Steve Draper - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Steve Draper

Children, 2021

The gap between development of effective physical activity interventions and the wide-scale adopt... more The gap between development of effective physical activity interventions and the wide-scale adoption of these interventions in real-world settings has been reported since the early 2000s. Evaluations have been criticised for failing to report details of context, implementation, adoption and maintenance. ‘Busy Brain Breaks’ was an intervention designed to improve fundamental movement patterns whilst increasing physical activity within the classroom. This evaluation study used a mixed-methods approach including questionnaires, observations, semi-structured interviews and quantification of class-level dose. Findings suggest that giving teachers flexibility and autonomy over the way in which they implement physical activity interventions may increase the likelihood of adoption. Time was frequently perceived as a significant barrier to the intervention, giving the teachers flexibility to implement the intervention when they thought most suitable allowed teaching staff to retain their aut...

Sports Biomechanics, 2020

Static pelvic posture is not related to dynamic pelvic tilt or competition level in dressage ride... more Static pelvic posture is not related to dynamic pelvic tilt or competition level in dressage riders Static assessment and grouping of riders by competition level is prevalent in equestrian coaching practice and research. This study explored sagittal pelvic tilt in 35 competitive dressage riders to analyse the relationship between static and dynamic postures and assess the interaction of competition level. Riders were assessed using optical motion capture on a riding simulator at halt and in walk, trot, and left and right canter. Mean, minimum and maximum pelvic tilt, and range of motion (ROM) was measured as the pitch rotation of a rigid body formed by markers placed on the rider's left/right anterior and posterior superior iliac spines and sacrum, averaged over six time-normalised strides. Three key results emerged: (1) there are correlations between the rider's mean pelvic tilt in simulated walk, trot and canter, but not at halt; (2) mean pelvic tilt values are not significantly influenced by competition level (p = 0.233); and (3) the minimum and maximum pelvic tilt values illustrate individual strategies between gaits. Therefore, results from static assessment and grouping of riders by competition level should be interpreted with caution. Riders should be assessed as individuals, during dynamic riding-specific tasks, to understand their postural strategies.

International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 2018

Contributions-substantial contributions to conception, design, interpretation of data; drafting

This thesis aimed to investigate and model the vo2, response to exhaustive constant intensity run... more This thesis aimed to investigate and model the vo2, response to exhaustive constant intensity running of a short duration. Study I was a Douglas bag based study that compared the vo2, response of physically active subjects to 2, 5 and 8 minute bouts of constant intensity exhaustive exercise performed in both cycling and running. Nine male subjects took part and each completed a ramp test in addition to the three constant intensity tests in both modes of exercise. In the 5 and 8minute tests the subjects achieved 97.0 ± 4.2 and 97.5 ± 2.0 % for cycling, and 98.5 ± 1.8 and 99.2 ± 2.3% for running, of the ramp test Vo,peak. In the 2 minute test, a significantly lower percentage was attained (89.9 ± 5.5% and 91.8 ± 2.5% for cycling and running respectively). In cycling VO, was still increasing over the final minute of the test, whereas in running there was no difference between the last two 30 second samples (P~0.98). It was concluded that in severe intensity exercise of a short duration...

International journal of sports medicine, 2013

Despite the vigorous nature of rock/pop drumming, there are no precise data on the energy expendi... more Despite the vigorous nature of rock/pop drumming, there are no precise data on the energy expenditure of this activity. The aim of this study was to quantify the energy cost of rock/pop drumming. Fourteen male drummers (mean±SD; age 27±8 yrs.) completed an incremental drumming test to establish the relationship between energy expenditure and heart rate for this activity and a ramped cycle ergometer test to exhaustion as a criterion measure for peak values (oxygen uptake and heart rate). During live concert performance heart rate was continuously measured and used to estimate energy expenditure (from the energy expenditure vs. heart rate data derived from the drumming test). During concert performance, estimated energy expenditure (mean±SD) was 623±168 kcal.h⁻¹ (8.1±2.2 METs) during performances of 38.6±15.6 min, and drummers achieved a peak heart rate of 186±16 b.min⁻¹. During the drumming test participants attained 78.7±8.3% of the cycle ergometer peak oxygen uptake. Rock/pop drumm...

Frontiers in Physiology, 2017

Highly aerobically trained individuals are unable to achieve maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max) duri... more Highly aerobically trained individuals are unable to achieve maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max) during exhaustive running lasting ∼2 min, insteadVO 2 plateaus belowVO 2max after ∼1 min. Hypoxia offers the opportunity to study the (VO 2) response to an exhaustive run relative to a hypoxia induced reduction inVO 2max. The aim of this study was to explore whether there is a difference in the percentage ofVO 2max achieved (during a 2 min exhaustive run) in normoxia and hypoxia. Fourteen competitive middle distance runners (normoxicVO 2max 67.0 ± 5.2 ml.kg −1 .min −1) completed exhaustive treadmill ramp tests and constant work rate (CWR) tests in normoxia and hypoxia (F i O 2 0.13). TheVO 2 data from the CWR tests were modeled using a single exponential function. End exercise normoxic CWRVO 2 was less than normoxicVO 2max (86 ± 6% ramp, P < 0.001). During the hypoxic CWR test, hypoxicVO 2max was achieved (102 ± 8% ramp, P = 0.490). The phase II time constant was greater in hypoxia (12.7 ± 2.8 s) relative to normoxia (10.4 ± 2.6 s) (P = 0.029). The results demonstrate that highly aerobically trained individuals cannot achieveVO 2max during exhaustive severe intensity treadmill running in normoxia, but can achieve the lowerVO 2max in hypoxia despite a slightly slowerVO 2 response.

