Steeve Reisberg - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Steeve Reisberg
Label-free and multiplexed electrochemical detection of PCR fragments on screen-printed electrode arrays. Application to spoligotyping of _Mycobacterium tuberculosis_
Background / Purpose: This work presents the development of a DNA electrochemical biosensor based... more Background / Purpose: This work presents the development of a DNA electrochemical biosensor based on label-free and signal-on hybridization detection. Electrodes were modified by an electroactive ultrathin film obtained by co-electro-grafting of a mixture of diazonium salts (3-aminothiophenol-5-hydroxy-1,4-naphtoquinone- Jug-Ph and 4-aminobenzoic acid-Ph-COOH). Oligonucleotide capture probes modified on their 5'-end with an amino group were covalently grafted on the Ph-COOH functions, while the Jug-Ph groups were used as the redox transducers, which translate hybridization into changes in current. These changes were monitored using square wave voltammetry (SWV). Results showed very good reproducibility, excellent selectivity (discrimination of a SNP) and sensitivity (10 pM), not only with synthetic oligonucleotide targets, but also with PCR products. Electrodes have been implemented in a network of 81 independent screen-printed electrodes for application to a specific case: the ...
Method for producing an ion detector
The invention relates to a method for producing a detector that makes it possible to detect the p... more The invention relates to a method for producing a detector that makes it possible to detect the presence of at least one given ion in a liquid-phase sample. According to the invention the method comprises the following steps: a conductive solution is supplied that contains
Article in Press
Biosensors & Bioelectronics
2 Detector i.e. chemical sensor, fabricating method for diagnosing mucoviscidosis, involves circulating current in support to form layer of polymer on reception surface, such that polymer reacts with ion to produce detection current
The method involves providing a conducting solution containing 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or ... more The method involves providing a conducting solution containing 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or its derivative. An electroconductive support with a reception surface is provided, and immersed in the solution, where the support is made of carbon or metallic layer.
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2015
We propose in this work a general and versatile methodology for electrochemical monitoring of per... more We propose in this work a general and versatile methodology for electrochemical monitoring of persistent pharmaceutical micropollutants. The system presented is based on an electroactive and electropolymerized hapten (mimetic molecule of the pollutant to be detected) and a specific antibody that competitively binds either the hapten or the pollutant. The current delivered by the device depends on this competitive equilibrium and therefore on the pollutant's concentration. The determination of the pharmaceutical product operates within minutes, using square wave voltammetry without labeling or addition of a reactant in solution; the competitive hapten/antibody transduction gives a "signal-on" (a current increase). Applied to acetaminophen, this electrochemical immunosensor presents a very low detection limit of ca. 10 pM, (S/N = 3) and a very high selectivity towards structural analogs (aspirin, BPA, piperazine) even in a mixture.
Biosensors & bioelectronics, Jan 15, 2014
In this work, we report a reagentless electrochemical peptide (AVPFAQKG) sensor to directly detec... more In this work, we report a reagentless electrochemical peptide (AVPFAQKG) sensor to directly detect the BIR3 domain of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP-BIR3). The bioreceptor was based on a conducting copolymer film electrosynthesized from juglone and a juglone-peptide conjugate (JP) newly designed. The peptide-protein interactions generated an important increase of steric hindrance at the interface and a current decrease (signal off) of the redox reaction from quinone embedded in the polymer backbone as evidenced by Square Wave Voltammetry. This allowed a specific and sensitive detection of XIAP-BIR3 with a detection limit of 1 nM (13 ng mL(-1)). The peptide-protein complex could be then dissociated by adding the free precursor peptide (AVPFAQKG) into solution, causing a shift-back on the signal, i.e. an increase in the current intensity (signal-on). This "off-on" detection sequence was used in this work as a double verification of the specificity and this app...
