Stephen Cavanagh - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Stephen Cavanagh

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation in nursing management: professional, management and methodological considerations

Journal of Nursing Management, May 1, 1996

Wolverhampton WV1 1DJ just to economic and funding policies, but also at the very heart of nursin... more Wolverhampton WV1 1DJ just to economic and funding policies, but also at the very heart of nursing care delivery. UK The introduction of 'managerialism' into the senior clinical grades of nursing, midwifery and other professional staff has characterized the past few years. Against this backdrop is the increasing belief that NHS organizations must find improved ways of delivering patient care and other services. This has inexorably led to the consideration of diffusing innovation into practice as a way to improve performance and competitiveness. While there have been a number of clinical attempts at understanding this process, there has been very little written about innovation from the perspective of the nurse (or midwifery) clinical manager. This paper discusses some of the issues surrounding management innovation including the planning of interventions aimed at introducing innovation, and some of the methodological difficulties of studying complex organizations. The wider issues of innovation, nursing management and professional staff are also discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Mergers and acquisitions: some implications of cultural change

Journal of Nursing Management, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of NYS Nonprofit Hospital Assessment and Response to Environmental Pollution as Community Health Need: Prevalence in Community Benefit Practices

Journal of Public Health Management and Practice

Context: Given the impact of environmental pollution on health and health inequity, there may be ... more Context: Given the impact of environmental pollution on health and health inequity, there may be substantial value in integrating assessment and response to pollution into nonprofit hospital community benefit processes. Such hospital engagement has not yet been studied. Objectives: We take a preliminary step of inquiry in investigating if nonprofit hospitals in New York State (NYS) assess, identify, or respond to environmental pollution as part of community benefit processes. Design: This study is of retrospective, observational design. Data were abstracted from community health needs reports (2015-2017), associated implementation plans, and related IRS (Internal Revenue Service) filings from a randomly geographically stratified selection of NYS nonprofit hospitals. Participants: The sample includes 53 hospitals from 23 counties. The sampling frame consists of NYS nonspecialty private nonprofit hospitals. Main Outcome Measures: Dichotomous findings for the following: (1) engagement ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Process of Innovation in Nursing; An International Perspective

Research paper thumbnail of Modelo de Orem: aplicación práctica

Research paper thumbnail of Matching instructional preference and teaching styles: a review of the literature

Nurse Education Today, 1994

There has been considerable impetus in nursing education to identify ways of ensuring that studen... more There has been considerable impetus in nursing education to identify ways of ensuring that students utilise fully their opportunities for learning and achieve their fullest potential. To this end an avenue of research has evolved which sets out to identify the preferred learning styles of students. Claims are advanced that matching these preferences with teaching styles is important for maximising learning for nurses. An evaluation of the current research on learning preferences and matching teaching styles is provided using evidence from both nursing and non-nursing areas. What has emerged from this review is that the age of the learner may influence learning preference, and that individual rather than group characteristics must be considered. There are conflicting findings about the importance of matching learning preferences and delivery styles, but multiple approaches to the delivery of materials are generally advocated with both theoretical and clinical materials. BACKGROUND There has been much educational interest in finding methods of optimising student learning, and to this end there is considerable appeal in being able to identify the learning preferences of nursing students (Highfield 1988, Dux 1989, Ramprogus 1988). Emerging from such studies is the subject of matching teaching and learning styles. Some feel, for example, that such matching is an important consideration in planning the

Research paper thumbnail of Stress in student midwives: an occupational perspective

British Journal of Midwifery, 1997

This article reviews key aspects of occupational stress in health professions with special refere... more This article reviews key aspects of occupational stress in health professions with special reference to midwives. Findings from the general literature on this subject have been consistent for many years, and reference will be made to key articles which best illustrate the possible cause and impact of stress on professional health staff. There is, however, a dearth of literature looking at stress in midwives (Carlisle et al, 1994). This article reports studies which have made specific reference to occupational stress as a result of practice, education or other professional issues. This study examined, from a qualitative perspective, sources of stress encountered by student midwives during their training, and educational and practical sources of stress. A total of 199 students from 12 midwifery centres participated in the study; 127 from pre-registration and 74 from pre-registration (shortened) courses. Students were asked to describe incidents during their practice that they felt wer...

