Subramanian G - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Subramanian G
Staggered boards, which a majority of public companies now have, provide a powerful antitakeover ... more Staggered boards, which a majority of public companies now have, provide a powerful antitakeover defense, stronger than is commonly recognized. They provide antitakeover protection both by (i) forcing any hostile bidder, no matter when it emerges, to wait at least one year to gain control of the board, and (ii) requiring such a bidder to win two elections far apart in time rather than a one-time referendum on its offer. Using a new data set that includes all hostile bids in the five-year period 1996-2000, we find that not a single hostile bid came close to winning a ballot box victory against an "effective" staggered board (ESB). We also find that an ESB nearly doubles the odds that the average target in our data set will remain independent, from 34% to 61%, halves the odds that a first bidder will be successful, from 34% to 14%, and reduces the odds that our average target will be forced to sell to a white knight, from 32% to 25%. Furthermore, we find that the shareholders of targets that remain independent in our data set are made substantially worse off compared with accepting the bid, and that ESB's do not provide sufficient countervailing benefits in terms of increased premia to offset the increased costs of remaining independent. Overall, our estimates indicate that, in the period that we study, ESB's reduced the expected returns of the shareholders of hostile bid targets by 8-10%. Finally, we show that most staggered boards were adopted before the developments in takeover doctrine that make ESB's such a potent defense. Our findings call for a reconsideration of the rules governing takeover defenses. In particular, we argue that, at least in the absence of explicit shareholder authorization, managers who lose one election over an outstanding bid should not be allowed to further block the bid with a pill-ESB combination. JEL classification: G30, G34, K22
Science, Jan 1, 2002
The high degree of similarity between the mouse and human genomes is demonstrated through analysi... more The high degree of similarity between the mouse and human genomes is demonstrated through analysis of the sequence of mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu 16), which was obtained as part of a whole-genome shotgun assembly of the mouse genome. The mouse genome is about 10% smaller than the human genome, owing to a lower repetitive DNA content. Comparison of the structure and protein-coding potential of Mmu 16 with that of the homologous segments of the human genome identifies regions of conserved synteny with human chromosomes (Hsa) 3, 8, 12, 16, 21, and 22. Gene content and order are highly conserved between Mmu 16 and the syntenic blocks of the human genome. Of the 731 predicted genes on Mmu 16, 509 align with orthologs on the corresponding portions of the human genome, 44 are likely paralogous to these genes, and 164 genes have homologs elsewhere in the human genome; there are 14 genes for which we could find no human counterpart.
Radiology, Jan 1, 1971
... About Radiology. RSNA Home; About the Journal; Business Information; Editorial Board; Adverti... more ... About Radiology. RSNA Home; About the Journal; Business Information; Editorial Board; Advertising; Access. ... Copyright © 2010 by Radiological Society of North America. For an alternate route to RSNA Journals Online use this URL: http://intl-radiology.rsna.org (More Information ...
Decision Sciences, Jan 1, 1994
Journal of Nuclear …, Jan 1, 1975
Methylene diphosphonate (MDP) was formu lated as a complex of samTc for skeletal imaging. This ag... more Methylene diphosphonate (MDP) was formu lated as a complex of samTc for skeletal imaging. This agent was compared with three other bone seeking technetium agents : ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP), pyrophosphate, and polyphosphate. in tissue radioassay experiments in rodents, the technetium complexes of MDP and EHDP were similar, but skeletal concentra tion with both of these agents was higher than that with pyrophosphate or polyphosphate. The total-body retention of MDP and EHDP comptexed with °5mTc was studied in beagle dogs f or 35 days by excretion measurements and total-body counting and compared with poly phosphate and pertechnetate. The long-term re tention was greater for MDP. The 5-day cumu lative fecal excretion of sSmTc was low when administered as EHDP or polyphosphate corn plexes and negligible when administered as MDP complex. in six human volunteers the blood clearance of o9mTc.MDP was similar to that of 18F and sig nijicantly faster than that of °9mTc-EHDP. Pyro. phosphate cleared from the blood much faster than polyphosphate but slower than the diphos phonates. The urinary excretion of the MDP complex was greater than for EHDP within the first 2â€"3hr after injection. The 24-hr urinary excretion of pyrophosphate and polyphosphate complexes was not as complete as for the di phosphonates.
Advanced …, Jan 1, 1999
Skip to Main Content. ...
