Srinivasa Bolla - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Srinivasa Bolla

Research paper thumbnail of The global fatty liver disease Sustainable Development Goal country score for 195 countries and territories

Hepatology

Background and Aims: Fatty liver disease is highly prevalent, resulting in overarching wellbeing ... more Background and Aims: Fatty liver disease is highly prevalent, resulting in overarching wellbeing and economic costs. Addressing it requires comprehensive and coordinated multisectoral action. We developed a fatty liver disease Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) country score to provide insights into country-level preparedness to address fatty liver disease through a whole-of-society lens. Approach and Results: We developed 2 fatty liver disease–SDG score sets. The first included 6 indicators (child wasting, child overweight, noncommunicable disease mortality, a universal health coverage service coverage index, health worker density, and education attainment), covering 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017. The second included the aforementioned indicators plus an urban green space indicator, covering 60 countries and territories for which 2017 data were available. To develop the fatty liver disease–SDG score, indicators were categorized as “positive” or “negative” and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Variant structures potent to compress the median nerve in the arm

Neurosciences, Oct 1, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of Stimulant Usage by Medical Students for Cognitive Enhancement: A Systematic Review

Cureus, May 22, 2021

Stimulants have been used throughout human history for a variety of reasons. High levels of stres... more Stimulants have been used throughout human history for a variety of reasons. High levels of stress and the demanding nature of medical school make their usage among medical students particularly common. The most prevalent stimulant used by students is coffee, followed by tea and other forms of caffeine like sugary energy drinks. In addition, amphetamine-based medications for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been increasing in popularity, which many students take illicitly. Students report taking various forms of stimulants to promote cognitive enhancement, prolong wakefulness and retain focus for long periods of time. Moderate doses of caffeine and amphetamines would lead to enhanced alertness and concentration. However, large increases in dosage or frequency would lead to an increased risk of toxicity and adverse effects. The positive outcomes from stimulant consumption are often overshadowed by the negative side effects and incorrect dosage. Thus, it appears that usage of stimulants should be limited, in favor of a more sustainable approach to cognitive enhancement. This review analyzes the use of stimulants among the medical student community, consequences of misuse and discussed the healthy and organic approaches to lessen the stress and improve academic performance. This article also discusses the mechanisms of action, acceptable doses, additives, ingredients of stimulants commonly used by medical students for cognitive enhancement and the implications of long-term use as the stress of practicing medicine extends well beyond the medical school years.

Research paper thumbnail of In vitro wound healing potency of methanolic leaf extract of Aristolochia saccata is possibly mediated by its stimulatory effect on collagen-1 expression

Heliyon, May 1, 2019

Background: Identification and assessment of therapeutic potential of natural products derived fr... more Background: Identification and assessment of therapeutic potential of natural products derived from medicinal plants have led to the discovery of innovative and economical drugs to treat several diseases, including chronic wounds. In vitro cell based scratch assay is an appropriate and inexpensive method for initial understanding of wound healing potential of medicinal plant extracts. The current study was aimed at investigating the wound healing capacity of Aristolochia saccata leaf extract by using scratch assay as a primary model, where proliferative and migratory capabilities of test compounds could be monitored through microscopy studies. A. saccata is an evergreen climbing shrub belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae. Methods: Methanolic extraction of the plant material was done using Soxhlet apparatus and the cytotoxicity of the extract on L929 cells was studied by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. L929 is a human fibroblast cell line. In vitro scratch assay was performed to evaluate the wound healing properties of A. saccata leaf extract and possible mechanism of action was analyzed by flow cytometric expression studies of an extracellular matrix (ECM) factor, collagen type-1. Results: MTT assay revealed that A. saccata leaf extract had no cytotoxic effect on the cells and at higher concentrations, the extract showed mild toxicity resulting in the death of just 2.88% cells. Scratch assay showed 34.05%, 70.00%, 93.52% wound closure at 12hrs, 24hrs and 48hrs of incubation respectively. These results were similar compared to positive control which showed 37.60, 56.41 and 99.05% of wound closure. Further, flow cytometry-based studies revealed that the A. saccata leaf extract induced the expression of ECM remodelling factor collagen-1. Conclusion: Our study revealed the wound healing capabilities of A. saccata In vitro. Hence, A. saccata could be recommended as a potential source of wound healing agents.