Research paper thumbnail of Substitution in nursing practice: clinical, management and research implications

Journal of Nursing Management, 1997

The introduction of market forces into health care delivery systems has had a number of important... more The introduction of market forces into health care delivery systems has had a number of important influences on the roles nurses perform. There have been increasing efforts to find alternative and more cost-effective ways of delivering care. One facet of this situation has been the examination of the roles and responsibilities of registered nurses (RNs) with the view of exploring different ways of using professional skills and determining if RN services are always required. One result of this has been the increased use of unlicensed personnel. The substitution of professional nursing staff by unlicensed personnel has become a major concern for practitioner, manager and client alike. This paper reviews some of the concepts of economic substitution as well as the assumptions advanced for the use of unlicensed personnel in clinical areas as a substitute for nursing services. While there has been increased use of unlicensed staff, the evaluation of clinical outcomes has been poor. This paper reviews primarily the hospital-based evidence about the impact of using unlicensed personnel in practice, and suggests there are methodological problems with the research published to date. Findings suggest that substitute service providers generally 'do no harm'. By contrast, evidence is presented indicating the major contributions nurses make to client care when adopting advanced practice roles (acting as a substitute for other professionals).

Research paper thumbnail of A ‘new’ psychological contract for nurses: some management implications

Journal of Nursing Management, 1996

Changes within the health services are raising a number of employment issues for nurses. Northamp... more Changes within the health services are raising a number of employment issues for nurses. Northampton NN2 7AL The idea that a professional qualification and a job will lead to security of employment UK and career development is rapidly changing. These assumptions, the 'old' psychological contract, is giving way to new expectations from employers and employees; the emergence of a 'new' psychological contract. A psychological contract is an implicit agreement between employer and employee that each party will treat the other fairly. Such contracts are maintained by virtue of all parties wanting to seek agreement on issues where possible and to maintain trust. While such a contract is not a legally binding agreement it is nonetheless a binding understanding between people. Changes to this psychological contract can have important implications for individuals and their employer in terms of work and organizational commitment. This paper will discuss some of the issues surrounding psychological contracts and the impact of violating them. It will also discuss, from a management perspective, how psychological contracts develop between employer and employee, and how to form a 'new' psychological contract based upon mutual benefit and shared values.

Research paper thumbnail of Mergers and acquisitions: some implications of cultural change

Journal of Nursing Management, 1996

Mergers and acquisitions: some implications of cultural change Nene College Northampton U K A res... more Mergers and acquisitions: some implications of cultural change Nene College Northampton U K A result of recent National Health Service reforms is the need to investigate, and possibly change, the culture of the professional working relationship between members of staff and their employer. This is particularly the case in situations of mergers and acquisitions where staff working from different cultural environments must work together. Mergers are becoming a feature of health service provision, perhaps this becomes most obvious with the recent moves by colleges of nursing and midwifery into the higher education sector and amalgamations of some purchasing authorities. Mergers highlight the practical issues of bringing together different organizational and work cultures to deliver a high quality service. This article discusses some aspects of the nature of organizational culture, the human impact of mergers and acquisitions and offers strategies for managing these events.