University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Jan 1, 2002
Commentators have long debated whether competition among states for corporate charters represents... more Commentators have long debated whether competition among states for corporate charters represents a race to the top or a race to the bottom. Race-to-the-top advocates recently have gained ground in this debate on the basis of the general corporate migration to Delaware in the 1990s ...
Molecular and …, Jan 1, 2000
The Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) family of cytoadherent proteins... more The Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) family of cytoadherent proteins has a central role in disease from malaria infection. This highly diverse gene family is involved in binding interactions between infected erythrocytes and host cells and is expressed in a clonally variant pattern at the erythrocyte surface. We describe by sequence analysis the structure and domain organization of 20 PfEMP1 from the GenBank database. Four domains comprise the majority of PfEMP1 extracellular sequence: the N-terminal segment (NTS) located at the amino terminus of all PfEMP1, the C2, the Cysteine-rich Interdomain Region (CIDR) and the Duffy Binding-like (DBL) domains. Previous work has shown that CIDR and DBL domains can possess adhesive properties. CIDR domains grouped as three distinct sequence classes (alpha, beta, and gamma) and DBL domains as five sequence classes (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon). Consensus motifs are described for the different DBL and CIDR types. Whereas the number of DBL and CIDR domains vary between PfEMP1, PfEMP1 domain architecture is not random in that certain tandem domain associations--such as DBLalphaCIDRalpha, DBLdeltaCIDRbeta, and DBLbetaC2--are preferentially observed. This conservation may have functional significance for PfEMP1 folding, transport, or binding activity. Parasite binding phenotype appears to be a determinant of infected erythrocyte tissue tropism that contributes to parasite survival, transmission, and disease outcome. The sequence classification of DBL and CIDR types may have predictive value for identifying PfEMP1 domains with a particular binding property. This information might be used to develop interventions targeting parasite binding variants that cause disease.
Radiology, Jan 1, 1972
A new complex of 99m Tc with a synthetic linear long-chain polyphosphate shows excellent potentia... more A new complex of 99m Tc with a synthetic linear long-chain polyphosphate shows excellent potential as a skeletal imaging agent on the basis of preliminary animal tissue radio-assay and imaging studies. Skeletal metastases were demonstrated by rectilinear scanning and gamma ...
J. Am. Chem. Soc, Jan 1, 1982
Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Jan 1, 2004
18072007 Knowledge for Generations Each generation has its unique needs and aspirations. When Ch... more 18072007 Knowledge for Generations Each generation has its unique needs and aspirations. When Charles Wiley first opened his small printing shop in lower Manhattan in 1807, it was a generation of boundless potential searching for an identity. And we were ...
Molecular microbiology, Jan 1, 2003
JAMA: The Journal of …, Jan 1, 2001
Clinical researchers, practicing physicians, patients, and the general public now live in a world... more Clinical researchers, practicing physicians, patients, and the general public now live in a world in which the 2.9 billion nucleotide codes of the human genome are available as a resource for scientific discovery. Some of the findings from the sequencing of the human genome were expected, confirming knowledge presaged by many decades of research in both human and comparative genetics. Other findings are unexpected in their scientific and philosophical implications. In either case, the availability of the human genome is likely to have significant implications, first for clinical research and then for the practice of medicine. This article provides our reflections on what the new genomic knowledge might mean for the future of medicine and how the new knowledge relates to what we knew in the era before the availability of the genome sequence. In addition, practicing physicians in many communities are traditionally also ambassadors of science, called on to translate arcane data or the complex ramifications of biology into a language understood by the public at large. This article also may be useful for physicians who serve in this capacity in their communities. We address the following issues: the number of protein-coding genes in the human genome and certain classes of noncoding repeat elements in the genome; features of genome evolution, including large-scale duplications; an overview of the predicted protein set to highlight prominent differences between the human genome and other sequenced eukaryotic genomes; and DNA variation in the human genome. In addition, we show how this information lays the foundations for ongoing and future endeavors that will revolutionize biomedical research and our understanding of human health.
