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Papers by Stefan Kirchanski

Research paper thumbnail of Therapeutic agent specific for tissue

PURPOSE: To prepare a therapeutic agent specific for a tissue having a bound antigen by binding a... more PURPOSE: To prepare a therapeutic agent specific for a tissue having a bound antigen by binding an antibody specific for the antigen and a therapeutic substance to a water-soluble polymer having no net positive charge. CONSTITUTION: This therapeutic agent comprises (A) a water-soluble polymer having a charge not greater than zero, e.g. poly(meth)acrylic acid, polyacrylamide, PVA, hydroxyethyl cellulose or a natural water-soluble polymer, (B) an antibody, bound to the component A and specific for an antigen and (C) a therapeutic substance, bound to the component A and selected from chemotherapeutic substances, radiotherapeutic substances, vitamins, tumor-inhibiting drugs and tissue affecting materials desired to be delivered to an antigenic site. The coupling of the antibody to the polymer is carried out by a binding means selected from the group consisting of an active group on the antibody, an active coupling agent, an active group on the polymer, an activable group on the polymer,...

Research paper thumbnail of Publish and Perish? The Rules of the Game

Research paper thumbnail of Chloroplasts in Living Cells and the String-of-Grana Concept of Chloroplast Structure Revisited

Photosynthesis Research, 2004

Research paper thumbnail of Method for determining and identifying leukocyte

PURPOSE: To identify leukocyte from red cell and platelet by diluting one portion of a sample fro... more PURPOSE: To identify leukocyte from red cell and platelet by diluting one portion of a sample from blood with an isotensoid solution containing a fluorescent dye for absorbing red light, dying a blood cell so that it can be identified, and detecting the front angle light scattering, right-angle light scattering, and red fluorescence from the cell. CONSTITUTION: One portion of a sample is sampled from blood, the sample is diluted by a table salt water solution containing the fluorescent dye of oxazine species, and a blood cell brought into contact with the fluorescent dye, thus dyeing the cell so that it can be identified. Then, helium-neon laser etc., are used as an excitation source and the front angle light scattering, right- angle light scattering, and red fluorescent are detected from the cell. At this time, since leukocyte develops an essentially larger fluorescence than red cell or platelet, leukocyte can be identified from blood cell and platelet in undissolved total blood by...

Research paper thumbnail of Protection of U.S. Patent Rights in Developing Countries: U.S. Efforts to Enforce Pharmaceutical Patents in Thailand

A patent 8 represents a government grant of a "monopoly" 9 of limited duration' 0 on the use of a... more A patent 8 represents a government grant of a "monopoly" 9 of limited duration' 0 on the use of an invention or discovery. Although patent laws vary from country to country, if an invention is novel, useful, and not obvious, and if the invention fits within the statutory categories of protectable inventions, it is generally patentable. 11 Much of the controversy in international patent law surrounds variations, from country to country, in patentable categories. Because the owner of a patent can charge a royalty for the use of the patented invention, if a country refuses to recognize a patentable category, such a refusal will necessarily affect the cost of using a given technology in that country. B. Western Position on Patent Protection Versus the Position of Developing Nations Western countries generally believe that a patent system provides the best overall incentive to encourage invention. 12 Although this assertion is difficult to prove,' 3 it forms the basis for the exten-8. For a general explanation of patent law, see ARTHUR R. MILLER & MICHAEL H. DAVIS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, PATENTS, TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHT (2d ed. 1990). 9. Strictly speaking, a patent is not always a monopoly. Many countries grant a right to exclude others from using an invention. "Every patent shall contain.., a grant... of the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention throughout the United States." 35 U.S.C. § 154 (1988). A true monopoly would grant the exclusive right to use an invention. In many cases, however, the right to exclude is tantamount to a monopoly. 10. The term of a patent is usually 15 to 20 years. The period in the United States is 17 years. See 35 U.S.C. § 154 (1988). 11. "Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent thereof."