Direct, Selective and Sensitive Detection of Organic Pollutants by a Novel Electrochemical Immunosensor
Label Free DNA Sensors Using PNA Probe Sequence and Electroactive Self-Assembled Monolayer Application to PCR Fragments of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Device for Detecting Molecules of Interest, Its Manufacturing Process and Its Use
ABSTRACT The detection device comprises at least one transducer, having a primary amine functiona... more ABSTRACT The detection device comprises at least one transducer, having a primary amine functional group linked to a quinone, or to a quinone derivative, via a carbon atom or a heteroatom of a carbon chain, at least one receptor possessing a primary amine functional group, possibly a functionalized carbon ... ...
Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2010
In this paper, we first review different strategies reported in the literature to elaborate elect... more In this paper, we first review different strategies reported in the literature to elaborate electrochemical DNA sensors based on carbon nanotubes. Then we report a new strategy to graft both redox and DNA probes onto carbon nanotubes to make a label-free DNA sensor. Oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes are first immobilized on a self-assembled monolayer of cysteamine. Then a redox probe, a quinone derivative 3-[(2-aminoethyl) sulfanyl-5hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone], is grafted onto the free carboxylic groups of the nanotubes. After that, for DNA probe grafting, new carboxylic sites are generated via an aryl diazonium route. After hybridization with a complementary sequence, the conformational changes of DNA could influence the redox kinetics of quinone, leading to a current increase in the redox signal, detected by square wave voltammetry. The system is selective, as it can distinguish a single mismatched sequence from the complementary one.
Label-free electrochemical detection of prostate-specific antigen based on nucleic acid aptamer
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2015
We report a label-free aptasensor to make direct detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA, a b... more We report a label-free aptasensor to make direct detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA, a biomarker of prostate cancer) using a quinone-containing conducting copolymer acting as redox transducer and grafting matrix for immobilization of the short aptamer strands. It is shown that capture of PSA generates a current decrease (signal-off) measured by Square Wave Voltammetry. This current decrease is specific for PSA above a limit of quantification in the ngmL(-1) range. The change in current is used to determine the PSA-aptamer dissociation constant KD, of ca. 2.6nM. To consolidate the proof of concept, a heterogeneous competitive exchange with a complementary DNA strand which breaks PSA-aptamer interactions is studied. This double-check followed by a current increase provides full assurance of a perfectly specific recognition.
An electrochemical ELISA-like immunosensor for miRNAs detection based on screen-printed gold electrodes modified with reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes
Biosensors & bioelectronics, Jan 15, 2014
We design an electrochemical immunosensor for miRNA detection, based on screen-printed gold elect... more We design an electrochemical immunosensor for miRNA detection, based on screen-printed gold electrodes modified with reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. An original immunological approach is followed, using antibodies directed to DNA.RNA hybrids. An electrochemical ELISA-like amplification strategy was set up using a secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Hydroquinone is oxidized into benzoquinone by the HRP/H2O2 catalytic system. In turn, benzoquinone is electroreduced into hydroquinone at the electrode. The catalytic reduction current is related to HRP amount immobilized on the surface, which itself is related to miRNA.DNA surface density on the electrode. This architecture, compared to classical optical detection, lowers the detection limit down to 10 fM. Two miRNAs were studied: miR-141 (a prostate biomarker) and miR-29b-1 (a lung cancer biomarker).
Talanta, 2013
In this paper, poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalene) was interpenetrated into the network made of multiwal... more In this paper, poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalene) was interpenetrated into the network made of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on platinum interdigital electrode (IDE) by electro-polymerization of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (1,5-DAN). The electro-polymerization process of 1,5-DAN on MWCNT was controlled by scanning the cyclic voltage at 50 mV s −1 scan rate between −0.1 V and +0.95 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The results of voltammetric responses and Raman spectroscopy represented that the films MWCNT/poly(1,5-DAN) were successfully created by this polymerization process. The films MWCNT/poly(1,5-DAN) were investigated for gas-sensing to NO 2 at low concentration level. The gassensing results showed that the response-recovery times were long and strongly affected by thickness of the film MWCNT/poly(1,5-DAN). Nevertheless, these films represented auspicious results for gas sensors operating at room temperature.
