Subroto Chowdhury - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Subroto Chowdhury
Social Science Research Network, Feb 25, 2011
Social Science Research Network, Mar 20, 2010
With financial liberalization becoming a common parlance among the policy makers and financial in... more With financial liberalization becoming a common parlance among the policy makers and financial inclusion making business sense the growth of rural economy is vivid. During recent years, the RBI along with the Central Government has taken steps to bring the rural economy under the institutional framework of Banking and Finance. The financial institution has become more aggressive in financing to rural economies which makes business sense rather than mere social obligation or meeting targets. In order to effectively use the finance available at cheaper cost in the rural areas, development of social capital as well as entrepreneurship becomes imperative. Developing Entrepreneurial culture entails the development of a positive attitude of all the related sectors which is to be motivated by the financial institutional supporting system. Potential small entrepreneurs need a comprehensive plan to transform their business ideas into working operation minimizing the risk factors with a supportive environment provided by the Government. Although it is the social responsibility of the Government to protect the Entrepreneurship activities by framing specific policy decisions in the matter of area and nature of business. The mode and use of finance makes or mars the business activity of small enterprises. So the understanding of several rural financial markets models can help better utilization of funds. The aim of this paper is to understand the functioning of the rural economy and to provide a frame work within which the evaluation of financial intermediation in rural economy can be understood. This paper also provides an analytical understanding of the linkages between the Indian rural economy and the global markets.
International Journal of Managment, IT and Engineering, 2011
Lending activity is an integral part of the banking business. Howsoever good a bank may be in its... more Lending activity is an integral part of the banking business. Howsoever good a bank may be in its credit management it cannot escape the natural laws operating within the dynamics of advance and recovery. To put in more manageable sense the strategic homogeneity of the factors of default are also affected by the category of default and the type of facility. Grouping and regrouping of the factors of default is a natural phenomenon based on certain rules. Thus this kind of an understanding calls for deliberation to find out the factors of default and also look for natural tendency of the factors for formation of clusters. Marketing as a process always looks for clusters based on certain homogeneity of variables so as to design techniques and means thus maximizing reach and minimizing cost. The formation of clusters and the affinity of certain units to cling to the same clusters can always provide with the much needed vital tip. The formulation of recovery plan is more strategic in nature when it comes to banks, with operational part playing a necessary role of execution. The dynamics of the factors of default and the formation of clusters according to major category of defaulter can open up new avenues to find out the synergistic agglomeration of units.
International Journal of Business Performance Management, 2012
Indian banking has witnessed reforms since 1991 thus providing it with operational flexibility an... more Indian banking has witnessed reforms since 1991 thus providing it with operational flexibility and institutional transformation. The reforms have strengthened the fundamentals of the Indian banking sector. Still more the resilience of the Indian banking sector in withstanding financial crisis has proved its stability beyond doubt. Deregulation of the Indian banking sector has opened up new avenues of banking both in terms of outreach and services. While Indian banking industry is placed globally and has to compete with global standards, it is still struggling to achieve global standards. The best rated banks in India are not able to get position within the top hundred banks globally. Thus, efficiency along with growth assumes vital tip in any analysis concerning bank. Efficiency of the banks in managing its inputs and outputs, is thus of prime importance in deciding the position of the bank. All this calls for a comprehensive analysis of the technical efficiency of the banks operating in India.
GeoBit, Jan 9, 2019
The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economie... more The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economies are still struggling to recover. The cause of the crisis was primarily the inefficiency of the banking system to manage their subprime asset class. It reflected the importance of efficiency of the banking system irrespective of the credit rating which signifies its quality of asset class. In the contemporary world economy no economic system can remain isolated. Indian banking system also felt the shock but managed it efficiently. This motivates for a comprehensive analysis to discover whether the so called resilience was due to some policy stimulus or the Indian banking industry is intrinsically efficient. Also, the pattern of grouping of the banks plays an important role in providing stability in the interconnected system. Thus technical analysis of the banks along with the dynamics of cluster formation after factoring the pre and post financial crisis time periods was studied , so that it can provide valuable inputs in designing strategic outlook regarding the Indian banking industry.
Social Science Research Network, Jan 9, 2010
Green marketing is a buzzword these days. Even the best of the companies are focusing on products... more Green marketing is a buzzword these days. Even the best of the companies are focusing on products which are environment friendly. The use of organic product can by default generate products which are environment friendly and causes less harm to environment during their production process. Organic farming is the way of producing organic products. India is a classic case where the farming practices are organic in majority of the cases due to tradition as well as several social and economical factors. In the knowledge economy the producers as well the consumers can effectively use ICT to have a WIN-WIN situation. Proper marketing initiatives and marketing infrastructure coupled with application of ICT can facilitate Agri-business. This paper discusses several modules as well as several approaches for green marketing.