Research paper thumbnail of Multiple Abdominal Veins Thrombosis Secondary to Protein S Deficiency - A Case Report

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Bilateral Cleidohyoideus Accessorius Muscle-A Case Report

Journal of evolution of medical and dental sciences, Jan 28, 2013

Accessory muscles are rare anatomical variants which may have clinical implications. Variations o... more Accessory muscles are rare anatomical variants which may have clinical implications. Variations of the muscles in the infrahyoid region assume clinical significance during diagnostic procedures and surgical operations in the region of neck. An unusual muscle "Cleidohyoideus accessorius" was found in the infra hyoid region bilaterally during routine dissection of neck region in an adult male cadaver. On both the sides muscle had its origin from the superior surface of the middle one third of the clavicle. The muscle coursing upward, lateral to the sternohyoid, was inserted into the hyoid bone. The other infra hyoid muscles including omohyoid were intact and in their typical form. The accessory muscle received its nerve supply from ansa cervicalis. Here we report a variation of rare occurrence, a case of bilateral accessory muscle "Cleidohyoideus accessorius", its embryological and clinical considerations are being reviewed here.

Research paper thumbnail of Gastric floating in-situ gel as a strategy for improving anti-inflammatory activity of meloxicam

journal of applied pharmaceutical science, Nov 1, 2018

The present study was aimed to develop gastric floating in-situ gels of meloxicam (MLX) mainly to... more The present study was aimed to develop gastric floating in-situ gels of meloxicam (MLX) mainly to enhance antiinflammatory activity and alleviate gastric ulceration potential of meloxicam. Ternary inclusion complex of meloxicam containing hydrox ypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and diethylamine (DEA) in 1:1:1 molar ratio was used as a chief component in the development of gastric floating in-situ gel formulations of meloxicam. Box-Behnken design was utilized to design and optimize gastric floating in-situ gels of meloxicam. Independent variables (concentrations of sodium alginate, calcium carbonate, and a ternary inclusion complex of meloxicam, respectively) were optimized in order to achieve the desired responses. The response surface plots and the possible interactions between the independent variables were analyzed using the Design Expert Software 11.0.3.0 (Stat-Ease, Inc, USA). The results showed that the optimized gastric floating in-situ gels with a short floating lag time (41 seconds), low viscosity (190 cps), and high in vitro drug release at sixth hour (77%) was obtained using an optimized combination of calcium carbonate (0.75% w/v), sodium alginate (1.25% w/v), and MLX-HPβCD-DEA ternary complex (equivalent to 11.25 mg of meloxicam), respectively. Moreover, the optimized gastric floating in-situ gel formulation of meloxicam ternary complex exhibited significantly ameliorated anti-inflammatory activity [84.38% (p < 0.05) at sixth hour and also showed a significant reduction in local gastric ulceration potential compared to pure meloxicam]. Thus, this gastric floating in situ gelling system can be translated for existing and established non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) as well as formulations.

Research paper thumbnail of Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Prostate

StatPearls, Apr 9, 2019

The prostate gland is situated in the true pelvis and plays a supportive role in the male reprodu... more The prostate gland is situated in the true pelvis and plays a supportive role in the male reproductive system. Its principal purpose is to secrete alkaline solution protective for sperm in the acidic environment of the vagina. The fluid acts to balance the acidity of the vagina, which increases the overall lifespan of the sperm, allowing the greatest length of time to fertilize an egg successfully. The fluid also contains supportive proteins and enzymes that provide nourishment to sperm. The added volume of the prostatic fluid to the seminal fluid and sperm allow for easier mechanical propulsion through the urethra.

Research paper thumbnail of Accessory muscle, infrahyoid, Cleidohyoideus accessorius, Anatomic variation

Research paper thumbnail of Stem Cells Therapy: A Ray of Hope for Huntington Disease

International journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, 2021

Huntington disease is an autosomal neurodegenerative disease that is induced by a repeated trinuc... more Huntington disease is an autosomal neurodegenerative disease that is induced by a repeated trinucleotide sequence of a gene that encodes Huntingtin and is characterized by motor, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations. It is a progressive disorder with symptoms worsening over time. The prevalence of this disease is predominant in the United States as well as the UK. The five main progression stages of this disease are Early stage, Early intermediate stage, Late intermediate stages, Early advanced stage, and Advanced stage. The risk factors at the molecular level are CAG is trinucleotide repeat, CAG instability, and genetic modification. The drugs currently used for this disease are useful only in treating the symptoms of the disease but not as useful long-term therapies. Stem cells remedy on the other hand are much more versatile and might prove effective in the treatment of neurodegeneration. Stem cells, which may be employed in Huntington research, are pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, adipose stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Each type of cell line has its essential properties for combating this disease. Although extensive investigations have been carried out for this disease, there is no successful therapy as of today. This review provides comprehensive information on novel stem cell therapy research that has been channeled out for the treatment of this genetic neurodegenerative disorder.