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2013
This paper reports on the sensing of proteins using water-gated organic field-effect transistors.... more This paper reports on the sensing of proteins using water-gated organic field-effect transistors. As a proofof-concept, streptavidin and avidin were used, with a biotinylated polymer as the active sensing material.
Quinone-Based Polymers for Label-Free and Reagentless Electrochemical Immunosensors: Application to Proteins, Antibodies and Pesticides Detection
Biosensors, 2013
Polyquinone derivatives are widely recognized in the literature for their remarkable properties, ... more Polyquinone derivatives are widely recognized in the literature for their remarkable properties, their biocompatibility, simple synthesis, and easy bio-functionalization. We have shown that polyquinones present very stable electroactivity in neutral aqueous medium within the cathodic potential domain avoiding side oxidation of interfering species. Besides, they can act as immobilized redox transducers for probing biomolecular interactions in sensors. Our group has been working on devices based on such modified electrodes with a view to applications for proteins, antibodies and organic pollutants using a reagentless label-free electrochemical immunosensor format. Herein, these developments are briefly reviewed and put into perspective.
Talanta, 2008
An electrochemical hybridization biosensor based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe is presented... more An electrochemical hybridization biosensor based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe is presented. PNA were attached covalently onto a quinone-based electroactive polymer. Changes in flexibility of the PNA probe strand upon hybridization generates electrochemical changes at the polymer-solution interface. A reagentless and direct electrochemical detection was obtained by detection of the electrochemical changes using square wave voltammetry (SWV). An increase in the peak current of quinone was observed upon hybridization of probe on the target, whereas no change is observed with non-complementary sequence. In addition, the biosensor is highly selective to effectively discriminate a single mismatch on the target sequence. The sensitivity is also presented and discussed.
Talanta, 2010
A system device using multifunctional conjugated copolymer poly(5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinoneco-hy... more A system device using multifunctional conjugated copolymer poly(5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinoneco-hydroxy-2-thioacetic acid-1,4-naphthoquinone) acting both as immobilizing and transducing element for reagentless immunosensor has been constructed. Its functionality was evaluated in an antigen-antibody interaction model using ovalbumin-anti-ovalbumin. It was shown that the system specifically detects via electrochemical signal the antigen-antibody immune interaction in a reagentless context. Comparison to the conventional ELISA technique relevant to performance and sensitivity was presented.
Talanta, 2010
We developed a method to graft a tripeptide (glutathione) onto 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, an e... more We developed a method to graft a tripeptide (glutathione) onto 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, an electropolymerizable molecule. The resulting thin conducting polymer presents a well-defined and stable electroactivity in neutral buffered solution, due to the embedded quinone group, and is able to covalently graft amino-modified DNA probe strands. It is shown that the bioelectrode presents positive current change following DNA hybridization. This makes a "signal-on" direct electrochemical DNA sensor. The results were obtained with low target concentration (50 nM) and the selectivity is excellent as a single-mismatch sequence can be discriminated from the full-complementary target.
Synthetic Metals, 2012
We report here an original strategy to graft both electroactive conjugated oligomers and DNA prob... more We report here an original strategy to graft both electroactive conjugated oligomers and DNA probes on an electrode to make a label-free and reagentless DNA sensor. Oligomers of 5-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone are synthesized, then covalently immobilized on the electrode by electro-oxidation of their terminal amino group, along with aminophenylacetic acid. Then, short DNA probes modified by terminal amino group are chemically grafted via peptide bonds on the aminophenylacetic acid molecules. In this way, short DNA strands and electroactive oligomers, having barely the same length, are grafted close together and can interact. It is shown that hybridization with a complementary sequence, which changes the conformation of DNA strands, influences the redox kinetics of quinone groups and leads to a current increase, whereas no significant changes are observed for random or mismatch sequences.