Eonomic affairs, 2016
The theory of microcredit is not new a concept, but its applicability in the field of poverty all... more The theory of microcredit is not new a concept, but its applicability in the field of poverty alleviation was made publicly acceptable by the renowned professor Mohammed Yunus whose noble effort has given micro credit its due recognition. The noble prize to Professor Yunus along with the UN recognition of the year 2005 as the year of micro credit bears testimony of the fact that micro credit has taken the centre stage. The evolution of microcredit to microfinance was due to the need of the market. The quantum of money following into the sector and the significant business opportunity has motivated many business models to step in into the sector. The advent of Micro Finance Institutions (MFI) in this regard under various legal entities as Non Banking Finance Corporation (NBFC), Societies, Trust, Cooperatives, and Section 25 companies ushered in a new era into the microfinance sector. Investors as well as the common people are provided with choices. All MFI claims to be the best. The availability of more choices makes the process of selection even complicated. Thus it becomes very arduous task to select from the array of choices. Decision making process thus becomes a complicated phenomenon. The people are uncertain about their choices. Many factors are involved in choosing a MFI thus selection of best MFI falls into the category of Multi-criteria Analysis (MA) problem. It is difficult to map human perception to particular number or a ratio due to vagueness in the decision making process. To solve such problems, the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was developed. Moreover, if an individual is supposed to take any decision, he specifies his preferences using linguistic variables instead of assigning any crisp score to the preference. These linguistic terms are nothing but imprecise and dubious values. To deal with such fuzziness, several researchers extended AHP by incorporating fuzzy characteristics into it and developed a new process known as Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP). FAHP thus helps the decision makers to deal with imprecision and subjective-ness in pair-wise comparison process. The reason to include fuzzy is to reflect the pessimistic, more likely and optimistic decision making environment. This paper has been developed based upon the views of various experts in the field of banking and microfinance along with real time data gathered from MIX Market. The various criteria for selection process are based on the criteria as used in SIDBI's SMERA rating methodology. Then the generation of criteria weight using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP) is done. Finally the alternative MFIs are prioritized taking all the criteria into account.
Journal of Banking Financial Services and Insurance Research, 2011
Social Science Research Network, Dec 11, 2010
Capital is one of the important factors of production in economics. Over the ages the factors of ... more Capital is one of the important factors of production in economics. Over the ages the factors of production has changed its dimension. The economic concept of social capital along with the emergence of human capital is helping academicians and scientist to explain lot of unexplained things. But, still many things remain unexplained. Happiness in less growth economy compared to unhappiness in super normal growth economy remains unexplained. The success of Collateral free loans to most of the technically un-credit worthy customers remains a mystery. The bankruptcy of the most credit worthy individuals also brings forth many questions. The yearning amongst the mind of the people for searching the real meaning of growth and happiness has not ended. Though the world has successfully demonstrated its capability to bring forth ever complex products real growth is a far story. An attempt has been made through this article to bring in purview the concept of spiritual capital and the economic understanding of the world renowned poet Rabindranath Tagore. Also the paper aims to establish the relevance of it in the contemporary economic scenario so as to bring forth true economic growth and happiness.
Capital is one of the important factors of production in economics. Over the ages the factors of ... more Capital is one of the important factors of production in economics. Over the ages the factors of production has changed its dimension. The economic concept of social capital along with the emergence of human capital is helping academicians and scientist to explain lot of unexplained things. But, still many things remain unexplained. Happiness in less growth economy compared to unhappiness in super normal growth economy remains unexplained. The success of Collateral free loans to most of the technically un-credit worthy customers remains a mystery. The bankruptcy of the most credit worthy individuals also brings forth many questions. The yearning amongst the mind of the people for searching the real meaning of growth and happiness has not ended. Though the world has successfully demonstrated its capability to bring forth ever complex products real growth is a far story. An attempt has been made through this article to bring in purview the concept of spiritual capital and the economic understanding of the world renowned poet Rabindranath Tagore. Also the paper aims to establish the relevance of it in the contemporary economic scenario so as to bring forth true economic growth and happiness.