Research paper thumbnail of Retraction Note to: A novel self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for curcumin used in the treatment of wound healing and inflammation

Research paper thumbnail of General Attitudes Towards and Readiness for Medical Artificial Intelligence among Medical and Health Sciences Students in Kazakhstan (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Medical AI is an exponentially expanding field with great potential to revolutionize h... more BACKGROUND Medical AI is an exponentially expanding field with great potential to revolutionize healthcare. Many tasks in healthcare are now and in the future will integrate AI. It is essential for future medical and healthcare providers to be ready and to use them to optimize patient care. However, in Kazakhstan, the attitudes and readiness of medical and health sciences students toward medical AI still need to be discovered. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the general attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence (AI) and medical AI readiness among Kazakhstani medical and health sciences students and examined the factors influencing the students' medical AI readiness. METHODS A quantitative study using an online survey was conducted among medical and health sciences students at Nazarbayev University School of Medicine (NUSOM) in Spring 2023. We employed the “General Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence Scale” (GAAIS) to assess the students' AI attitudes and the “Medical Arti...

Research paper thumbnail of The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Lancet

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable ri... more Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4•45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4•01-4•94) deaths and 105 million (95•0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44•4% (41•3-48•4) of all cancer deaths and 42•0% (39•1-45•6) of all DALYs. There were 2•88 million (2•60-3•18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50•6% [47•8-54•1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1•58 million (1•36-1•84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36•3% [32•5-41•3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20•4% (12•6-28•4) and DALYs by 16•8% (8•8-25•0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34•7% [27•9-42•8] and 33•3% [25•8-42•0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Funding Bill &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Melinda Gates Foundation.

Research paper thumbnail of Arcade of Frohse, Inter Epicondylar Line, Supinator Muscle, Deep Branch of Radial Nerve and Radial Tunnel Syndrome

Morphological Classification of Arch of Frohse and Its Implication in Compression of Deep Branch of Radial Nerve

, Feb 8, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Global mortality from dementia: Application of a new method and results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 2021

IntroductionDementia is currently one of the leading causes of mortality globally, and mortality ... more IntroductionDementia is currently one of the leading causes of mortality globally, and mortality due to dementia will likely increase in the future along with corresponding increases in population growth and population aging. However, large inconsistencies in coding practices in vital registration systems over time and between countries complicate the estimation of global dementia mortality.MethodsWe meta‐analyzed the excess risk of death in those with dementia and multiplied these estimates by the proportion of dementia deaths occurring in those with severe, end‐stage disease to calculate the total number of deaths that could be attributed to dementia.ResultsWe estimated that there were 1.62 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 0.41–4.21) deaths globally due to dementia in 2019. More dementia deaths occurred in women (1.06 million [0.27–2.71]) than men (0.56 million [0.14–1.51]), largely but not entirely due to the higher life expectancy in women (age‐standardized female‐to‐male...

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Lancet, 2020

Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable disease... more Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries.

Research paper thumbnail of Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Lancet, 2020

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based... more The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3•5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.

Research paper thumbnail of Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

Nature Medicine, 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the pa... more An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Research paper thumbnail of Bilateral prehilar multiple branching of renal arteries: a case report and literature review

Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)

Proper knowledge of variations of the arteries supplying the kidney is essential not only to the ... more Proper knowledge of variations of the arteries supplying the kidney is essential not only to the anatomists but also to the surgeons. In the present paper we are reporting a case of bilateral early and multiple branching of the renal arteries. The origin of the 2 renal arteries was normal but soon after their origin they ended by giving rise to multiple branches. Most of these branches entered the kidney through the hilum. However, on both sides, one of the branches (superior polar artery) passed superolaterally to reach the upper pole of the kidney. The superior polar artery also gave rise to the inferior suprarenal artery. Further, related literature review is done and the urological implications of these variations in renal surgeries are discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of The global fatty liver disease Sustainable Development Goal country score for 195 countries and territories

