranquility.

(The writer is a consultant of International Alert, who visited Jaffna Peninsula from September 14-18).

South Asia: Facing a Challenging Security Transition By Srimal Fernando

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The Madras Cafe Protests: Eelamism Marches On By Srimal Fernando (The International Center for P... more The Madras Cafe Protests: Eelamism Marches On
By Srimal Fernando
(The International Center for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) is a specialist center within the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.)
www.cttajournal.org
Protests against the recently released Bollywood film Madras Cafe provide an opportunity to examine the continued support among southern Indian Tamils and members of the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora in the UK for a separate state in Sri Lanka’s Tamil-dominated north and east
One of Bollywood’s more controversial releases in recent times has been Shoojit Sircar’s Madras Café, which is based on Sri Lanka’s civil war. The film stirred up a range of reactions over its portrayal of events that occurred after India’s involvement in Sri Lanka from 1987 to 1990. Tamil militancy developed in Sri Lanka during the mid-1970s partly in response to post-independence state policies that favored the majority Sinhalese at the expense of the minority Tamils. During the course of the conflict, India’s role has been seen in different perspectives, even to the extent of being interventionists.
Cold War politics coupled with fears over its own restive Tamil population in the southern state of Tamil Nadu and a desire to project its influence were some of the reasons behind India’s involvement. However, India found itself dragged into a direct confrontation with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), the strongesthttp://www.cttajournal.org/issues/CTTA-October13.pdf

El propósito principal de este artículo es proporcionar una perspectiva sobre la importancia de l... more El propósito principal de este artículo es proporcionar una perspectiva sobre la importancia de la seguridad y la estabilidad de un país. El documento examina las diferencias de las insurrecciones que afectaron al norte y sur de Sri Lanka y como afectaron al propio país y los países vecinos como consecuencia del ciclo de viol encia generado. El análisis de los momentos decisivos en los conflictos, los esfuerzos para reducir el riesgo de un nuevo conflicto y la manera de encontrar un futuro más tolerante después de la guerra es una lección para las generaciones futuras.