International Journal of Business Performance Management, 2012
Indian banking has witnessed reforms since 1991 thus providing it with operational flexibility an... more Indian banking has witnessed reforms since 1991 thus providing it with operational flexibility and institutional transformation. The reforms have strengthened the fundamentals of the Indian banking sector. Still more the resilience of the Indian banking sector in withstanding financial crisis has proved its stability beyond doubt. Deregulation of the Indian banking sector has opened up new avenues of banking both in terms of outreach and services. While Indian banking industry is placed globally and has to compete with global standards, it is still struggling to achieve global standards. The best rated banks in India are not able to get position within the top hundred banks globally. Thus, efficiency along with growth assumes vital tip in any analysis concerning bank. Efficiency of the banks in managing its inputs and outputs, is thus of prime importance in deciding the position of the bank. All this calls for a comprehensive analysis of the technical efficiency of the banks operating in India.
The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economie... more The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economies are still struggling to recover. The cause of the crisis was primarily the inefficiency of the banking system to manage their sub-prime asset class. It reflected the importance of efficiency of the banking system irrespective of the credit rating which signifies its quality of asset class. In the contemporary world economy no economic system can remain isolated. Indian banking system also felt the shock but managed it efficiently. This motivates for a comprehensive analysis to discover whether the so called resilience was due to some policy stimulus or the Indian banking industry is intrinsically efficient. Also, the pattern of grouping of the banks plays an important role in providing stability in the inter-connected system. Thus technical analysis of the banks along with the dynamics of cluster formation after factoring the pre and post financial crisis time periods was studied, so t...
GIS Business, 2019
The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economie... more The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economies are still struggling to recover. The cause of the crisis was primarily the inefficiency of the banking system to manage their sub -prime asset class. It reflected the importance of efficiency of the banking system irrespective of the credit rating which signifies its quality of asset class. In the contemporary world economy no economic system can remain isolated. Indian banking system also felt the shock but managed it efficiently. This motivates for a comprehensive analysis to discover whether the so called resilience was due to some policy stimulus or the Indian banking industry is intrinsically efficient. Also, the pattern of grouping of the banks plays an important role in providing stability in the inter-connected system. Thus technical analysis of the banks along with the dynamics of cluster formation after factoring the pre and post financial crisis time periods was studied , so...
International Journal of Managment, IT and Engineering, 2011
Lending activity is an integral part of the banking business. Howsoever good a bank may be in its... more Lending activity is an integral part of the banking business. Howsoever good a bank may be in its credit management it cannot escape the natural laws operating within the dynamics of advance and recovery. To put in more manageable sense the strategic homogeneity of the factors of default are also affected by the category of default and the type of facility. Grouping and regrouping of the factors of default is a natural phenomenon based on certain rules. Thus this kind of an understanding calls for deliberation to find out the factors of default and also look for natural tendency of the factors for formation of clusters. Marketing as a process always looks for clusters based on certain homogeneity of variables so as to design techniques and means thus maximizing reach and minimizing cost. The formation of clusters and the affinity of certain units to cling to the same clusters can always provide with the much needed vital tip. The formulation of recovery plan is more strategic in nat...
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionBanking in India has undergone a drastic cha... more (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionBanking in India has undergone a drastic change during the recent times. Financial liberalization along with forces of globalization has played the perfect catalyst to trigger the change. The basic function of banking has not changed over the period of time although the modes of providing the basic function of bank have changed. The financial innovation along with the entry of more competitive forces has increased the competition in the Indian banking industry. Traditional advantage of getting low cost fund and the handsome spread the banks used to gain in providing loans and advances has decreased. Thus traditional banking has started to provide less profit and banks have started to look into new avenues and techniques of increasing their bottom-line.Based on the above mentioned premises the increase in non-interest income or in other words an increase in fee based income can be the solution. Conventional wisdom of banking suggests that the risk can be diversified by increasing fee based income. Fee based income is also considered to be more stable than interest income. Net interest margin of banks are highly correlated with economic cycles and interest rate movements thus is more volatile. Hence, it can be said that a strategy which blends interest income and non-interest income can provide stability to bank profit.It is widely believed that banking is turning to be more competitive than ever before. Thus to prosper, banks need to device strategies to stabilize their bottom line. Indian banking industry is also focusing on fee based income apart from their traditional kitty of interest income from loan portfolios. The increase in fee based income stabilizes bank profit. But, the positive effect of fee based income is marred by increase in operational cost associated with increase in fee based activities.The Indian banking industry has started to rely on fee based income like developed nations. But the contribution of fee based income to total income was approximately 25% as on 31st march 2008 according to industry estimates. Indian banking sector has a long way to go. Thus, it becomes imperative to understand the dynamics of interest income, non-interest income, total profit and total income, the interplay of this factors in providing stability to the banking business as well as increasing their bottom line.Review of LiteratureDuring the past the main source of income for the banking companies were interest income or the income they earned from advances and loans. But