Research paper thumbnail of Protection of U.S. Patent Rights in Developing Countries: U.S. Efforts to Enforce Pharmaceutical Patents in Thailand

Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 1994

A patent 8 represents a government grant of a "monopoly" 9 of limited duration' 0 on the use of a... more A patent 8 represents a government grant of a "monopoly" 9 of limited duration' 0 on the use of an invention or discovery. Although patent laws vary from country to country, if an invention is novel, useful, and not obvious, and if the invention fits within the statutory categories of protectable inventions, it is generally patentable. 11 Much of the controversy in international patent law surrounds variations, from country to country, in patentable categories. Because the owner of a patent can charge a royalty for the use of the patented invention, if a country refuses to recognize a patentable category, such a refusal will necessarily affect the cost of using a given technology in that country. B. Western Position on Patent Protection Versus the Position of Developing Nations Western countries generally believe that a patent system provides the best overall incentive to encourage invention. 12 Although this assertion is difficult to prove,' 3 it forms the basis for the exten-8. For a general explanation of patent law, see ARTHUR R. MILLER & MICHAEL H. DAVIS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, PATENTS, TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHT (2d ed. 1990). 9. Strictly speaking, a patent is not always a monopoly. Many countries grant a right to exclude others from using an invention. "Every patent shall contain.., a grant... of the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention throughout the United States." 35 U.S.C. § 154 (1988). A true monopoly would grant the exclusive right to use an invention. In many cases, however, the right to exclude is tantamount to a monopoly. 10. The term of a patent is usually 15 to 20 years. The period in the United States is 17 years. See 35 U.S.C. § 154 (1988). 11. "Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent thereof."

Research paper thumbnail of Immunological Reagents Employing Polymeric Backbones

Research paper thumbnail of Immunological reagents employing polymeric backbone possessing reactive functional groups

Research paper thumbnail of Simultaneous detection of leukocyte phagocytic and killing ability

Research paper thumbnail of Material and method to reduce non-specific binding of a labelled material

Research paper thumbnail of Flow cytometry lysing reagent with leukoprotective agent for producing a 3-part WBC count

Research paper thumbnail of Methods and reagents for staining intracellular components

Research paper thumbnail of Method for quantitating and differentiating white blood cells

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of integral proteins on frozen membrane fracture

Research paper thumbnail of Chill-induced morphological alterations in Anacystis Nidulans as a function of growth temperature

Planta, 1979

Cells of Anacystis nidulans grown at 25 or 39~ were examined both by thin-section and freeze-frac... more Cells of Anacystis nidulans grown at 25 or 39~ were examined both by thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Ceils grown at either temperature appeared similar when fixed at the growth temperature prior to observation. When cells were chilled to near 0~ for 30 rain prior to fixation, those previously grown at 25 ~ appeared unchanged as judged by thin sectioning while those grown at 39 ~ showed considerable morphological alteration. Freeze fracture showed particle aggregation (more pronounced in 39~ cells) indicating lipidphase separation in cells chilled prior to fixation. The phase separation was totally reversed by rewarming the chilled, 25~ cells to their growth temperature but was only partially reversed by rewarming chilled, 39~ cells. These results correlate with other effects of chilling seen in Anacystis cells grown at different temperatures.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Studies of the Thylakoid Proteins of Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Plastids of Zea mays

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 1976

The proteins from both grana and stroma lamellae of maize (Zea mays) mesophyil plastids and from ... more The proteins from both grana and stroma lamellae of maize (Zea mays) mesophyil plastids and from maize bundle sheath plastid membranes have been compared by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using a discontinuous buffer system. Peptide differences between grana and stroma lameilae were essentiafly quantitative and not qualitative. Bundle sheath plastid membrane peptides more closely resembled those of the ultrastructurally similar stroma lamellae. However, bundle sheath membranes contained sevenl peptides not apparent in the stroma lamellae. The unappressed membranes (stroma lamellae and bundle sheath plastid membranes) were enriched in heavy (60-40 kilodaltons) peptides and depleted in light (31-20 kilodaltons) peptides as compared to stacked grana membranes. The heavier peptides were tentatively identi

Research paper thumbnail of Electron microscopical techniques

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Studies of the Thylakoid Proteins of Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Plastids of Zea mays