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation in nursing management: professional, management and methodological considerations

Journal of Nursing Management, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of Stroke-Specific FIM Models in an Urban Population

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 2000

Data from the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) are important outcome measures in the stroke ... more Data from the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) are important outcome measures in the stroke population undergoing rehabilitation. The FIM consists of 18 scales scored from 1 to 7; higher numbers mean greater ability. Several different scores can be obtained from the FIM: a total score (sum of all the scales), individual scale scores, and a physical and cognitive score (a two-dimensional interpretation). Research has shown that FIM data can have multidimensional components. That implies different groupings of scales may exist and with this the possibility of developing more sophisticated and robust measures within stroke populations. This study examined the multidimensional aspects of FIM using an urban sample of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. We found a three-dimensional FIM solution for both stroke groups that included self-care, cognitive function, and toileting as the major grouping of scales. These findings confirm a multidimensional nature of FIM scores and show a condition-specific pattern of FIM scores in stroke patients. This knowledge will help nurses, clinicians, and researchers develop more sensitive ways of recording care outcomes; improved prediction of stroke outcomes may also emerge from this knowledge.

Research paper thumbnail of Occupational Stress in Neurosurgery: An Exploratory Study

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 1992

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing Cognitive Function After Stroke Using the FIMTM Instrument*

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 2002

&NA; This study investigated the cognitive impact of stroke on an urban population. A total o... more &NA; This study investigated the cognitive impact of stroke on an urban population. A total of 2,862 participants who had suffered a stroke during the past 10 years and had been admitted to a rehabilitation facility were included in the study. The average FIM score 64.44 on admission, 85.39 at discharge, and 98.16 at 6‐month follow‐up. The average FIM Cognitive subscale score at admission was 22.32, 25.56 at discharge, and 29.94 at follow‐up. It was found that 24% of patients showed no improvement in cognitive scores between admission and discharge. After discharge, 36.2% showed no improvement in cognitive function at 6 months as determined by the FIM instrument. Overall, 17.4% of people showed no cognitive improvement between admission and follow‐up. Differences in cognitive function levels were identified for age, gender, and marital status, although not for ethnicity. The implication of these findings is that a large proportion of stroke survivors show little, if any, improvement in their cognitive function after stroke despite vigorous rehabilitation. This demonstrates a continued need for nurses to identify strategies and interventions for improving cognition, minimizing the effect of cognitive deficits on the person and family, and establishing ways to maximize the quality of life for all concerned.

Research paper thumbnail of The conflict management style of staff nurses and nurse managers

Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1991

Conflict is recognized as being a common occurrence in both everyday personal and professional nu... more Conflict is recognized as being a common occurrence in both everyday personal and professional nursing life, and it is now generally agreed that conflict can be both problematic and potentially beneficial to both individuals and organizations There is a large amount of anecdotal and narrative literature about the nature and sources of conflict which fails to reflect upon the complexities and theoretical perspectives that exist There are also few research studies which examine the nature of nursing conflict and how conflict is managed by nurses in the workplace This study presents a review of some aspects of conflict and its management and specifically investigates the conflict management style of staff nurses and nurse managers in the hospital setting The results suggest that avoidance is the most commonly used conflict management strategy, with competition being the least favoured

Research paper thumbnail of Care Study: Recovery from a Stroke

Orem’s Model in Action, 1991

John is a 63-year-old man who has been in good health for most of his life, not even having been ... more John is a 63-year-old man who has been in good health for most of his life, not even having been hospitalised as a child. While not seeking medical assistance regularly, he is interested in health-related issues, in particular diet. He would prefer to pay a little extra for fresh fruit and vegetables and leaner cuts of meat. He has been an active individual, playing cricket as a member of the local team; living on the south coast has provided plenty of opportunities to walk and to feel the freshness of the sea breeze, which he loves.

Research paper thumbnail of Orem and the nursing process: New directions for the 1990s

Nursing Standard, 1991

Orem considers that the activities or operations of the nursing process involve both technical an... more Orem considers that the activities or operations of the nursing process involve both technical and professional aspects of nursing. The term technologic-professional operations is now used as a general description of all the activities a nurse must present when performing nursing duties. These technologic-professional operations form the basis of the nursing process and include the following steps: diagnostic, prescriptive, treatment/regulatory and case management.