Hepatology

Background and Aims: Fatty liver disease is highly prevalent, resulting in overarching wellbeing ... more Background and Aims: Fatty liver disease is highly prevalent, resulting in overarching wellbeing and economic costs. Addressing it requires comprehensive and coordinated multisectoral action. We developed a fatty liver disease Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) country score to provide insights into country-level preparedness to address fatty liver disease through a whole-of-society lens. Approach and Results: We developed 2 fatty liver disease–SDG score sets. The first included 6 indicators (child wasting, child overweight, noncommunicable disease mortality, a universal health coverage service coverage index, health worker density, and education attainment), covering 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017. The second included the aforementioned indicators plus an urban green space indicator, covering 60 countries and territories for which 2017 data were available. To develop the fatty liver disease–SDG score, indicators were categorized as “positive” or “negative” and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Variant structures potent to compress the median nerve in the arm

Neurosciences, Oct 1, 2007

Research paper thumbnail of Stimulant Usage by Medical Students for Cognitive Enhancement: A Systematic Review

Cureus, May 22, 2021

Stimulants have been used throughout human history for a variety of reasons. High levels of stres... more Stimulants have been used throughout human history for a variety of reasons. High levels of stress and the demanding nature of medical school make their usage among medical students particularly common. The most prevalent stimulant used by students is coffee, followed by tea and other forms of caffeine like sugary energy drinks. In addition, amphetamine-based medications for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been increasing in popularity, which many students take illicitly. Students report taking various forms of stimulants to promote cognitive enhancement, prolong wakefulness and retain focus for long periods of time. Moderate doses of caffeine and amphetamines would lead to enhanced alertness and concentration. However, large increases in dosage or frequency would lead to an increased risk of toxicity and adverse effects. The positive outcomes from stimulant consumption are often overshadowed by the negative side effects and incorrect dosage. Thus, it appears that usage of stimulants should be limited, in favor of a more sustainable approach to cognitive enhancement. This review analyzes the use of stimulants among the medical student community, consequences of misuse and discussed the healthy and organic approaches to lessen the stress and improve academic performance. This article also discusses the mechanisms of action, acceptable doses, additives, ingredients of stimulants commonly used by medical students for cognitive enhancement and the implications of long-term use as the stress of practicing medicine extends well beyond the medical school years.

Research paper thumbnail of In vitro wound healing potency of methanolic leaf extract of Aristolochia saccata is possibly mediated by its stimulatory effect on collagen-1 expression

Heliyon, May 1, 2019

Background: Identification and assessment of therapeutic potential of natural products derived fr... more Background: Identification and assessment of therapeutic potential of natural products derived from medicinal plants have led to the discovery of innovative and economical drugs to treat several diseases, including chronic wounds. In vitro cell based scratch assay is an appropriate and inexpensive method for initial understanding of wound healing potential of medicinal plant extracts. The current study was aimed at investigating the wound healing capacity of Aristolochia saccata leaf extract by using scratch assay as a primary model, where proliferative and migratory capabilities of test compounds could be monitored through microscopy studies. A. saccata is an evergreen climbing shrub belongs to the family Aristolochiaceae. Methods: Methanolic extraction of the plant material was done using Soxhlet apparatus and the cytotoxicity of the extract on L929 cells was studied by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. L929 is a human fibroblast cell line. In vitro scratch assay was performed to evaluate the wound healing properties of A. saccata leaf extract and possible mechanism of action was analyzed by flow cytometric expression studies of an extracellular matrix (ECM) factor, collagen type-1. Results: MTT assay revealed that A. saccata leaf extract had no cytotoxic effect on the cells and at higher concentrations, the extract showed mild toxicity resulting in the death of just 2.88% cells. Scratch assay showed 34.05%, 70.00%, 93.52% wound closure at 12hrs, 24hrs and 48hrs of incubation respectively. These results were similar compared to positive control which showed 37.60, 56.41 and 99.05% of wound closure. Further, flow cytometry-based studies revealed that the A. saccata leaf extract induced the expression of ECM remodelling factor collagen-1. Conclusion: Our study revealed the wound healing capabilities of A. saccata In vitro. Hence, A. saccata could be recommended as a potential source of wound healing agents.