Plant Physiology, 1976

The proteins from both grana and stroma lamellae of maize (Zea mays) mesophyil plastids and from ... more The proteins from both grana and stroma lamellae of maize (Zea mays) mesophyil plastids and from maize bundle sheath plastid membranes have been compared by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using a discontinuous buffer system. Peptide differences between grana and stroma lameilae were essentiafly quantitative and not qualitative. Bundle sheath plastid membrane peptides more closely resembled those of the ultrastructurally similar stroma lamellae. However, bundle sheath membranes contained sevenl peptides not apparent in the stroma lamellae. The unappressed membranes (stroma lamellae and bundle sheath plastid membranes) were enriched in heavy (60-40 kilodaltons) peptides and depleted in light (31-20 kilodaltons) peptides as compared to stacked grana membranes. The heavier peptides were tentatively identi

Research paper thumbnail of Copper ferricyanide localization of Photosystem II in glutaraldehyde fixed and unfixed chloroplasts

Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 1976

The electron microscopic localization of Photosystem II in chloroplasts by the copper ferricyanid... more The electron microscopic localization of Photosystem II in chloroplasts by the copper ferricyanide method has been reinvestigated. Unfixed chloroplasts show large precipitates localized on the stroma lamellae around the grana stacks; fixed plastids show mostly smaller precipitates localized in the partition gap of the grana stacks. Fixed plastids also show a nonspecific precipitate that can be suppressed by pretreatment with an appropriate oxidant. It is concluded that differences of localization in previous studies has been due to failure of reagents to penetrate grana stacks. Although the technique is of limited value in photosynthetic studies because of product migration before precipitation and because of inhibition of Photosystem II by both ferricyanide and copper, it can be concluded that Photosystem II is primarily restricted to the grana.

Research paper thumbnail of Interpreting the results of freeze-etching

Journal of Microscopy, 1977

Morphological data obtained by freeze-fracturing and other low temperature techniques must be int... more Morphological data obtained by freeze-fracturing and other low temperature techniques must be interpreted in terms of molecular organization and function. Interpretation is aided by physical and biochemical approaches. Physical approaches such as rotary replication and ultralow temperature fracturing can improve resolution and preserve molecular arrangements which are difficult or impossible to observe with standard freeze-etching techniques. Biochemical approaches such as dissociation-reconstitution experiments can establish the molecular parameters underlying electron-microscopically visible forms. Both approaches are illustrated by investigations of the human erythrocyte membrane.

Research paper thumbnail of Therapeutic agent specific for tissue

PURPOSE: To prepare a therapeutic agent specific for a tissue having a bound antigen by binding a... more PURPOSE: To prepare a therapeutic agent specific for a tissue having a bound antigen by binding an antibody specific for the antigen and a therapeutic substance to a water-soluble polymer having no net positive charge. CONSTITUTION: This therapeutic agent comprises (A) a water-soluble polymer having a charge not greater than zero, e.g. poly(meth)acrylic acid, polyacrylamide, PVA, hydroxyethyl cellulose or a natural water-soluble polymer, (B) an antibody, bound to the component A and specific for an antigen and (C) a therapeutic substance, bound to the component A and selected from chemotherapeutic substances, radiotherapeutic substances, vitamins, tumor-inhibiting drugs and tissue affecting materials desired to be delivered to an antigenic site. The coupling of the antibody to the polymer is carried out by a binding means selected from the group consisting of an active group on the antibody, an active coupling agent, an active group on the polymer, an activable group on the polymer,...

Research paper thumbnail of Publish and Perish? The Rules of the Game

Research paper thumbnail of Chloroplasts in Living Cells and the String-of-Grana Concept of Chloroplast Structure Revisited

Photosynthesis Research, 2004

Research paper thumbnail of Method for determining and identifying leukocyte

PURPOSE: To identify leukocyte from red cell and platelet by diluting one portion of a sample fro... more PURPOSE: To identify leukocyte from red cell and platelet by diluting one portion of a sample from blood with an isotensoid solution containing a fluorescent dye for absorbing red light, dying a blood cell so that it can be identified, and detecting the front angle light scattering, right-angle light scattering, and red fluorescence from the cell. CONSTITUTION: One portion of a sample is sampled from blood, the sample is diluted by a table salt water solution containing the fluorescent dye of oxazine species, and a blood cell brought into contact with the fluorescent dye, thus dyeing the cell so that it can be identified. Then, helium-neon laser etc., are used as an excitation source and the front angle light scattering, right- angle light scattering, and red fluorescent are detected from the cell. At this time, since leukocyte develops an essentially larger fluorescence than red cell or platelet, leukocyte can be identified from blood cell and platelet in undissolved total blood by...