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation in Nursing Practice

Advances in Nursing Science

Research paper thumbnail of Motivations and Barriers for Saudi Nurses to Pursue a Doctoral Degree

Networks are commonly used to study complex systems. This often requires a good understanding of ... more Networks are commonly used to study complex systems. This often requires a good understanding of the structural characteristics and evolution dynamics of networks, and also their impacts on a variety of dynamic processes taking place on top of them. In this thesis, we study various aspects of networks characteristics and dynamics, with a focus on reciprocity, competition and information dissemination. We first formulate the maximum reciprocity problem and study its use in the interpretation of reciprocity in real networks. We propose to interpret reciprocity based on its comparison with the maximum possible reciprocity for a network exhibiting the same degrees. We show that the maximum reciprocity problem is NP-hard, and use an upper bound instead of the maximum. We find that this bound is surprisingly close to the empirical reciprocity in a wide range of real networks, and that there is a surprisingly strong linear relationship between the two. We also show that certain small subop...

Research paper thumbnail of Using NVivoTM as a methodological tool for a literature review on nursing innovation: a step-by-step approach

Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 2022

This paper describes a step-by-step process on how to conduct a literature review using a qualita... more This paper describes a step-by-step process on how to conduct a literature review using a qualitative analysis approach in conducting a literature review using NVivo to drive the analysis and explore the state of nursing innovation. This manuscript makes a unique contribution highlighting the importance of a comprehensive literature review following conceptual and methodological guidance. Previous literature on the literature review process usually describes the process quickly and without a specific step by step process. This manuscript describes a six-step process to conduct a literature review using a qualitative analytical program. The researcher selects the scope and establishes a search strategy, determines and applies the criteria for the selection process, selects the qualitative software, imports the data, extracts and codes the data, and analyzes it. Qualitative research applications, such as NVivo, support nurses’ literature review process by improving rigor and reproducibility. The tools within the applications help better organize the literature, enhance transparency to the analytical process, and provide tools to visualize the data to improve the review’s overall quality. Having the steps documented and organized allows better collaboration between various researchers.

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation in nursing management: professional, management and methodological considerations

Journal of Nursing Management, May 1, 1996

Wolverhampton WV1 1DJ just to economic and funding policies, but also at the very heart of nursin... more Wolverhampton WV1 1DJ just to economic and funding policies, but also at the very heart of nursing care delivery. UK The introduction of 'managerialism' into the senior clinical grades of nursing, midwifery and other professional staff has characterized the past few years. Against this backdrop is the increasing belief that NHS organizations must find improved ways of delivering patient care and other services. This has inexorably led to the consideration of diffusing innovation into practice as a way to improve performance and competitiveness. While there have been a number of clinical attempts at understanding this process, there has been very little written about innovation from the perspective of the nurse (or midwifery) clinical manager. This paper discusses some of the issues surrounding management innovation including the planning of interventions aimed at introducing innovation, and some of the methodological difficulties of studying complex organizations. The wider issues of innovation, nursing management and professional staff are also discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Mergers and acquisitions: some implications of cultural change

Journal of Nursing Management, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of NYS Nonprofit Hospital Assessment and Response to Environmental Pollution as Community Health Need: Prevalence in Community Benefit Practices

Journal of Public Health Management and Practice

Context: Given the impact of environmental pollution on health and health inequity, there may be ... more Context: Given the impact of environmental pollution on health and health inequity, there may be substantial value in integrating assessment and response to pollution into nonprofit hospital community benefit processes. Such hospital engagement has not yet been studied. Objectives: We take a preliminary step of inquiry in investigating if nonprofit hospitals in New York State (NYS) assess, identify, or respond to environmental pollution as part of community benefit processes. Design: This study is of retrospective, observational design. Data were abstracted from community health needs reports (2015-2017), associated implementation plans, and related IRS (Internal Revenue Service) filings from a randomly geographically stratified selection of NYS nonprofit hospitals. Participants: The sample includes 53 hospitals from 23 counties. The sampling frame consists of NYS nonspecialty private nonprofit hospitals. Main Outcome Measures: Dichotomous findings for the following: (1) engagement ...