during the recent past banking companies have relied heavily on other sources of income as well. Many empirical studies have indicated this diversification of the banking companies into non-banking activities and the benefit they reaped thereof (Eisemann, 1976, Brewer, 1989 and others).In their study Gallo, Apilado and Kolari (1996) have pointed that during the period 1987-94 the bank holding companies increased their income substantially and reduced their risk as well due to presence of high proportion of mutual funds assets in their total assets.Also in the study conducted by Canals (1993) it was revealed that the bank performance improved significantly due to increased income from new business activities and diversification into new areas of revenue generation. Thus, the importance of other sources of income is justified and can also be told that fee-based income stabilizes profitability.It is well observed in different studies that risk reductions of banks are the results of expansion of activities, although, the main contribution is of insurance activities rather than securities activities. The authors Saunders and Walters (1994) also advocated that the studies which observed risk reduction due to asset diversification were reported based on the findings as potential results not actual.In the empirical study by Heggestad (1972) it was also observed that the potential of risk reduction can be enhanced with an increase in fee earning activities. …
Green marketing is a buzzword these days. Even the best of the companies are focusing on products... more Green marketing is a buzzword these days. Even the best of the companies are focusing on products which are environment friendly. The use of organic product can by default generate products which are environment friendly and causes less harm to environment during their production process. Organic farming is the way of producing organic products. India is a classic case where the farming practices are organic in majority of the cases due to tradition as well as several social and economical factors. In the knowledge economy the producers as well the consumers can effectively use ICT to have a WIN-WIN situation. Proper marketing initiatives and marketing infrastructure coupled with application of ICT can facilitate Agri-business. This paper discusses several modules as well as several approaches for green marketing.
With financial liberalization becoming a common parlance among the policy makers and financial in... more With financial liberalization becoming a common parlance among the policy makers and financial inclusion making business sense the growth of rural economy is vivid. During recent years, the RBI along with the Central Government has taken steps to bring the rural economy under the institutional framework of Banking and Finance. The financial institution has become more aggressive in financing to rural economies which makes business sense rather than mere social obligation or meeting targets. In order to effectively use the finance available at cheaper cost in the rural areas, development of social capital as well as entrepreneurship becomes imperative. Developing Entrepreneurial culture entails the development of a positive attitude of all the related sectors which is to be motivated by the financial institutional supporting system. Potential small entrepreneurs need a comprehensive plan to transform their business ideas into working operation minimizing the risk factors with a supportive environment provided by the Government. Although it is the social responsibility of the Government to protect the Entrepreneurship activities by framing specific policy decisions in the matter of area and nature of business. The mode and use of finance makes or mars the business activity of small enterprises. So the understanding of several rural financial markets models can help better utilization of funds. The aim of this paper is to understand the functioning of the rural economy and to provide a frame work within which the evaluation of financial intermediation in rural economy can be understood. This paper also provides an analytical understanding of the linkages between the Indian rural economy and the global markets.
Economic Affairs, 2016
The theory of microcredit is not new a concept, but its applicability in the field of poverty all... more The theory of microcredit is not new a concept, but its applicability in the field of poverty alleviation was made publicly acceptable by the renowned professor Mohammed Yunus whose noble effort has given micro credit its due recognition. The noble prize to Professor Yunus along with the UN recognition of the year 2005 as the year of micro credit bears testimony of the fact that micro credit has taken the centre stage. The evolution of microcredit to microfinance was due to the need of the market. The quantum of money following into the sector and the significant business opportunity has motivated many business models to step in into the sector. The advent of Micro Finance Institutions (MFI) in this regard under various legal entities as Non Banking Finance Corporation (NBFC), Societies, Trust, Cooperatives, and Section 25 companies ushered in a new era into the microfinance sector. Investors as well as the common people are provided with choices. All MFI claims to be the best. The availability of more choices makes the process of selection even complicated. Thus it becomes very arduous task to select from the array of choices. Decision making process thus becomes a complicated phenomenon. The people are uncertain about their choices. Many factors are involved in choosing a MFI thus selection of best MFI falls into the category of Multi-criteria Analysis (MA) problem. It is difficult to map human perception to particular number or a ratio due to vagueness in the decision making process. To solve such problems, the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was developed. Moreover, if an individual is supposed to take any decision, he specifies his preferences using linguistic variables instead of assigning any crisp score to the preference. These linguistic terms are nothing but imprecise and dubious values. To deal with such fuzziness, several researchers extended AHP by incorporating fuzzy characteristics into it and developed a new process known as Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP). FAHP thus helps the decision makers to deal with imprecision and subjective-ness in pair-wise comparison process. The reason to include fuzzy is to reflect the pessimistic, more likely and optimistic decision making environment. This paper has been developed based upon the views of various experts in the field of banking and microfinance along with real time data gathered from MIX Market. The various criteria for selection process are based on the criteria as used in SIDBI's SMERA rating methodology. Then the generation of criteria weight using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP) is done. Finally the alternative MFIs are prioritized taking all the criteria into account.