DNA for Non-nucleic Acid Sensing
RNA Technologies, 2015
Label-free and multiplexed electrochemical detection of PCR fragments on screen-printed electrode arrays. Application to spoligotyping of _Mycobacterium tuberculosis_
Background / Purpose: This work presents the development of a DNA electrochemical biosensor based... more Background / Purpose: This work presents the development of a DNA electrochemical biosensor based on label-free and signal-on hybridization detection. Electrodes were modified by an electroactive ultrathin film obtained by co-electro-grafting of a mixture of diazonium salts (3-aminothiophenol-5-hydroxy-1,4-naphtoquinone- Jug-Ph and 4-aminobenzoic acid-Ph-COOH). Oligonucleotide capture probes modified on their 5'-end with an amino group were covalently grafted on the Ph-COOH functions, while the Jug-Ph groups were used as the redox transducers, which translate hybridization into changes in current. These changes were monitored using square wave voltammetry (SWV). Results showed very good reproducibility, excellent selectivity (discrimination of a SNP) and sensitivity (10 pM), not only with synthetic oligonucleotide targets, but also with PCR products. Electrodes have been implemented in a network of 81 independent screen-printed electrodes for application to a specific case: the ...
Method for producing an ion detector
The invention relates to a method for producing a detector that makes it possible to detect the p... more The invention relates to a method for producing a detector that makes it possible to detect the presence of at least one given ion in a liquid-phase sample. According to the invention the method comprises the following steps: a conductive solution is supplied that contains
Article in Press
Biosensors & Bioelectronics
2 Detector i.e. chemical sensor, fabricating method for diagnosing mucoviscidosis, involves circulating current in support to form layer of polymer on reception surface, such that polymer reacts with ion to produce detection current
The method involves providing a conducting solution containing 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or ... more The method involves providing a conducting solution containing 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or its derivative. An electroconductive support with a reception surface is provided, and immersed in the solution, where the support is made of carbon or metallic layer.
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2015
We propose in this work a general and versatile methodology for electrochemical monitoring of per... more We propose in this work a general and versatile methodology for electrochemical monitoring of persistent pharmaceutical micropollutants. The system presented is based on an electroactive and electropolymerized hapten (mimetic molecule of the pollutant to be detected) and a specific antibody that competitively binds either the hapten or the pollutant. The current delivered by the device depends on this competitive equilibrium and therefore on the pollutant's concentration. The determination of the pharmaceutical product operates within minutes, using square wave voltammetry without labeling or addition of a reactant in solution; the competitive hapten/antibody transduction gives a "signal-on" (a current increase). Applied to acetaminophen, this electrochemical immunosensor presents a very low detection limit of ca. 10 pM, (S/N = 3) and a very high selectivity towards structural analogs (aspirin, BPA, piperazine) even in a mixture.
Biosensors & bioelectronics, Jan 15, 2014
In this work, we report a reagentless electrochemical peptide (AVPFAQKG) sensor to directly detec... more In this work, we report a reagentless electrochemical peptide (AVPFAQKG) sensor to directly detect the BIR3 domain of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP-BIR3). The bioreceptor was based on a conducting copolymer film electrosynthesized from juglone and a juglone-peptide conjugate (JP) newly designed. The peptide-protein interactions generated an important increase of steric hindrance at the interface and a current decrease (signal off) of the redox reaction from quinone embedded in the polymer backbone as evidenced by Square Wave Voltammetry. This allowed a specific and sensitive detection of XIAP-BIR3 with a detection limit of 1 nM (13 ng mL(-1)). The peptide-protein complex could be then dissociated by adding the free precursor peptide (AVPFAQKG) into solution, causing a shift-back on the signal, i.e. an increase in the current intensity (signal-on). This "off-on" detection sequence was used in this work as a double verification of the specificity and this app...