Research paper thumbnail of Protection of U.S. Patent Rights in Developing Countries: U.S. Efforts to Enforce Pharmaceutical Patents in Thailand

A patent 8 represents a government grant of a "monopoly" 9 of limited duration' 0 on the use of a... more A patent 8 represents a government grant of a "monopoly" 9 of limited duration' 0 on the use of an invention or discovery. Although patent laws vary from country to country, if an invention is novel, useful, and not obvious, and if the invention fits within the statutory categories of protectable inventions, it is generally patentable. 11 Much of the controversy in international patent law surrounds variations, from country to country, in patentable categories. Because the owner of a patent can charge a royalty for the use of the patented invention, if a country refuses to recognize a patentable category, such a refusal will necessarily affect the cost of using a given technology in that country. B. Western Position on Patent Protection Versus the Position of Developing Nations Western countries generally believe that a patent system provides the best overall incentive to encourage invention. 12 Although this assertion is difficult to prove,' 3 it forms the basis for the exten-8. For a general explanation of patent law, see ARTHUR R. MILLER & MICHAEL H. DAVIS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, PATENTS, TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHT (2d ed. 1990). 9. Strictly speaking, a patent is not always a monopoly. Many countries grant a right to exclude others from using an invention. "Every patent shall contain.., a grant... of the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention throughout the United States." 35 U.S.C. § 154 (1988). A true monopoly would grant the exclusive right to use an invention. In many cases, however, the right to exclude is tantamount to a monopoly. 10. The term of a patent is usually 15 to 20 years. The period in the United States is 17 years. See 35 U.S.C. § 154 (1988). 11. "Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent thereof."

Research paper thumbnail of Protection of U.S. Patent Rights in Developing Countries: U.S. Efforts to Enforce Pharmaceutical Patents in Thailand

Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 1994

A patent 8 represents a government grant of a "monopoly" 9 of limited duration' 0 on the use of a... more A patent 8 represents a government grant of a "monopoly" 9 of limited duration' 0 on the use of an invention or discovery. Although patent laws vary from country to country, if an invention is novel, useful, and not obvious, and if the invention fits within the statutory categories of protectable inventions, it is generally patentable. 11 Much of the controversy in international patent law surrounds variations, from country to country, in patentable categories. Because the owner of a patent can charge a royalty for the use of the patented invention, if a country refuses to recognize a patentable category, such a refusal will necessarily affect the cost of using a given technology in that country. B. Western Position on Patent Protection Versus the Position of Developing Nations Western countries generally believe that a patent system provides the best overall incentive to encourage invention. 12 Although this assertion is difficult to prove,' 3 it forms the basis for the exten-8. For a general explanation of patent law, see ARTHUR R. MILLER & MICHAEL H. DAVIS, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, PATENTS, TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHT (2d ed. 1990). 9. Strictly speaking, a patent is not always a monopoly. Many countries grant a right to exclude others from using an invention. "Every patent shall contain.., a grant... of the right to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention throughout the United States." 35 U.S.C. § 154 (1988). A true monopoly would grant the exclusive right to use an invention. In many cases, however, the right to exclude is tantamount to a monopoly. 10. The term of a patent is usually 15 to 20 years. The period in the United States is 17 years. See 35 U.S.C. § 154 (1988). 11. "Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent thereof."

Research paper thumbnail of Immunological Reagents Employing Polymeric Backbones

Research paper thumbnail of Immunological reagents employing polymeric backbone possessing reactive functional groups

Research paper thumbnail of Simultaneous detection of leukocyte phagocytic and killing ability

Research paper thumbnail of Material and method to reduce non-specific binding of a labelled material

Research paper thumbnail of Flow cytometry lysing reagent with leukoprotective agent for producing a 3-part WBC count

Research paper thumbnail of Methods and reagents for staining intracellular components

Research paper thumbnail of Method for quantitating and differentiating white blood cells

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of integral proteins on frozen membrane fracture

Research paper thumbnail of Chill-induced morphological alterations in Anacystis Nidulans as a function of growth temperature

