Mark Strobel - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Mark Strobel
The comparison of corona-treated and flame-treated polypropylene (PP) films provides insight into... more The comparison of corona-treated and flame-treated polypropylene (PP) films provides insight into the mechanism of these surface-oxidation processes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact-angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) were used to characterize surface-treated biaxially oriented PP. While both processes oxidize the PP surface, corona treatment leads to the formation of watersoluble low-molecular-weight oxidized materials (LMWOM), while flame treatment does not. Computational modeling of the gas-phase chemistry in an air corona was performed using a zero-dimensional plasma-chemistry model. The modeling results indicate that the ratio of O to OH is much higher in a corona discharge than in a flame. Chain scission and the formation of LMWOM are associated with reactions involving O atoms. The higher ratios of O to OH in a corona are more conducive to LMWOM production. Surface-oxidized PP exhibits considerable thermodynamic contact-angle hysteresis that is primarily caused by microscopic chemical heterogeneity.
Plasma reactions of CF3Cl
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1990
Plasma fluorination of polyolefins
ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of Polyethylene and po... more ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of Polyethylene and polypropylene films exposed to SF 6 , CF 4 , and C 2 F 6 plasmas. None of these gases polymerized in the plasma. However, all plasma treatments grafted fluorinated ...
Surface modification of polypropylene with CF4, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF3Br plasmas
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, 1985
ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polypropylene and g... more ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polypropylene and glass substrates exposed to CF4, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF3Br plasmas. The use of both organic and inorganic substrates allowed clear distinction between treatments which led to plasma polymerization and treatments which caused grafting of functional groups directly to the substrate surfaces. CF4 plasmas were the only treatments studied which fluorinated polypropylene surfaces directly, without the deposition of a thin, plasma-polymerized film. CF3H polymerized in a plasma, while CF3Cl and CF3Br plasmas caused chlorination and bromination of polypropylene surfaces, respectively. Correlations were made between the active species present in the plasmas and the surface chemistry observed on the treated polypropylene substrates.
Effects of aging and washing on UV and ozone-treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polypropylene
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1995
Abstract-In this study we investigated the stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and po... more Abstract-In this study we investigated the stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polypropy-lene (PP) surfaces modified using three combinations of UV light and ozone: ozone only, UV light in air (producing ozone), and UV light in air supplemented by additional ...
Analysis of air-corona-treated polypropylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films by contact-angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1992
Contact-angle measurements in air and water environments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XP... more Contact-angle measurements in air and water environments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the surface properties of air-corona-treated polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films. Surface properties were examined as a function of the storage time at various temperatures. Corona treatment forms water-soluble, low-molecular-weight oxidized materials on both polymer films. Corona-treated PP and corona-treated PET films have markedly different responses to aging. For corona-treated PP stored at ambient temperatures, only a slight decrease in wettability was observed. This decrease was attributed to the reorientation of oxidized functionalities within the surface region. At elevated storage temperatures, migration of oxidized species out of the surface region occurred under some conditions. For corona-treated PET, extensive migration and reorientation of oxidized groups occurred even at ambient temperatures, leading to significant decreases in wettability and a loss of surface oxidation. The contrasts in the responses of PP and PET to corona treatment are primarily due to differences in the properties of the base polymer resins.
Characterization of non-uniform wettability on flame-treated polypropylene-film surfaces
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2003
... Characterization of non-uniform wettability on ame-treated polypropylene-lm surfaces JOHN PAR... more ... Characterization of non-uniform wettability on ame-treated polypropylene-lm surfaces JOHN PARK, CHRISTOPHER S. LYONS, MARK STROBEL¤, MICHAEL ULSH, MICHAEL I. KINSINGER and MICHAEL J. PROKOSCH 3M Company, 3M Center, Building 208-1-01, St. ...
Flame surface modification of polypropylene film
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1996
MARK STROBEL,1,* MELVYN C. BRANCH,2 MICHAEL ULSH,2 RONALD S. KAPAUN,1 SETH KIRK' and CHRISTO... more MARK STROBEL,1,* MELVYN C. BRANCH,2 MICHAEL ULSH,2 RONALD S. KAPAUN,1 SETH KIRK' and CHRISTOPHER S. LYONS1 1Corporate Research Laboratories, 3M Company, 3M Center, Building 208-1, St Paul, MN 55144-1000, USA 2Center for Combustion ...
Surface modification of polypropylene with CF4, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF3Br plasmas
ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polypropylene and g... more ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polypropylene and glass substrates exposed to CF4, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF3Br plasmas. The use of both organic and inorganic substrates allowed clear distinction between treatments which led to plasma polymerization and treatments which caused grafting of functional groups directly to the substrate surfaces. CF4 plasmas were the only treatments studied which fluorinated polypropylene surfaces directly, without the deposition of a thin, plasma-polymerized film. CF3H polymerized in a plasma, while CF3Cl and CF3Br plasmas caused chlorination and bromination of polypropylene surfaces, respectively. Correlations were made between the active species present in the plasmas and the surface chemistry observed on the treated polypropylene substrates.
