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Papers by Subhrendu Pattanayak

Integrating conservation and development is central to the mission of many protected areas in the... more Integrating conservation and development is central to the mission of many protected areas in the tropics, yet there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of alternative strategies for ICDPs (Integrated Conservation and Development Projects). We evaluate an enterprise-based conservation strategy in a high-profile and well-funded ICDP in the Tapajós National Forest of Brazil. Using survey data from participating and non-participating households collected pre and post intervention, we find positive impacts on household income, but almost no discernible impacts on household assets, livelihood portfolios, or forest conservation.

The claim that nature delivers health benefits rests on a thin empirical evidence base. Even less... more The claim that nature delivers health benefits rests on a thin empirical evidence base. Even less evidence exists on how specific conservation policies affect multiple health outcomes. We address these gaps in knowledge by combining municipal-level panel data on diseases, public health services, climatic factors, demographics, conservation policies, and other drivers of land-use change in the Brazilian Amazon. To fully exploit this dataset, we estimate random-effects and quantile regression models of disease incidence. We find that malaria, acute
respiratory infection (ARI), and diarrhea incidence are significantly and negatively correlated with the area under strict environmental protection. Results vary by disease for other types of protected areas (PAs), roads, and mining. The relationships between diseases and land-use change drivers also vary by quantile of the disease distribution. Conservation scenarios based on estimated regression results suggest that malaria, ARI, and diarrhea incidence would be reduced by expanding strict PAs, and malaria could be further reduced by
restricting roads and mining. Although these relationships are complex, we conclude that interventions to preserve natural capital can deliver cobenefits by also increasing human (health) capital.

This paper evaluates public investments in forest-based microenterprises as part of an integrated... more This paper evaluates public investments in forest-based microenterprises as part of an integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) in the Brazilian Amazon. We combine matching with regression to quantify the effects of program participation on household income, wealth, and livelihoods. We find that participation increased cash and total income and asset accumulation, suggesting that the microenterprises contributed to the development

To evaluate the benefits of public health and safety programs, considerable attention has focused... more To evaluate the benefits of public health and safety programs, considerable attention has focused on the measurement of the economic value of reducing risks to life. The benefits of reductions in mortality risks are typically evaluated using a "unit price" for avoided premature deaths- i.e., the value-of-statistical life (VSL) estimates - which are mostly drawn from wage-risk hedonic studies. In

In light of the large number of empii-ical studies of agroforestry adoption published during the ... more In light of the large number of empii-ical studies of agroforestry adoption published during the last decade, we believe it is time to take stock and identify general determinants of agroforestry adoption. In reviewing 120 ar- ticles on adoption of agricultural and forestry technology by small holders, we find five categories of factors that explain technology adoption within an economic

The Economics of Non-Market Goods and Resources, 2007

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT Household preferences should influence adoption of environmental health-improving techno... more ABSTRACT Household preferences should influence adoption of environmental health-improving technologies, but there has been limited empirical research to isolate their importance, perhaps due to challenges of measurement and attribution. This paper explores heterogeneity in household preferences for different features of improved cookstoves (ICS) and assesses the degree to which these preferences are associated with actual adoption of electric and biomass-burning cookstoves during a randomized stove promotion campaign in northern India. Latent class analysis of data from a discrete choice experiment conducted in baseline surveys of 1,060 households identified three preference types: disinterested (54%), low demand but primarily interested in reduced smoke emissions (27%), and high demand with interest in most features of the ICS (20%). The ICS intervention, which was stratified according to communities’ prior history of interactions with the NGO marketing the stoves, was then randomized to 762 of these households. The main findings are that households in the disinterested class are less likely to purchase an ICS, that preference class is more strongly related to stove purchase than common sociodemographic drivers of technology adoption identified in the literature, and that distaste for smoke emissions appears to be a particularly strong driver for adoption of an electric ICS.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT Because emissions from solid fuel burning in traditional stoves affect global climate ch... more ABSTRACT Because emissions from solid fuel burning in traditional stoves affect global climate change, the regional environment, and household health, there is a real fascination with improved cook stoves (ICS). Surprisingly little is known about what households like about these energy products. This paper reports on preferences for ICS attributes in a sample of 2,120 rural households in north India, a global hotspot for biomass fuel use. Households have a strong preference for traditional stoves but on average are willing to pay (WTP) about 10and10 and 10and5 for realistic reductions in smoke emissions and fuel needs, respectively, or about half of the price of less expensive ICS. Still, preferences for stove attributes are highly varied and are related to household characteristics (e.g., expenditures, gender of household head, patience, and risk preferences). These results suggest that households exhibit cautious interest in the promise of ICS but that significant barriers to achieving widespread adoption remain. Therefore the policy community must reinvigorate a supply chain that (a) experiments with product attributes and (b) segments the market based on consumer education, wealth, and location in order to scale up ICS distribution and deliver household and global benefits.