Social Science Research Network, Feb 25, 2011
Social Science Research Network, Mar 20, 2010
With financial liberalization becoming a common parlance among the policy makers and financial in... more With financial liberalization becoming a common parlance among the policy makers and financial inclusion making business sense the growth of rural economy is vivid. During recent years, the RBI along with the Central Government has taken steps to bring the rural economy under the institutional framework of Banking and Finance. The financial institution has become more aggressive in financing to rural economies which makes business sense rather than mere social obligation or meeting targets. In order to effectively use the finance available at cheaper cost in the rural areas, development of social capital as well as entrepreneurship becomes imperative. Developing Entrepreneurial culture entails the development of a positive attitude of all the related sectors which is to be motivated by the financial institutional supporting system. Potential small entrepreneurs need a comprehensive plan to transform their business ideas into working operation minimizing the risk factors with a supportive environment provided by the Government. Although it is the social responsibility of the Government to protect the Entrepreneurship activities by framing specific policy decisions in the matter of area and nature of business. The mode and use of finance makes or mars the business activity of small enterprises. So the understanding of several rural financial markets models can help better utilization of funds. The aim of this paper is to understand the functioning of the rural economy and to provide a frame work within which the evaluation of financial intermediation in rural economy can be understood. This paper also provides an analytical understanding of the linkages between the Indian rural economy and the global markets.
International Journal of Managment, IT and Engineering, 2011
Lending activity is an integral part of the banking business. Howsoever good a bank may be in its... more Lending activity is an integral part of the banking business. Howsoever good a bank may be in its credit management it cannot escape the natural laws operating within the dynamics of advance and recovery. To put in more manageable sense the strategic homogeneity of the factors of default are also affected by the category of default and the type of facility. Grouping and regrouping of the factors of default is a natural phenomenon based on certain rules. Thus this kind of an understanding calls for deliberation to find out the factors of default and also look for natural tendency of the factors for formation of clusters. Marketing as a process always looks for clusters based on certain homogeneity of variables so as to design techniques and means thus maximizing reach and minimizing cost. The formation of clusters and the affinity of certain units to cling to the same clusters can always provide with the much needed vital tip. The formulation of recovery plan is more strategic in nature when it comes to banks, with operational part playing a necessary role of execution. The dynamics of the factors of default and the formation of clusters according to major category of defaulter can open up new avenues to find out the synergistic agglomeration of units.
International Journal of Business Performance Management, 2012
Indian banking has witnessed reforms since 1991 thus providing it with operational flexibility an... more Indian banking has witnessed reforms since 1991 thus providing it with operational flexibility and institutional transformation. The reforms have strengthened the fundamentals of the Indian banking sector. Still more the resilience of the Indian banking sector in withstanding financial crisis has proved its stability beyond doubt. Deregulation of the Indian banking sector has opened up new avenues of banking both in terms of outreach and services. While Indian banking industry is placed globally and has to compete with global standards, it is still struggling to achieve global standards. The best rated banks in India are not able to get position within the top hundred banks globally. Thus, efficiency along with growth assumes vital tip in any analysis concerning bank. Efficiency of the banks in managing its inputs and outputs, is thus of prime importance in deciding the position of the bank. All this calls for a comprehensive analysis of the technical efficiency of the banks operating in India.
GeoBit, Jan 9, 2019
The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economie... more The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economies are still struggling to recover. The cause of the crisis was primarily the inefficiency of the banking system to manage their subprime asset class. It reflected the importance of efficiency of the banking system irrespective of the credit rating which signifies its quality of asset class. In the contemporary world economy no economic system can remain isolated. Indian banking system also felt the shock but managed it efficiently. This motivates for a comprehensive analysis to discover whether the so called resilience was due to some policy stimulus or the Indian banking industry is intrinsically efficient. Also, the pattern of grouping of the banks plays an important role in providing stability in the interconnected system. Thus technical analysis of the banks along with the dynamics of cluster formation after factoring the pre and post financial crisis time periods was studied , so that it can provide valuable inputs in designing strategic outlook regarding the Indian banking industry.