Research paper thumbnail of The Process of Innovation in Nursing; An International Perspective

Research paper thumbnail of Modelo de Orem: aplicación práctica

Research paper thumbnail of Matching instructional preference and teaching styles: a review of the literature

Nurse Education Today, 1994

There has been considerable impetus in nursing education to identify ways of ensuring that studen... more There has been considerable impetus in nursing education to identify ways of ensuring that students utilise fully their opportunities for learning and achieve their fullest potential. To this end an avenue of research has evolved which sets out to identify the preferred learning styles of students. Claims are advanced that matching these preferences with teaching styles is important for maximising learning for nurses. An evaluation of the current research on learning preferences and matching teaching styles is provided using evidence from both nursing and non-nursing areas. What has emerged from this review is that the age of the learner may influence learning preference, and that individual rather than group characteristics must be considered. There are conflicting findings about the importance of matching learning preferences and delivery styles, but multiple approaches to the delivery of materials are generally advocated with both theoretical and clinical materials. BACKGROUND There has been much educational interest in finding methods of optimising student learning, and to this end there is considerable appeal in being able to identify the learning preferences of nursing students (Highfield 1988, Dux 1989, Ramprogus 1988). Emerging from such studies is the subject of matching teaching and learning styles. Some feel, for example, that such matching is an important consideration in planning the

Research paper thumbnail of Stress in student midwives: an occupational perspective

British Journal of Midwifery, 1997

This article reviews key aspects of occupational stress in health professions with special refere... more This article reviews key aspects of occupational stress in health professions with special reference to midwives. Findings from the general literature on this subject have been consistent for many years, and reference will be made to key articles which best illustrate the possible cause and impact of stress on professional health staff. There is, however, a dearth of literature looking at stress in midwives (Carlisle et al, 1994). This article reports studies which have made specific reference to occupational stress as a result of practice, education or other professional issues. This study examined, from a qualitative perspective, sources of stress encountered by student midwives during their training, and educational and practical sources of stress. A total of 199 students from 12 midwifery centres participated in the study; 127 from pre-registration and 74 from pre-registration (shortened) courses. Students were asked to describe incidents during their practice that they felt wer...

Research paper thumbnail of Substitution in nursing practice: clinical, management and research implications

Journal of Nursing Management, 1997

The introduction of market forces into health care delivery systems has had a number of important... more The introduction of market forces into health care delivery systems has had a number of important influences on the roles nurses perform. There have been increasing efforts to find alternative and more cost-effective ways of delivering care. One facet of this situation has been the examination of the roles and responsibilities of registered nurses (RNs) with the view of exploring different ways of using professional skills and determining if RN services are always required. One result of this has been the increased use of unlicensed personnel. The substitution of professional nursing staff by unlicensed personnel has become a major concern for practitioner, manager and client alike. This paper reviews some of the concepts of economic substitution as well as the assumptions advanced for the use of unlicensed personnel in clinical areas as a substitute for nursing services. While there has been increased use of unlicensed staff, the evaluation of clinical outcomes has been poor. This paper reviews primarily the hospital-based evidence about the impact of using unlicensed personnel in practice, and suggests there are methodological problems with the research published to date. Findings suggest that substitute service providers generally 'do no harm'. By contrast, evidence is presented indicating the major contributions nurses make to client care when adopting advanced practice roles (acting as a substitute for other professionals).