The Effects of an Impingement Surface and Quenching on the Structure of Laminar Premixed Flames
Combustion Science and Technology, 2000
To further current knowledge of how strain effects the structure of impinging flames and how thes... more To further current knowledge of how strain effects the structure of impinging flames and how these effects play a role in the surface modification of polymer films, two premixed impinging flames are modeled using the SPIN application of the CHEMK1N software: in Case 1, a methane - air flame, and in Case 2, a methane - air flame with 4.5%
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1995
The effects of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and ozone, separately and in combination, were ... more The effects of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and ozone, separately and in combination, were investigated with respect to polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) surfaces. Three combinations of UV light and ozone were studied: ozone only, UV light in air (producing ozone), and UV light in air (producing ozone) supplemented by additional ozone in the incoming air. The effect of the exposure time of the PP and PET to each treatment was studied. The samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the surface composition, and by dynamic contact angle to determine the water wettability. The results showed that the effect of the treament was dependent on the properties of the exposed polymer, with PET being more sensitive to the UV light and PP being more sensitive to the reactive species in the gas. The exposure times studied ranged from 1 to 90 min. By monitoring the oxygen uptake levels, we were able to determine that surface modification occurred within minutes. The possible reactive species and mechanisms are discussed.
Surface modification of polypropylene films by exposure to laminar, premixed methane-air flames
Symposium (international) on Combustion, 1998
ABSTRACT
Journal of Polymer Science Part A-polymer Chemistry, 1987
ESCA and contact-angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polystyrene films e... more ESCA and contact-angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polystyrene films exposed to SF6, CF4, and C2F6 plasmas. SF6 plasmas cause loss of aromaticity in the polystyrene surface region via saturation of the phenyl ring and/or carbon-bond breakage and subsequent fluorination. C2F6 plasmas graft CFx radicals directly to the polystyrene surface without necessarily destroying the aromaticity of the polymer. CF4 plasmas appear to be intermediate in character between SF6 and C2F6 plasmas.
The role of low-molecular-weight oxidized materials in the adhesion properties of corona-treated polypropylene film
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2003
Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2009
a Part 2: cf. ref. In this work, an experimental investigation of fluorine gas (F 2 ) plasma trea... more a Part 2: cf. ref. In this work, an experimental investigation of fluorine gas (F 2 ) plasma treatment of polypropylene (PP) film reveals the evolution of PP fluorination. Surface analysis of fluorinated PP surfaces describes a surface modification process that is initially quite rapid but slows sharply as the fluorination progresses. The fluorination reaction occurs more rapidly at the PP film surface and evidence of a treatment gradient is seen in the ESCA sampling depth of 10 nm. The increasingly fluorinated surface becomes less reactive to the plasma chemistry and develops a fully fluorinated, cross-linked surface layer that eventually extends the full ESCA sampling depth.
A comparison of gas-phase methods of modifying polymer surfaces
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1995
Abstract-Oxidation is the most common surface modification of polymers. This paper presents a com... more Abstract-Oxidation is the most common surface modification of polymers. This paper presents a comparison of five gas-phase surface oxidation processes: corona discharge, flame, remote air plasma, ozone, and combined UV/ozone treatments. Well-characterized biaxially ...
ESCA and contact-angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polystyrene f i l m... more ESCA and contact-angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polystyrene f i l m s exposed to SF,, CF,, and C,F, plasmas. SF, plasmas cause loss of aromaticity in the polystyrene surface region via saturation of the phenyl ring and/or carbon-carbon bond breakage and subsequent fluorination. C2 F, plasmas graft CF, radicals directly to the polystyrene surface without necessarily destroying the aromatiaty of the polymer. CF, plasmas appear to be intermediate in character between SF, and C,F, plasmas.
The causes of non-uniform flame treatment of polypropylene film surfaces
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2006
ABSTRACT
Development of Poly(propylene) Surface Topography During Corona Treatment
Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2005
Aging of air-corona-treated polypropylene film
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1991
Page 1. Aging of air-corona-treated polypropylene film JOAN M. STROBEL,* MARK STROBEL, CHRISTOPHE... more Page 1. Aging of air-corona-treated polypropylene film JOAN M. STROBEL,* MARK STROBEL, CHRISTOPHER S. LYONS, CHRISTOPHER DUNATOV and STEVEN J. PERRON 3M, 3M Center, Building 230-1E-04, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA ...