Direct, Selective and Sensitive Detection of Organic Pollutants by a Novel Electrochemical Immunosensor
Label Free DNA Sensors Using PNA Probe Sequence and Electroactive Self-Assembled Monolayer Application to PCR Fragments of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Device for Detecting Molecules of Interest, Its Manufacturing Process and Its Use
ABSTRACT The detection device comprises at least one transducer, having a primary amine functiona... more ABSTRACT The detection device comprises at least one transducer, having a primary amine functional group linked to a quinone, or to a quinone derivative, via a carbon atom or a heteroatom of a carbon chain, at least one receptor possessing a primary amine functional group, possibly a functionalized carbon ... ...
Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2010
In this paper, we first review different strategies reported in the literature to elaborate elect... more In this paper, we first review different strategies reported in the literature to elaborate electrochemical DNA sensors based on carbon nanotubes. Then we report a new strategy to graft both redox and DNA probes onto carbon nanotubes to make a label-free DNA sensor. Oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes are first immobilized on a self-assembled monolayer of cysteamine. Then a redox probe, a quinone derivative 3-[(2-aminoethyl) sulfanyl-5hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone], is grafted onto the free carboxylic groups of the nanotubes. After that, for DNA probe grafting, new carboxylic sites are generated via an aryl diazonium route. After hybridization with a complementary sequence, the conformational changes of DNA could influence the redox kinetics of quinone, leading to a current increase in the redox signal, detected by square wave voltammetry. The system is selective, as it can distinguish a single mismatched sequence from the complementary one.
Label-free electrochemical detection of prostate-specific antigen based on nucleic acid aptamer
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2015
We report a label-free aptasensor to make direct detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA, a b... more We report a label-free aptasensor to make direct detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA, a biomarker of prostate cancer) using a quinone-containing conducting copolymer acting as redox transducer and grafting matrix for immobilization of the short aptamer strands. It is shown that capture of PSA generates a current decrease (signal-off) measured by Square Wave Voltammetry. This current decrease is specific for PSA above a limit of quantification in the ngmL(-1) range. The change in current is used to determine the PSA-aptamer dissociation constant KD, of ca. 2.6nM. To consolidate the proof of concept, a heterogeneous competitive exchange with a complementary DNA strand which breaks PSA-aptamer interactions is studied. This double-check followed by a current increase provides full assurance of a perfectly specific recognition.
An electrochemical ELISA-like immunosensor for miRNAs detection based on screen-printed gold electrodes modified with reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes
Biosensors & bioelectronics, Jan 15, 2014
We design an electrochemical immunosensor for miRNA detection, based on screen-printed gold elect... more We design an electrochemical immunosensor for miRNA detection, based on screen-printed gold electrodes modified with reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. An original immunological approach is followed, using antibodies directed to DNA.RNA hybrids. An electrochemical ELISA-like amplification strategy was set up using a secondary antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Hydroquinone is oxidized into benzoquinone by the HRP/H2O2 catalytic system. In turn, benzoquinone is electroreduced into hydroquinone at the electrode. The catalytic reduction current is related to HRP amount immobilized on the surface, which itself is related to miRNA.DNA surface density on the electrode. This architecture, compared to classical optical detection, lowers the detection limit down to 10 fM. Two miRNAs were studied: miR-141 (a prostate biomarker) and miR-29b-1 (a lung cancer biomarker).
Talanta, 2013
In this paper, poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalene) was interpenetrated into the network made of multiwal... more In this paper, poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalene) was interpenetrated into the network made of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on platinum interdigital electrode (IDE) by electro-polymerization of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene (1,5-DAN). The electro-polymerization process of 1,5-DAN on MWCNT was controlled by scanning the cyclic voltage at 50 mV s −1 scan rate between −0.1 V and +0.95 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The results of voltammetric responses and Raman spectroscopy represented that the films MWCNT/poly(1,5-DAN) were successfully created by this polymerization process. The films MWCNT/poly(1,5-DAN) were investigated for gas-sensing to NO 2 at low concentration level. The gassensing results showed that the response-recovery times were long and strongly affected by thickness of the film MWCNT/poly(1,5-DAN). Nevertheless, these films represented auspicious results for gas sensors operating at room temperature.