Research paper thumbnail of A ‘new’ psychological contract for nurses: some management implications

Journal of Nursing Management, 1996

Changes within the health services are raising a number of employment issues for nurses. Northamp... more Changes within the health services are raising a number of employment issues for nurses. Northampton NN2 7AL The idea that a professional qualification and a job will lead to security of employment UK and career development is rapidly changing. These assumptions, the 'old' psychological contract, is giving way to new expectations from employers and employees; the emergence of a 'new' psychological contract. A psychological contract is an implicit agreement between employer and employee that each party will treat the other fairly. Such contracts are maintained by virtue of all parties wanting to seek agreement on issues where possible and to maintain trust. While such a contract is not a legally binding agreement it is nonetheless a binding understanding between people. Changes to this psychological contract can have important implications for individuals and their employer in terms of work and organizational commitment. This paper will discuss some of the issues surrounding psychological contracts and the impact of violating them. It will also discuss, from a management perspective, how psychological contracts develop between employer and employee, and how to form a 'new' psychological contract based upon mutual benefit and shared values.

Research paper thumbnail of Mergers and acquisitions: some implications of cultural change

Journal of Nursing Management, 1996

Mergers and acquisitions: some implications of cultural change Nene College Northampton U K A res... more Mergers and acquisitions: some implications of cultural change Nene College Northampton U K A result of recent National Health Service reforms is the need to investigate, and possibly change, the culture of the professional working relationship between members of staff and their employer. This is particularly the case in situations of mergers and acquisitions where staff working from different cultural environments must work together. Mergers are becoming a feature of health service provision, perhaps this becomes most obvious with the recent moves by colleges of nursing and midwifery into the higher education sector and amalgamations of some purchasing authorities. Mergers highlight the practical issues of bringing together different organizational and work cultures to deliver a high quality service. This article discusses some aspects of the nature of organizational culture, the human impact of mergers and acquisitions and offers strategies for managing these events.

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation in nursing management: professional, management and methodological considerations

Journal of Nursing Management, 1996

Research paper thumbnail of Stroke-Specific FIM Models in an Urban Population

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 2000

Data from the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) are important outcome measures in the stroke ... more Data from the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) are important outcome measures in the stroke population undergoing rehabilitation. The FIM consists of 18 scales scored from 1 to 7; higher numbers mean greater ability. Several different scores can be obtained from the FIM: a total score (sum of all the scales), individual scale scores, and a physical and cognitive score (a two-dimensional interpretation). Research has shown that FIM data can have multidimensional components. That implies different groupings of scales may exist and with this the possibility of developing more sophisticated and robust measures within stroke populations. This study examined the multidimensional aspects of FIM using an urban sample of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. We found a three-dimensional FIM solution for both stroke groups that included self-care, cognitive function, and toileting as the major grouping of scales. These findings confirm a multidimensional nature of FIM scores and show a condition-specific pattern of FIM scores in stroke patients. This knowledge will help nurses, clinicians, and researchers develop more sensitive ways of recording care outcomes; improved prediction of stroke outcomes may also emerge from this knowledge.

Research paper thumbnail of Occupational Stress in Neurosurgery: An Exploratory Study

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 1992

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing Cognitive Function After Stroke Using the FIMTM Instrument*

Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 2002

&NA; This study investigated the cognitive impact of stroke on an urban population. A total o... more &NA; This study investigated the cognitive impact of stroke on an urban population. A total of 2,862 participants who had suffered a stroke during the past 10 years and had been admitted to a rehabilitation facility were included in the study. The average FIM score 64.44 on admission, 85.39 at discharge, and 98.16 at 6‐month follow‐up. The average FIM Cognitive subscale score at admission was 22.32, 25.56 at discharge, and 29.94 at follow‐up. It was found that 24% of patients showed no improvement in cognitive scores between admission and discharge. After discharge, 36.2% showed no improvement in cognitive function at 6 months as determined by the FIM instrument. Overall, 17.4% of people showed no cognitive improvement between admission and follow‐up. Differences in cognitive function levels were identified for age, gender, and marital status, although not for ethnicity. The implication of these findings is that a large proportion of stroke survivors show little, if any, improvement in their cognitive function after stroke despite vigorous rehabilitation. This demonstrates a continued need for nurses to identify strategies and interventions for improving cognition, minimizing the effect of cognitive deficits on the person and family, and establishing ways to maximize the quality of life for all concerned.