10 Abstract. This study develops first-order estimates of water quality co-effects of terrestrial... more 10 Abstract. This study develops first-order estimates of water quality co-effects of terrestrial green­ 11 house gas (GHG) emission offset strategies in U.S. agriculture by linking a national level agricultural 12 sector model (ASMGHG) to a national level water quality model (NWPCAM). The simulated policy 13 scenario considers GHG mitigation incentive payments of 25and25 and 25and50 per tonne, carbon equivalent 14 to landowners for reducing emissions or enhancing the sequestration of GHG through agricultural 15 and land-use practices. ASMGHG projects that these GHG price incentives could induce widespread 16 conversion of agricultural to forested lands, along with alteration of tillage practices, crop mix on land 17 remaining in agriculture, and livestock management. This study focuses on changes in cropland use 18 and management. The results indicate that through agricultural cropland about 60 to 70 million tonnes 19 of carbon equivalent (MMTCE) emissions can be mitigated annually in the ...

This paper proposes and illustrates the use of a new approach to benefit transfer for the non-mar... more This paper proposes and illustrates the use of a new approach to benefit transfer for the non-market valuation of environmentalresources. It treats transfer as an identification problem that requires assessing whether available benefit estimates permit the parameters of a preference function to be identified. The transfer method,proposed uses these identifying restrictions to calibrate preference parameters and bases the benefit estimates on that preference function. The approach is illustrated using travel cost, hedonic and contingent valuation estimates, as well as combinations of estimates. It has three potential advantages over conventional practice: (1) it allows multiple, potentially overlapping estimates of the benefits of an improvement,in environmentalquality to be combined,consistently; (2) it assures the transferred estimates of the benefits attributed to a proposed change can never exceed income; and (3) it provides a set of additional "outputs" that offer plau...

Water Resources Research, 2005

Water Resources Research, 2001

Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2010

... Why Do We Need Another PES Review? ... Interest in conservation payment approaches in develop... more ... Why Do We Need Another PES Review? ... Interest in conservation payment approaches in developing countries has exploded in recent years. ... design theorists, who focus on designing rules (eg, contracts) to attain particular outcomes (eg, targeted forest conservation), can help ...

Integrating conservation and development is central to the mission of many protected areas in the... more Integrating conservation and development is central to the mission of many protected areas in the tropics, yet there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of alternative strategies for ICDPs (Integrated Conservation and Development Projects). We evaluate an enterprise-based conservation strategy in a high-profile and well-funded ICDP in the Tapajós National Forest of Brazil. Using survey data from participating and non-participating households collected pre and post intervention, we find positive impacts on household income, but almost no discernible impacts on household assets, livelihood portfolios, or forest conservation.

The claim that nature delivers health benefits rests on a thin empirical evidence base. Even less... more The claim that nature delivers health benefits rests on a thin empirical evidence base. Even less evidence exists on how specific conservation policies affect multiple health outcomes. We address these gaps in knowledge by combining municipal-level panel data on diseases, public health services, climatic factors, demographics, conservation policies, and other drivers of land-use change in the Brazilian Amazon. To fully exploit this dataset, we estimate random-effects and quantile regression models of disease incidence. We find that malaria, acute
respiratory infection (ARI), and diarrhea incidence are significantly and negatively correlated with the area under strict environmental protection. Results vary by disease for other types of protected areas (PAs), roads, and mining. The relationships between diseases and land-use change drivers also vary by quantile of the disease distribution. Conservation scenarios based on estimated regression results suggest that malaria, ARI, and diarrhea incidence would be reduced by expanding strict PAs, and malaria could be further reduced by
restricting roads and mining. Although these relationships are complex, we conclude that interventions to preserve natural capital can deliver cobenefits by also increasing human (health) capital.

This paper evaluates public investments in forest-based microenterprises as part of an integrated... more This paper evaluates public investments in forest-based microenterprises as part of an integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) in the Brazilian Amazon. We combine matching with regression to quantify the effects of program participation on household income, wealth, and livelihoods. We find that participation increased cash and total income and asset accumulation, suggesting that the microenterprises contributed to the development

To evaluate the benefits of public health and safety programs, considerable attention has focused... more To evaluate the benefits of public health and safety programs, considerable attention has focused on the measurement of the economic value of reducing risks to life. The benefits of reductions in mortality risks are typically evaluated using a "unit price" for avoided premature deaths- i.e., the value-of-statistical life (VSL) estimates - which are mostly drawn from wage-risk hedonic studies. In