The comparison of corona-treated and flame-treated polypropylene (PP) films provides insight into... more The comparison of corona-treated and flame-treated polypropylene (PP) films provides insight into the mechanism of these surface-oxidation processes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact-angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) were used to characterize surface-treated biaxially oriented PP. While both processes oxidize the PP surface, corona treatment leads to the formation of watersoluble low-molecular-weight oxidized materials (LMWOM), while flame treatment does not. Computational modeling of the gas-phase chemistry in an air corona was performed using a zero-dimensional plasma-chemistry model. The modeling results indicate that the ratio of O to OH is much higher in a corona discharge than in a flame. Chain scission and the formation of LMWOM are associated with reactions involving O atoms. The higher ratios of O to OH in a corona are more conducive to LMWOM production. Surface-oxidized PP exhibits considerable thermodynamic contact-angle hysteresis that is primarily caused by microscopic chemical heterogeneity.
Plasma reactions of CF3Cl
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1990
Plasma fluorination of polyolefins
ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of Polyethylene and po... more ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of Polyethylene and polypropylene films exposed to SF 6 , CF 4 , and C 2 F 6 plasmas. None of these gases polymerized in the plasma. However, all plasma treatments grafted fluorinated ...
Surface modification of polypropylene with CF4, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF3Br plasmas
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition, 1985
ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polypropylene and g... more ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polypropylene and glass substrates exposed to CF4, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF3Br plasmas. The use of both organic and inorganic substrates allowed clear distinction between treatments which led to plasma polymerization and treatments which caused grafting of functional groups directly to the substrate surfaces. CF4 plasmas were the only treatments studied which fluorinated polypropylene surfaces directly, without the deposition of a thin, plasma-polymerized film. CF3H polymerized in a plasma, while CF3Cl and CF3Br plasmas caused chlorination and bromination of polypropylene surfaces, respectively. Correlations were made between the active species present in the plasmas and the surface chemistry observed on the treated polypropylene substrates.
Effects of aging and washing on UV and ozone-treated poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polypropylene
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1995
Abstract-In this study we investigated the stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and po... more Abstract-In this study we investigated the stability of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polypropy-lene (PP) surfaces modified using three combinations of UV light and ozone: ozone only, UV light in air (producing ozone), and UV light in air supplemented by additional ...
Analysis of air-corona-treated polypropylene and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films by contact-angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1992
Contact-angle measurements in air and water environments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XP... more Contact-angle measurements in air and water environments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the surface properties of air-corona-treated polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films. Surface properties were examined as a function of the storage time at various temperatures. Corona treatment forms water-soluble, low-molecular-weight oxidized materials on both polymer films. Corona-treated PP and corona-treated PET films have markedly different responses to aging. For corona-treated PP stored at ambient temperatures, only a slight decrease in wettability was observed. This decrease was attributed to the reorientation of oxidized functionalities within the surface region. At elevated storage temperatures, migration of oxidized species out of the surface region occurred under some conditions. For corona-treated PET, extensive migration and reorientation of oxidized groups occurred even at ambient temperatures, leading to significant decreases in wettability and a loss of surface oxidation. The contrasts in the responses of PP and PET to corona treatment are primarily due to differences in the properties of the base polymer resins.
Characterization of non-uniform wettability on flame-treated polypropylene-film surfaces
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2003
... Characterization of non-uniform wettability on ame-treated polypropylene-lm surfaces JOHN PAR... more ... Characterization of non-uniform wettability on ame-treated polypropylene-lm surfaces JOHN PARK, CHRISTOPHER S. LYONS, MARK STROBEL¤, MICHAEL ULSH, MICHAEL I. KINSINGER and MICHAEL J. PROKOSCH 3M Company, 3M Center, Building 208-1-01, St. ...
Flame surface modification of polypropylene film
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1996
MARK STROBEL,1,* MELVYN C. BRANCH,2 MICHAEL ULSH,2 RONALD S. KAPAUN,1 SETH KIRK' and CHRISTO... more MARK STROBEL,1,* MELVYN C. BRANCH,2 MICHAEL ULSH,2 RONALD S. KAPAUN,1 SETH KIRK' and CHRISTOPHER S. LYONS1 1Corporate Research Laboratories, 3M Company, 3M Center, Building 208-1, St Paul, MN 55144-1000, USA 2Center for Combustion ...
Surface modification of polypropylene with CF4, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF3Br plasmas
ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polypropylene and g... more ESCA and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polypropylene and glass substrates exposed to CF4, CF3H, CF3Cl, and CF3Br plasmas. The use of both organic and inorganic substrates allowed clear distinction between treatments which led to plasma polymerization and treatments which caused grafting of functional groups directly to the substrate surfaces. CF4 plasmas were the only treatments studied which fluorinated polypropylene surfaces directly, without the deposition of a thin, plasma-polymerized film. CF3H polymerized in a plasma, while CF3Cl and CF3Br plasmas caused chlorination and bromination of polypropylene surfaces, respectively. Correlations were made between the active species present in the plasmas and the surface chemistry observed on the treated polypropylene substrates.