Research paper thumbnail of The conflict management style of staff nurses and nurse managers

Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1991

Conflict is recognized as being a common occurrence in both everyday personal and professional nu... more Conflict is recognized as being a common occurrence in both everyday personal and professional nursing life, and it is now generally agreed that conflict can be both problematic and potentially beneficial to both individuals and organizations There is a large amount of anecdotal and narrative literature about the nature and sources of conflict which fails to reflect upon the complexities and theoretical perspectives that exist There are also few research studies which examine the nature of nursing conflict and how conflict is managed by nurses in the workplace This study presents a review of some aspects of conflict and its management and specifically investigates the conflict management style of staff nurses and nurse managers in the hospital setting The results suggest that avoidance is the most commonly used conflict management strategy, with competition being the least favoured

Research paper thumbnail of Care Study: Recovery from a Stroke

Orem’s Model in Action, 1991

John is a 63-year-old man who has been in good health for most of his life, not even having been ... more John is a 63-year-old man who has been in good health for most of his life, not even having been hospitalised as a child. While not seeking medical assistance regularly, he is interested in health-related issues, in particular diet. He would prefer to pay a little extra for fresh fruit and vegetables and leaner cuts of meat. He has been an active individual, playing cricket as a member of the local team; living on the south coast has provided plenty of opportunities to walk and to feel the freshness of the sea breeze, which he loves.

Research paper thumbnail of Orem and the nursing process: New directions for the 1990s

Nursing Standard, 1991

Orem considers that the activities or operations of the nursing process involve both technical an... more Orem considers that the activities or operations of the nursing process involve both technical and professional aspects of nursing. The term technologic-professional operations is now used as a general description of all the activities a nurse must present when performing nursing duties. These technologic-professional operations form the basis of the nursing process and include the following steps: diagnostic, prescriptive, treatment/regulatory and case management.

Research paper thumbnail of Innovation in Nursing Practice

Advances in Nursing Science

Research paper thumbnail of Motivations and Barriers for Saudi Nurses to Pursue a Doctoral Degree

Networks are commonly used to study complex systems. This often requires a good understanding of ... more Networks are commonly used to study complex systems. This often requires a good understanding of the structural characteristics and evolution dynamics of networks, and also their impacts on a variety of dynamic processes taking place on top of them. In this thesis, we study various aspects of networks characteristics and dynamics, with a focus on reciprocity, competition and information dissemination. We first formulate the maximum reciprocity problem and study its use in the interpretation of reciprocity in real networks. We propose to interpret reciprocity based on its comparison with the maximum possible reciprocity for a network exhibiting the same degrees. We show that the maximum reciprocity problem is NP-hard, and use an upper bound instead of the maximum. We find that this bound is surprisingly close to the empirical reciprocity in a wide range of real networks, and that there is a surprisingly strong linear relationship between the two. We also show that certain small subop...

Research paper thumbnail of Using NVivoTM as a methodological tool for a literature review on nursing innovation: a step-by-step approach

Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 2022

This paper describes a step-by-step process on how to conduct a literature review using a qualita... more This paper describes a step-by-step process on how to conduct a literature review using a qualitative analysis approach in conducting a literature review using NVivo to drive the analysis and explore the state of nursing innovation. This manuscript makes a unique contribution highlighting the importance of a comprehensive literature review following conceptual and methodological guidance. Previous literature on the literature review process usually describes the process quickly and without a specific step by step process. This manuscript describes a six-step process to conduct a literature review using a qualitative analytical program. The researcher selects the scope and establishes a search strategy, determines and applies the criteria for the selection process, selects the qualitative software, imports the data, extracts and codes the data, and analyzes it. Qualitative research applications, such as NVivo, support nurses’ literature review process by improving rigor and reproducibility. The tools within the applications help better organize the literature, enhance transparency to the analytical process, and provide tools to visualize the data to improve the review’s overall quality. Having the steps documented and organized allows better collaboration between various researchers.