In light of the large number of empii-ical studies of agroforestry adoption published during the ... more In light of the large number of empii-ical studies of agroforestry adoption published during the last decade, we believe it is time to take stock and identify general determinants of agroforestry adoption. In reviewing 120 ar- ticles on adoption of agricultural and forestry technology by small holders, we find five categories of factors that explain technology adoption within an economic

The Economics of Non-Market Goods and Resources, 2007

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT Household preferences should influence adoption of environmental health-improving techno... more ABSTRACT Household preferences should influence adoption of environmental health-improving technologies, but there has been limited empirical research to isolate their importance, perhaps due to challenges of measurement and attribution. This paper explores heterogeneity in household preferences for different features of improved cookstoves (ICS) and assesses the degree to which these preferences are associated with actual adoption of electric and biomass-burning cookstoves during a randomized stove promotion campaign in northern India. Latent class analysis of data from a discrete choice experiment conducted in baseline surveys of 1,060 households identified three preference types: disinterested (54%), low demand but primarily interested in reduced smoke emissions (27%), and high demand with interest in most features of the ICS (20%). The ICS intervention, which was stratified according to communities’ prior history of interactions with the NGO marketing the stoves, was then randomized to 762 of these households. The main findings are that households in the disinterested class are less likely to purchase an ICS, that preference class is more strongly related to stove purchase than common sociodemographic drivers of technology adoption identified in the literature, and that distaste for smoke emissions appears to be a particularly strong driver for adoption of an electric ICS.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000

ABSTRACT Because emissions from solid fuel burning in traditional stoves affect global climate ch... more ABSTRACT Because emissions from solid fuel burning in traditional stoves affect global climate change, the regional environment, and household health, there is a real fascination with improved cook stoves (ICS). Surprisingly little is known about what households like about these energy products. This paper reports on preferences for ICS attributes in a sample of 2,120 rural households in north India, a global hotspot for biomass fuel use. Households have a strong preference for traditional stoves but on average are willing to pay (WTP) about 10and10 and 10and5 for realistic reductions in smoke emissions and fuel needs, respectively, or about half of the price of less expensive ICS. Still, preferences for stove attributes are highly varied and are related to household characteristics (e.g., expenditures, gender of household head, patience, and risk preferences). These results suggest that households exhibit cautious interest in the promise of ICS but that significant barriers to achieving widespread adoption remain. Therefore the policy community must reinvigorate a supply chain that (a) experiments with product attributes and (b) segments the market based on consumer education, wealth, and location in order to scale up ICS distribution and deliver household and global benefits.

10 Abstract. This study develops first-order estimates of water quality co-effects of terrestrial... more 10 Abstract. This study develops first-order estimates of water quality co-effects of terrestrial green­ 11 house gas (GHG) emission offset strategies in U.S. agriculture by linking a national level agricultural 12 sector model (ASMGHG) to a national level water quality model (NWPCAM). The simulated policy 13 scenario considers GHG mitigation incentive payments of 25and25 and 25and50 per tonne, carbon equivalent 14 to landowners for reducing emissions or enhancing the sequestration of GHG through agricultural 15 and land-use practices. ASMGHG projects that these GHG price incentives could induce widespread 16 conversion of agricultural to forested lands, along with alteration of tillage practices, crop mix on land 17 remaining in agriculture, and livestock management. This study focuses on changes in cropland use 18 and management. The results indicate that through agricultural cropland about 60 to 70 million tonnes 19 of carbon equivalent (MMTCE) emissions can be mitigated annually in the ...

This paper proposes and illustrates the use of a new approach to benefit transfer for the non-mar... more This paper proposes and illustrates the use of a new approach to benefit transfer for the non-market valuation of environmentalresources. It treats transfer as an identification problem that requires assessing whether available benefit estimates permit the parameters of a preference function to be identified. The transfer method,proposed uses these identifying restrictions to calibrate preference parameters and bases the benefit estimates on that preference function. The approach is illustrated using travel cost, hedonic and contingent valuation estimates, as well as combinations of estimates. It has three potential advantages over conventional practice: (1) it allows multiple, potentially overlapping estimates of the benefits of an improvement,in environmentalquality to be combined,consistently; (2) it assures the transferred estimates of the benefits attributed to a proposed change can never exceed income; and (3) it provides a set of additional "outputs" that offer plau...

Water Resources Research, 2005

Water Resources Research, 2001

Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2010

... Why Do We Need Another PES Review? ... Interest in conservation payment approaches in develop... more ... Why Do We Need Another PES Review? ... Interest in conservation payment approaches in developing countries has exploded in recent years. ... design theorists, who focus on designing rules (eg, contracts) to attain particular outcomes (eg, targeted forest conservation), can help ...