The Effects of an Impingement Surface and Quenching on the Structure of Laminar Premixed Flames
Combustion Science and Technology, 2000
To further current knowledge of how strain effects the structure of impinging flames and how thes... more To further current knowledge of how strain effects the structure of impinging flames and how these effects play a role in the surface modification of polymer films, two premixed impinging flames are modeled using the SPIN application of the CHEMK1N software: in Case 1, a methane - air flame, and in Case 2, a methane - air flame with 4.5%
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1995
The effects of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and ozone, separately and in combination, were ... more The effects of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and ozone, separately and in combination, were investigated with respect to polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) surfaces. Three combinations of UV light and ozone were studied: ozone only, UV light in air (producing ozone), and UV light in air (producing ozone) supplemented by additional ozone in the incoming air. The effect of the exposure time of the PP and PET to each treatment was studied. The samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the surface composition, and by dynamic contact angle to determine the water wettability. The results showed that the effect of the treament was dependent on the properties of the exposed polymer, with PET being more sensitive to the UV light and PP being more sensitive to the reactive species in the gas. The exposure times studied ranged from 1 to 90 min. By monitoring the oxygen uptake levels, we were able to determine that surface modification occurred within minutes. The possible reactive species and mechanisms are discussed.
Surface modification of polypropylene films by exposure to laminar, premixed methane-air flames
Symposium (international) on Combustion, 1998
ABSTRACT
Journal of Polymer Science Part A-polymer Chemistry, 1987
ESCA and contact-angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polystyrene films e... more ESCA and contact-angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polystyrene films exposed to SF6, CF4, and C2F6 plasmas. SF6 plasmas cause loss of aromaticity in the polystyrene surface region via saturation of the phenyl ring and/or carbon-bond breakage and subsequent fluorination. C2F6 plasmas graft CFx radicals directly to the polystyrene surface without necessarily destroying the aromaticity of the polymer. CF4 plasmas appear to be intermediate in character between SF6 and C2F6 plasmas.
The role of low-molecular-weight oxidized materials in the adhesion properties of corona-treated polypropylene film
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2003
Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2009
a Part 2: cf. ref. In this work, an experimental investigation of fluorine gas (F 2 ) plasma trea... more a Part 2: cf. ref. In this work, an experimental investigation of fluorine gas (F 2 ) plasma treatment of polypropylene (PP) film reveals the evolution of PP fluorination. Surface analysis of fluorinated PP surfaces describes a surface modification process that is initially quite rapid but slows sharply as the fluorination progresses. The fluorination reaction occurs more rapidly at the PP film surface and evidence of a treatment gradient is seen in the ESCA sampling depth of 10 nm. The increasingly fluorinated surface becomes less reactive to the plasma chemistry and develops a fully fluorinated, cross-linked surface layer that eventually extends the full ESCA sampling depth.
A comparison of gas-phase methods of modifying polymer surfaces
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1995
Abstract-Oxidation is the most common surface modification of polymers. This paper presents a com... more Abstract-Oxidation is the most common surface modification of polymers. This paper presents a comparison of five gas-phase surface oxidation processes: corona discharge, flame, remote air plasma, ozone, and combined UV/ozone treatments. Well-characterized biaxially ...
ESCA and contact-angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polystyrene f i l m... more ESCA and contact-angle measurements were used to characterize the surfaces of polystyrene f i l m s exposed to SF,, CF,, and C,F, plasmas. SF, plasmas cause loss of aromaticity in the polystyrene surface region via saturation of the phenyl ring and/or carbon-carbon bond breakage and subsequent fluorination. C2 F, plasmas graft CF, radicals directly to the polystyrene surface without necessarily destroying the aromatiaty of the polymer. CF, plasmas appear to be intermediate in character between SF, and C,F, plasmas.
The causes of non-uniform flame treatment of polypropylene film surfaces
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2006
ABSTRACT
Development of Poly(propylene) Surface Topography During Corona Treatment
Plasma Processes and Polymers, 2005
Aging of air-corona-treated polypropylene film
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 1991
Page 1. Aging of air-corona-treated polypropylene film JOAN M. STROBEL,* MARK STROBEL, CHRISTOPHE... more Page 1. Aging of air-corona-treated polypropylene film JOAN M. STROBEL,* MARK STROBEL, CHRISTOPHER S. LYONS, CHRISTOPHER DUNATOV and STEVEN J. PERRON 3M, 3M Center, Building 230-1E-04, St. Paul, MN 55144, USA ...