Stanford Law Review, Jan 1, 2000
Please do not cite or reproduce without permission of the authors ABSTRACT: Lockups are an increa... more Please do not cite or reproduce without permission of the authors ABSTRACT: Lockups are an increasingly important element of M&A deals in the United States. We present, for the first time, descriptive data on lockup incidence, trends,
Staggered boards, which a majority of public companies now have, provide a powerful antitakeover ... more Staggered boards, which a majority of public companies now have, provide a powerful antitakeover defense, stronger than is commonly recognized. They provide antitakeover protection both by (i) forcing any hostile bidder, no matter when it emerges, to wait at least one year to gain control of the board, and (ii) requiring such a bidder to win two elections far apart in time rather than a one-time referendum on its offer. Using a new data set that includes all hostile bids in the five-year period 1996-2000, we find that not a single hostile bid came close to winning a ballot box victory against an "effective" staggered board (ESB). We also find that an ESB nearly doubles the odds that the average target in our data set will remain independent, from 34% to 61%, halves the odds that a first bidder will be successful, from 34% to 14%, and reduces the odds that our average target will be forced to sell to a white knight, from 32% to 25%. Furthermore, we find that the shareholders of targets that remain independent in our data set are made substantially worse off compared with accepting the bid, and that ESB's do not provide sufficient countervailing benefits in terms of increased premia to offset the increased costs of remaining independent. Overall, our estimates indicate that, in the period that we study, ESB's reduced the expected returns of the shareholders of hostile bid targets by 8-10%. Finally, we show that most staggered boards were adopted before the developments in takeover doctrine that make ESB's such a potent defense. Our findings call for a reconsideration of the rules governing takeover defenses. In particular, we argue that, at least in the absence of explicit shareholder authorization, managers who lose one election over an outstanding bid should not be allowed to further block the bid with a pill-ESB combination. JEL classification: G30, G34, K22
Science, Jan 1, 2002
The high degree of similarity between the mouse and human genomes is demonstrated through analysi... more The high degree of similarity between the mouse and human genomes is demonstrated through analysis of the sequence of mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu 16), which was obtained as part of a whole-genome shotgun assembly of the mouse genome. The mouse genome is about 10% smaller than the human genome, owing to a lower repetitive DNA content. Comparison of the structure and protein-coding potential of Mmu 16 with that of the homologous segments of the human genome identifies regions of conserved synteny with human chromosomes (Hsa) 3, 8, 12, 16, 21, and 22. Gene content and order are highly conserved between Mmu 16 and the syntenic blocks of the human genome. Of the 731 predicted genes on Mmu 16, 509 align with orthologs on the corresponding portions of the human genome, 44 are likely paralogous to these genes, and 164 genes have homologs elsewhere in the human genome; there are 14 genes for which we could find no human counterpart.
Radiology, Jan 1, 1971
... About Radiology. RSNA Home; About the Journal; Business Information; Editorial Board; Adverti... more ... About Radiology. RSNA Home; About the Journal; Business Information; Editorial Board; Advertising; Access. ... Copyright © 2010 by Radiological Society of North America. For an alternate route to RSNA Journals Online use this URL: http://intl-radiology.rsna.org (More Information ...
Decision Sciences, Jan 1, 1994
Journal of Nuclear …, Jan 1, 1975
Methylene diphosphonate (MDP) was formu lated as a complex of samTc for skeletal imaging. This ag... more Methylene diphosphonate (MDP) was formu lated as a complex of samTc for skeletal imaging. This agent was compared with three other bone seeking technetium agents : ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP), pyrophosphate, and polyphosphate. in tissue radioassay experiments in rodents, the technetium complexes of MDP and EHDP were similar, but skeletal concentra tion with both of these agents was higher than that with pyrophosphate or polyphosphate. The total-body retention of MDP and EHDP comptexed with °5mTc was studied in beagle dogs f or 35 days by excretion measurements and total-body counting and compared with poly phosphate and pertechnetate. The long-term re tention was greater for MDP. The 5-day cumu lative fecal excretion of sSmTc was low when administered as EHDP or polyphosphate corn plexes and negligible when administered as MDP complex. in six human volunteers the blood clearance of o9mTc.MDP was similar to that of 18F and sig nijicantly faster than that of °9mTc-EHDP. Pyro. phosphate cleared from the blood much faster than polyphosphate but slower than the diphos phonates. The urinary excretion of the MDP complex was greater than for EHDP within the first 2â€"3hr after injection. The 24-hr urinary excretion of pyrophosphate and polyphosphate complexes was not as complete as for the di phosphonates.
Advanced …, Jan 1, 1999
Skip to Main Content. ...