Research paper thumbnail of Multiple Abdominal Veins Thrombosis Secondary to Protein S Deficiency - A Case Report

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Bilateral Cleidohyoideus Accessorius Muscle-A Case Report

Journal of evolution of medical and dental sciences, Jan 28, 2013

Accessory muscles are rare anatomical variants which may have clinical implications. Variations o... more Accessory muscles are rare anatomical variants which may have clinical implications. Variations of the muscles in the infrahyoid region assume clinical significance during diagnostic procedures and surgical operations in the region of neck. An unusual muscle "Cleidohyoideus accessorius" was found in the infra hyoid region bilaterally during routine dissection of neck region in an adult male cadaver. On both the sides muscle had its origin from the superior surface of the middle one third of the clavicle. The muscle coursing upward, lateral to the sternohyoid, was inserted into the hyoid bone. The other infra hyoid muscles including omohyoid were intact and in their typical form. The accessory muscle received its nerve supply from ansa cervicalis. Here we report a variation of rare occurrence, a case of bilateral accessory muscle "Cleidohyoideus accessorius", its embryological and clinical considerations are being reviewed here.

Research paper thumbnail of Gastric floating in-situ gel as a strategy for improving anti-inflammatory activity of meloxicam

journal of applied pharmaceutical science, Nov 1, 2018

The present study was aimed to develop gastric floating in-situ gels of meloxicam (MLX) mainly to... more The present study was aimed to develop gastric floating in-situ gels of meloxicam (MLX) mainly to enhance antiinflammatory activity and alleviate gastric ulceration potential of meloxicam. Ternary inclusion complex of meloxicam containing hydrox ypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and diethylamine (DEA) in 1:1:1 molar ratio was used as a chief component in the development of gastric floating in-situ gel formulations of meloxicam. Box-Behnken design was utilized to design and optimize gastric floating in-situ gels of meloxicam. Independent variables (concentrations of sodium alginate, calcium carbonate, and a ternary inclusion complex of meloxicam, respectively) were optimized in order to achieve the desired responses. The response surface plots and the possible interactions between the independent variables were analyzed using the Design Expert Software 11.0.3.0 (Stat-Ease, Inc, USA). The results showed that the optimized gastric floating in-situ gels with a short floating lag time (41 seconds), low viscosity (190 cps), and high in vitro drug release at sixth hour (77%) was obtained using an optimized combination of calcium carbonate (0.75% w/v), sodium alginate (1.25% w/v), and MLX-HPβCD-DEA ternary complex (equivalent to 11.25 mg of meloxicam), respectively. Moreover, the optimized gastric floating in-situ gel formulation of meloxicam ternary complex exhibited significantly ameliorated anti-inflammatory activity [84.38% (p < 0.05) at sixth hour and also showed a significant reduction in local gastric ulceration potential compared to pure meloxicam]. Thus, this gastric floating in situ gelling system can be translated for existing and established non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) as well as formulations.

Research paper thumbnail of Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Prostate

StatPearls, Apr 9, 2019

The prostate gland is situated in the true pelvis and plays a supportive role in the male reprodu... more The prostate gland is situated in the true pelvis and plays a supportive role in the male reproductive system. Its principal purpose is to secrete alkaline solution protective for sperm in the acidic environment of the vagina. The fluid acts to balance the acidity of the vagina, which increases the overall lifespan of the sperm, allowing the greatest length of time to fertilize an egg successfully. The fluid also contains supportive proteins and enzymes that provide nourishment to sperm. The added volume of the prostatic fluid to the seminal fluid and sperm allow for easier mechanical propulsion through the urethra.

Research paper thumbnail of Accessory muscle, infrahyoid, Cleidohyoideus accessorius, Anatomic variation

Research paper thumbnail of Stem Cells Therapy: A Ray of Hope for Huntington Disease

International journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, 2021

Huntington disease is an autosomal neurodegenerative disease that is induced by a repeated trinuc... more Huntington disease is an autosomal neurodegenerative disease that is induced by a repeated trinucleotide sequence of a gene that encodes Huntingtin and is characterized by motor, behavioral, and cognitive manifestations. It is a progressive disorder with symptoms worsening over time. The prevalence of this disease is predominant in the United States as well as the UK. The five main progression stages of this disease are Early stage, Early intermediate stage, Late intermediate stages, Early advanced stage, and Advanced stage. The risk factors at the molecular level are CAG is trinucleotide repeat, CAG instability, and genetic modification. The drugs currently used for this disease are useful only in treating the symptoms of the disease but not as useful long-term therapies. Stem cells remedy on the other hand are much more versatile and might prove effective in the treatment of neurodegeneration. Stem cells, which may be employed in Huntington research, are pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, adipose stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Each type of cell line has its essential properties for combating this disease. Although extensive investigations have been carried out for this disease, there is no successful therapy as of today. This review provides comprehensive information on novel stem cell therapy research that has been channeled out for the treatment of this genetic neurodegenerative disorder.