Scientific Reports, 2020

It is unclear to what extent cerebellar networks show long-term plasticity and accompanied change... more It is unclear to what extent cerebellar networks show long-term plasticity and accompanied changes in cortical structures. Using drumming as a demanding multimodal motor training, we compared cerebellar lobular volume and white matter microstructure, as well as cortical thickness of 15 healthy non-musicians before and after learning to drum, and 16 age matched novice control participants. After 8 weeks of group drumming instruction, 3 ×30 minutes per week, we observed the cerebellum significantly changing its grey (volume increase of left VIIIa, relative decrease of VIIIb and vermis Crus I volume) and white matter microstructure in the inferior cerebellar peduncle. These plastic cerebellar changes were complemented by changes in cortical thickness (increase in left paracentral, right precuneus and right but not left superior frontal thickness), suggesting an interplay of cerebellar learning with cortical structures enabled through cerebellar pathways.

Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 2019

The aim of this study was to comprehensively examine oxygen uptake (V O 2) kinetics during cyclin... more The aim of this study was to comprehensively examine oxygen uptake (V O 2) kinetics during cycling through mathematical modeling of the breath-by-breath gas exchange responses across eight conditions of unloaded cycling to moderate to high-intensity exercise. Methods: Following determination of GET and V O 2peak , eight participants (age: 24±8y; height: 1.78±0.09m; mass: 76.5±10.1kg; V O 2peak : 3.89±0.72 L. min-1) completed a series of square-wave rest-to-exercise transitions at;-20%∆ (GET minus 20% of the difference in V O 2 between that at GET and VO 2peak),-10%∆, GET, 10%∆, 20%∆, 30%∆, 40%∆, and 50%∆. The V O 2 kinetic response was modelled using mono-and bi-exponential non-linear regression techniques. The difference in the standard error of the estimates (SEE) for the mono-and bi-exponential models, and the slope of V O 2 vs time (for the final minute of exercise) were analysed using paired and one-sample t-tests, respectively. Results: The bi-exponential model SEE was lower than the monoexponential model across all exercise intensities (p<0.05), indicating a better model fit. Steady-state V O 2 was achieved across all exercise intensities (all V O 2 vs. time slopes; p>0.05). The modelled slow component time constants, typical of literature reported values, indicated that the V O 2 kinetic response would not be completed during the duration of the exercise. Conclusion: It was shown that the addition of the more complex bi-exponential model resulted in a better model fit across all intensities (notably including sub-GET intensities). The slow component phase was incomplete in all cases, even when the investigation of slopes indicated that a steady state had been achieved.

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2007

Purpose:Previously it has been observed that, in well-trained 800-m athletes, VO2max is not attai... more Purpose:Previously it has been observed that, in well-trained 800-m athletes, VO2max is not attained during middle-distance running events on a treadmill, even when a race-type pacing strategy is adopted. Therefore, the authors investigated whether specialization in a particular running distance (400-m or 800-m) influences the VO2 attained during running on a treadmill.Methods:Six 400-m and six 800-m running specialists participated in the study. A 400-m trial and a progressive test to determine VO2max were completed in a counterbalanced order. Oxygen uptakes attained during the 400-m trial were compared to examine the influence of specialist event.Results:A VO2 plateau was observed in all participants for the progressive test, demonstrating the attainment of VO2max. The VO2max values were 56.2 ± 4.7 and 69.3 ± 4.5 mL · kg−1 · min−1 for the 400-m- and 800-m-event specialists, respectively (P = .0003). Durations for the 400-m trial were 55.1 ± 4.2 s and 55.8 ± 2.3 s for the 400-m- an...

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), Mar 3, 2016

Neuroimaging methods have recently been used to investigate plasticity-induced changes in brain s... more Neuroimaging methods have recently been used to investigate plasticity-induced changes in brain structure. However, little is known about the dynamic interactions between different brain regions after extensive coordinated motor learning such as drumming. In this article, we have compared the resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) in 15 novice healthy participants before and after a course of drumming (30-min drumming sessions, 3 days a week for 8 weeks) and 16 age-matched novice comparison participants. To identify brain regions showing significant FC differences before and after drumming, without a priori regions of interest, a multivariate pattern analysis was performed. Drum training was associated with an increased FC between the posterior part of bilateral superior temporal gyri (pSTG) and the rest of the brain (i.e., all other voxels). These regions were then used to perform seed-to-voxel analysis. The pSTG presented an increased FC with the premotor and motor regions,...