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2013
This paper reports on the sensing of proteins using water-gated organic field-effect transistors.... more This paper reports on the sensing of proteins using water-gated organic field-effect transistors. As a proofof-concept, streptavidin and avidin were used, with a biotinylated polymer as the active sensing material.
Quinone-Based Polymers for Label-Free and Reagentless Electrochemical Immunosensors: Application to Proteins, Antibodies and Pesticides Detection
Biosensors, 2013
Polyquinone derivatives are widely recognized in the literature for their remarkable properties, ... more Polyquinone derivatives are widely recognized in the literature for their remarkable properties, their biocompatibility, simple synthesis, and easy bio-functionalization. We have shown that polyquinones present very stable electroactivity in neutral aqueous medium within the cathodic potential domain avoiding side oxidation of interfering species. Besides, they can act as immobilized redox transducers for probing biomolecular interactions in sensors. Our group has been working on devices based on such modified electrodes with a view to applications for proteins, antibodies and organic pollutants using a reagentless label-free electrochemical immunosensor format. Herein, these developments are briefly reviewed and put into perspective.
Talanta, 2008
An electrochemical hybridization biosensor based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe is presented... more An electrochemical hybridization biosensor based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe is presented. PNA were attached covalently onto a quinone-based electroactive polymer. Changes in flexibility of the PNA probe strand upon hybridization generates electrochemical changes at the polymer-solution interface. A reagentless and direct electrochemical detection was obtained by detection of the electrochemical changes using square wave voltammetry (SWV). An increase in the peak current of quinone was observed upon hybridization of probe on the target, whereas no change is observed with non-complementary sequence. In addition, the biosensor is highly selective to effectively discriminate a single mismatch on the target sequence. The sensitivity is also presented and discussed.
Talanta, 2010
A system device using multifunctional conjugated copolymer poly(5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinoneco-hy... more A system device using multifunctional conjugated copolymer poly(5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinoneco-hydroxy-2-thioacetic acid-1,4-naphthoquinone) acting both as immobilizing and transducing element for reagentless immunosensor has been constructed. Its functionality was evaluated in an antigen-antibody interaction model using ovalbumin-anti-ovalbumin. It was shown that the system specifically detects via electrochemical signal the antigen-antibody immune interaction in a reagentless context. Comparison to the conventional ELISA technique relevant to performance and sensitivity was presented.
Talanta, 2010
We developed a method to graft a tripeptide (glutathione) onto 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, an e... more We developed a method to graft a tripeptide (glutathione) onto 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, an electropolymerizable molecule. The resulting thin conducting polymer presents a well-defined and stable electroactivity in neutral buffered solution, due to the embedded quinone group, and is able to covalently graft amino-modified DNA probe strands. It is shown that the bioelectrode presents positive current change following DNA hybridization. This makes a "signal-on" direct electrochemical DNA sensor. The results were obtained with low target concentration (50 nM) and the selectivity is excellent as a single-mismatch sequence can be discriminated from the full-complementary target.
Synthetic Metals, 2012
We report here an original strategy to graft both electroactive conjugated oligomers and DNA prob... more We report here an original strategy to graft both electroactive conjugated oligomers and DNA probes on an electrode to make a label-free and reagentless DNA sensor. Oligomers of 5-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone are synthesized, then covalently immobilized on the electrode by electro-oxidation of their terminal amino group, along with aminophenylacetic acid. Then, short DNA probes modified by terminal amino group are chemically grafted via peptide bonds on the aminophenylacetic acid molecules. In this way, short DNA strands and electroactive oligomers, having barely the same length, are grafted close together and can interact. It is shown that hybridization with a complementary sequence, which changes the conformation of DNA strands, influences the redox kinetics of quinone groups and leads to a current increase, whereas no significant changes are observed for random or mismatch sequences.
DNA for Non-nucleic Acid Sensing
RNA Technologies, 2015