University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Jan 1, 2002
Commentators have long debated whether competition among states for corporate charters represents... more Commentators have long debated whether competition among states for corporate charters represents a race to the top or a race to the bottom. Race-to-the-top advocates recently have gained ground in this debate on the basis of the general corporate migration to Delaware in the 1990s ...
Molecular and …, Jan 1, 2000
The Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) family of cytoadherent proteins... more The Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP1) family of cytoadherent proteins has a central role in disease from malaria infection. This highly diverse gene family is involved in binding interactions between infected erythrocytes and host cells and is expressed in a clonally variant pattern at the erythrocyte surface. We describe by sequence analysis the structure and domain organization of 20 PfEMP1 from the GenBank database. Four domains comprise the majority of PfEMP1 extracellular sequence: the N-terminal segment (NTS) located at the amino terminus of all PfEMP1, the C2, the Cysteine-rich Interdomain Region (CIDR) and the Duffy Binding-like (DBL) domains. Previous work has shown that CIDR and DBL domains can possess adhesive properties. CIDR domains grouped as three distinct sequence classes (alpha, beta, and gamma) and DBL domains as five sequence classes (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon). Consensus motifs are described for the different DBL and CIDR types. Whereas the number of DBL and CIDR domains vary between PfEMP1, PfEMP1 domain architecture is not random in that certain tandem domain associations--such as DBLalphaCIDRalpha, DBLdeltaCIDRbeta, and DBLbetaC2--are preferentially observed. This conservation may have functional significance for PfEMP1 folding, transport, or binding activity. Parasite binding phenotype appears to be a determinant of infected erythrocyte tissue tropism that contributes to parasite survival, transmission, and disease outcome. The sequence classification of DBL and CIDR types may have predictive value for identifying PfEMP1 domains with a particular binding property. This information might be used to develop interventions targeting parasite binding variants that cause disease.
Radiology, Jan 1, 1972
A new complex of 99m Tc with a synthetic linear long-chain polyphosphate shows excellent potentia... more A new complex of 99m Tc with a synthetic linear long-chain polyphosphate shows excellent potential as a skeletal imaging agent on the basis of preliminary animal tissue radio-assay and imaging studies. Skeletal metastases were demonstrated by rectilinear scanning and gamma ...
J. Am. Chem. Soc, Jan 1, 1982
Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Jan 1, 2004
18072007 Knowledge for Generations Each generation has its unique needs and aspirations. When Ch... more 18072007 Knowledge for Generations Each generation has its unique needs and aspirations. When Charles Wiley first opened his small printing shop in lower Manhattan in 1807, it was a generation of boundless potential searching for an identity. And we were ...
Molecular microbiology, Jan 1, 2003
JAMA: The Journal of …, Jan 1, 2001
Clinical researchers, practicing physicians, patients, and the general public now live in a world... more Clinical researchers, practicing physicians, patients, and the general public now live in a world in which the 2.9 billion nucleotide codes of the human genome are available as a resource for scientific discovery. Some of the findings from the sequencing of the human genome were expected, confirming knowledge presaged by many decades of research in both human and comparative genetics. Other findings are unexpected in their scientific and philosophical implications. In either case, the availability of the human genome is likely to have significant implications, first for clinical research and then for the practice of medicine. This article provides our reflections on what the new genomic knowledge might mean for the future of medicine and how the new knowledge relates to what we knew in the era before the availability of the genome sequence. In addition, practicing physicians in many communities are traditionally also ambassadors of science, called on to translate arcane data or the complex ramifications of biology into a language understood by the public at large. This article also may be useful for physicians who serve in this capacity in their communities. We address the following issues: the number of protein-coding genes in the human genome and certain classes of noncoding repeat elements in the genome; features of genome evolution, including large-scale duplications; an overview of the predicted protein set to highlight prominent differences between the human genome and other sequenced eukaryotic genomes; and DNA variation in the human genome. In addition, we show how this information lays the foundations for ongoing and future endeavors that will revolutionize biomedical research and our understanding of human health.
Stanford Law Review, Jan 1, 2000
Please do not cite or reproduce without permission of the authors ABSTRACT: Lockups are an increa... more Please do not cite or reproduce without permission of the authors ABSTRACT: Lockups are an increasingly important element of M&A deals in the United States. We present, for the first time, descriptive data on lockup incidence, trends,