Research paper thumbnail of Retraction Note to: A novel self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for curcumin used in the treatment of wound healing and inflammation

Research paper thumbnail of General Attitudes Towards and Readiness for Medical Artificial Intelligence among Medical and Health Sciences Students in Kazakhstan (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Medical AI is an exponentially expanding field with great potential to revolutionize h... more BACKGROUND Medical AI is an exponentially expanding field with great potential to revolutionize healthcare. Many tasks in healthcare are now and in the future will integrate AI. It is essential for future medical and healthcare providers to be ready and to use them to optimize patient care. However, in Kazakhstan, the attitudes and readiness of medical and health sciences students toward medical AI still need to be discovered. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the general attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence (AI) and medical AI readiness among Kazakhstani medical and health sciences students and examined the factors influencing the students' medical AI readiness. METHODS A quantitative study using an online survey was conducted among medical and health sciences students at Nazarbayev University School of Medicine (NUSOM) in Spring 2023. We employed the “General Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence Scale” (GAAIS) to assess the students' AI attitudes and the “Medical Arti...

Research paper thumbnail of The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Lancet

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable ri... more Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4•45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4•01-4•94) deaths and 105 million (95•0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44•4% (41•3-48•4) of all cancer deaths and 42•0% (39•1-45•6) of all DALYs. There were 2•88 million (2•60-3•18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50•6% [47•8-54•1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1•58 million (1•36-1•84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36•3% [32•5-41•3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20•4% (12•6-28•4) and DALYs by 16•8% (8•8-25•0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34•7% [27•9-42•8] and 33•3% [25•8-42•0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Funding Bill &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Melinda Gates Foundation.

Research paper thumbnail of Arcade of Frohse, Inter Epicondylar Line, Supinator Muscle, Deep Branch of Radial Nerve and Radial Tunnel Syndrome

Morphological Classification of Arch of Frohse and Its Implication in Compression of Deep Branch of Radial Nerve

, Feb 8, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Global mortality from dementia: Application of a new method and results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 2021

IntroductionDementia is currently one of the leading causes of mortality globally, and mortality ... more IntroductionDementia is currently one of the leading causes of mortality globally, and mortality due to dementia will likely increase in the future along with corresponding increases in population growth and population aging. However, large inconsistencies in coding practices in vital registration systems over time and between countries complicate the estimation of global dementia mortality.MethodsWe meta‐analyzed the excess risk of death in those with dementia and multiplied these estimates by the proportion of dementia deaths occurring in those with severe, end‐stage disease to calculate the total number of deaths that could be attributed to dementia.ResultsWe estimated that there were 1.62 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 0.41–4.21) deaths globally due to dementia in 2019. More dementia deaths occurred in women (1.06 million [0.27–2.71]) than men (0.56 million [0.14–1.51]), largely but not entirely due to the higher life expectancy in women (age‐standardized female‐to‐male...

Research paper thumbnail of Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Lancet, 2020

Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable disease... more Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries.

Research paper thumbnail of Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The Lancet, 2020

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based... more The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3•5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.

Research paper thumbnail of Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

Nature Medicine, 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the pa... more An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Research paper thumbnail of Bilateral prehilar multiple branching of renal arteries: a case report and literature review

Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)

Proper knowledge of variations of the arteries supplying the kidney is essential not only to the ... more Proper knowledge of variations of the arteries supplying the kidney is essential not only to the anatomists but also to the surgeons. In the present paper we are reporting a case of bilateral early and multiple branching of the renal arteries. The origin of the 2 renal arteries was normal but soon after their origin they ended by giving rise to multiple branches. Most of these branches entered the kidney through the hilum. However, on both sides, one of the branches (superior polar artery) passed superolaterally to reach the upper pole of the kidney. The superior polar artery also gave rise to the inferior suprarenal artery. Further, related literature review is done and the urological implications of these variations in renal surgeries are discussed.