Planta, 1979

Cells of Anacystis nidulans grown at 25 or 39~ were examined both by thin-section and freeze-frac... more Cells of Anacystis nidulans grown at 25 or 39~ were examined both by thin-section and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Ceils grown at either temperature appeared similar when fixed at the growth temperature prior to observation. When cells were chilled to near 0~ for 30 rain prior to fixation, those previously grown at 25 ~ appeared unchanged as judged by thin sectioning while those grown at 39 ~ showed considerable morphological alteration. Freeze fracture showed particle aggregation (more pronounced in 39~ cells) indicating lipidphase separation in cells chilled prior to fixation. The phase separation was totally reversed by rewarming the chilled, 25~ cells to their growth temperature but was only partially reversed by rewarming chilled, 39~ cells. These results correlate with other effects of chilling seen in Anacystis cells grown at different temperatures.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Studies of the Thylakoid Proteins of Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Plastids of Zea mays

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 1976

The proteins from both grana and stroma lamellae of maize (Zea mays) mesophyil plastids and from ... more The proteins from both grana and stroma lamellae of maize (Zea mays) mesophyil plastids and from maize bundle sheath plastid membranes have been compared by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using a discontinuous buffer system. Peptide differences between grana and stroma lameilae were essentiafly quantitative and not qualitative. Bundle sheath plastid membrane peptides more closely resembled those of the ultrastructurally similar stroma lamellae. However, bundle sheath membranes contained sevenl peptides not apparent in the stroma lamellae. The unappressed membranes (stroma lamellae and bundle sheath plastid membranes) were enriched in heavy (60-40 kilodaltons) peptides and depleted in light (31-20 kilodaltons) peptides as compared to stacked grana membranes. The heavier peptides were tentatively identi

Research paper thumbnail of Electron microscopical techniques

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Studies of the Thylakoid Proteins of Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Plastids of Zea mays

Plant Physiology, 1976

The proteins from both grana and stroma lamellae of maize (Zea mays) mesophyil plastids and from ... more The proteins from both grana and stroma lamellae of maize (Zea mays) mesophyil plastids and from maize bundle sheath plastid membranes have been compared by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using a discontinuous buffer system. Peptide differences between grana and stroma lameilae were essentiafly quantitative and not qualitative. Bundle sheath plastid membrane peptides more closely resembled those of the ultrastructurally similar stroma lamellae. However, bundle sheath membranes contained sevenl peptides not apparent in the stroma lamellae. The unappressed membranes (stroma lamellae and bundle sheath plastid membranes) were enriched in heavy (60-40 kilodaltons) peptides and depleted in light (31-20 kilodaltons) peptides as compared to stacked grana membranes. The heavier peptides were tentatively identi

Research paper thumbnail of Copper ferricyanide localization of Photosystem II in glutaraldehyde fixed and unfixed chloroplasts

Journal of Ultrastructure Research, 1976

The electron microscopic localization of Photosystem II in chloroplasts by the copper ferricyanid... more The electron microscopic localization of Photosystem II in chloroplasts by the copper ferricyanide method has been reinvestigated. Unfixed chloroplasts show large precipitates localized on the stroma lamellae around the grana stacks; fixed plastids show mostly smaller precipitates localized in the partition gap of the grana stacks. Fixed plastids also show a nonspecific precipitate that can be suppressed by pretreatment with an appropriate oxidant. It is concluded that differences of localization in previous studies has been due to failure of reagents to penetrate grana stacks. Although the technique is of limited value in photosynthetic studies because of product migration before precipitation and because of inhibition of Photosystem II by both ferricyanide and copper, it can be concluded that Photosystem II is primarily restricted to the grana.

Research paper thumbnail of Interpreting the results of freeze-etching

Journal of Microscopy, 1977

Morphological data obtained by freeze-fracturing and other low temperature techniques must be int... more Morphological data obtained by freeze-fracturing and other low temperature techniques must be interpreted in terms of molecular organization and function. Interpretation is aided by physical and biochemical approaches. Physical approaches such as rotary replication and ultralow temperature fracturing can improve resolution and preserve molecular arrangements which are difficult or impossible to observe with standard freeze-etching techniques. Biochemical approaches such as dissociation-reconstitution experiments can establish the molecular parameters underlying electron-microscopically visible forms. Both approaches are illustrated by investigations of the human erythrocyte membrane.