International Journal of Sports Medicine, 2006

The University of Gloucestershire accepts no liability for any infringement of intellectual prope... more The University of Gloucestershire accepts no liability for any infringement of intellectual property rights in any material deposited but will remove such material from public view pending investigation in the event of an allegation of any such infringement. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR TEXT.

International journal of obesity (2005), 2013

To compare the phase II oxygen uptake time constant (τV'O(2)) and V'O(2) mean response ti... more To compare the phase II oxygen uptake time constant (τV'O(2)) and V'O(2) mean response time (V'O(2)MRT) in overweight (OW) and non-OW (NO) children during moderate intensity exercise. Between subjects where participants completed a maximal ramp exercise test on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer to determine peak V'O(2) (V'O(2peak)) and gas exchange threshold (GET). Gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath using a mass spectrometer. On subsequent visits, 6 square-wave transitions (2 per day) from 0 W to 90% GET were completed. Individual phase II τV'O(2) and V'O(2)MRTs were estimated from time aligned average V'O(2) traces. Eleven OW (11.8±0.4 years) and 12 NO (11.9±0.4 years) children were recruited to the study. The OW group was significantly heavier (62.9±9.7 vs 39.4±5.8 kg, P<0.001), taller (1.58±0.05 vs 1.47±0.07 m, P<0.001) and had a higher body mass index (25.8±3.4 vs 18.3±1.8 kg m(-2), P<0.001). Both τV'O(2) (30.2±9....

European Journal of Sport Science, 2008

Science & Sports

Summary Purpose Current practices for estimating exercise economy using an extrapolation of sub-g... more Summary Purpose Current practices for estimating exercise economy using an extrapolation of sub-gas exchange threshold (GET), and to a lesser degree supra-GET, data will likely result an underestimation of actual economy, however, this is yet to be empirically demonstrated. Despite contentions, these protocols remain in widespread use. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether estimation of exercise economy from moderate only, and moderate and heavy intensity exercise underestimates actual oxygen cost. Summary of Facts and Results Twelve recreationally active males (mean ± SD; age 29 ± 9y, height 1.81 ± 0.07 m, mass 81.4 ± 10 kg) volunteered for this study. Following a maximal ramp test to determine the VO2peak, peak power (Wpeak), VO2 and power output at GET, participants completed a sub-GET only, a sub/supra-GET (both five-stage incremental tests), and a fixed WR protocol (10 min duration at 75% Δ). Economy was determined by extrapolation of sub- and sub/supra-GET VO2 and directly measured VO2 at 75% Δ. Within-subjects ANOVA was performed to identify differences in economy between sub-GET only, sub/supra-GET, and fixed WR protocols. Significant effects between the predicted values compared to the measured value were investigated post hoc using Bonferroni corrected paired t-tests. There was a significant effect of protocol on VO2 and economy (P Conclusion The large error obtained by extrapolating sub-GET exercise intensities for the purpose of estimating exercise economy needs to be acknowledged, as does the concomitant, albeit reduced, error that remains when incorporating supra-GET data. Exercise scientists and practitioners should adopt more appropriate testing protocols such as serial assessments, up-to and including race pace, to accurately assess economy.

Central European Journal of Public Health

Objectives: We surveyed and compared, by gender, the levels and correlates of achieving the inter... more Objectives: We surveyed and compared, by gender, the levels and correlates of achieving the international guidelines of four forms of physical activity (PA): moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), moderate or vigorous PA (MVPA), and muscle strengthening PA (MSPA). The study assessed the associations between achieving the guidelines of the four PA forms and a range of socio-demographic, health and academic performance variables. Methods: Data was collected across the seven faculties of the University of Turku (2013-2014 from a representative sample of 1,189 undergraduates). An English language online self-administered questionnaire assessed frequency and duration of PA/week for each form of PA. We employed cutoffs for the guidelines in accordance with the American Heart Association. Chi-square statistic tested the differences in PA, socio-demographic variables and academic performance between males and females. Binary logistic regression examined the factors associated with achieving the four PA guidelines and linear regression examined the association between the frequency of PA and academic performance. Results: Achievement of PA guidelines was relatively low across the sample. Female students were less likely to achieve the VPA or MSPA guidelines, but were more health conscious and in generally exhibited better academic performace than males. High health awareness and excellent/ very good self-rated health were the strongest predictors of achieving all forms of PA. Parents' education level was positively related to likelihood of achieving the VPA, MVPA and MSPA guidelines. Achieving the MPA guidelines (but not VPA or MSPA) was positively associated with subjective perceptions of better academic performance. Conclusions: Achievement of PA guidelines was generally low for this sample of Finnish students, and was associated with positive health status and high health awareness. Universities need a holistic approach to improve awareness of health and promote PA in students' lifestyles.

The European Respiratory Journal Supplement, 2014

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