Social Science Research Network, Jan 9, 2010
Green marketing is a buzzword these days. Even the best of the companies are focusing on products... more Green marketing is a buzzword these days. Even the best of the companies are focusing on products which are environment friendly. The use of organic product can by default generate products which are environment friendly and causes less harm to environment during their production process. Organic farming is the way of producing organic products. India is a classic case where the farming practices are organic in majority of the cases due to tradition as well as several social and economical factors. In the knowledge economy the producers as well the consumers can effectively use ICT to have a WIN-WIN situation. Proper marketing initiatives and marketing infrastructure coupled with application of ICT can facilitate Agri-business. This paper discusses several modules as well as several approaches for green marketing.
Eonomic affairs, 2016
The theory of microcredit is not new a concept, but its applicability in the field of poverty all... more The theory of microcredit is not new a concept, but its applicability in the field of poverty alleviation was made publicly acceptable by the renowned professor Mohammed Yunus whose noble effort has given micro credit its due recognition. The noble prize to Professor Yunus along with the UN recognition of the year 2005 as the year of micro credit bears testimony of the fact that micro credit has taken the centre stage. The evolution of microcredit to microfinance was due to the need of the market. The quantum of money following into the sector and the significant business opportunity has motivated many business models to step in into the sector. The advent of Micro Finance Institutions (MFI) in this regard under various legal entities as Non Banking Finance Corporation (NBFC), Societies, Trust, Cooperatives, and Section 25 companies ushered in a new era into the microfinance sector. Investors as well as the common people are provided with choices. All MFI claims to be the best. The availability of more choices makes the process of selection even complicated. Thus it becomes very arduous task to select from the array of choices. Decision making process thus becomes a complicated phenomenon. The people are uncertain about their choices. Many factors are involved in choosing a MFI thus selection of best MFI falls into the category of Multi-criteria Analysis (MA) problem. It is difficult to map human perception to particular number or a ratio due to vagueness in the decision making process. To solve such problems, the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was developed. Moreover, if an individual is supposed to take any decision, he specifies his preferences using linguistic variables instead of assigning any crisp score to the preference. These linguistic terms are nothing but imprecise and dubious values. To deal with such fuzziness, several researchers extended AHP by incorporating fuzzy characteristics into it and developed a new process known as Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP). FAHP thus helps the decision makers to deal with imprecision and subjective-ness in pair-wise comparison process. The reason to include fuzzy is to reflect the pessimistic, more likely and optimistic decision making environment. This paper has been developed based upon the views of various experts in the field of banking and microfinance along with real time data gathered from MIX Market. The various criteria for selection process are based on the criteria as used in SIDBI's SMERA rating methodology. Then the generation of criteria weight using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP) is done. Finally the alternative MFIs are prioritized taking all the criteria into account.
Journal of Banking Financial Services and Insurance Research, 2011
Social Science Research Network, Dec 11, 2010
Capital is one of the important factors of production in economics. Over the ages the factors of ... more Capital is one of the important factors of production in economics. Over the ages the factors of production has changed its dimension. The economic concept of social capital along with the emergence of human capital is helping academicians and scientist to explain lot of unexplained things. But, still many things remain unexplained. Happiness in less growth economy compared to unhappiness in super normal growth economy remains unexplained. The success of Collateral free loans to most of the technically un-credit worthy customers remains a mystery. The bankruptcy of the most credit worthy individuals also brings forth many questions. The yearning amongst the mind of the people for searching the real meaning of growth and happiness has not ended. Though the world has successfully demonstrated its capability to bring forth ever complex products real growth is a far story. An attempt has been made through this article to bring in purview the concept of spiritual capital and the economic understanding of the world renowned poet Rabindranath Tagore. Also the paper aims to establish the relevance of it in the contemporary economic scenario so as to bring forth true economic growth and happiness.
Capital is one of the important factors of production in economics. Over the ages the factors of ... more Capital is one of the important factors of production in economics. Over the ages the factors of production has changed its dimension. The economic concept of social capital along with the emergence of human capital is helping academicians and scientist to explain lot of unexplained things. But, still many things remain unexplained. Happiness in less growth economy compared to unhappiness in super normal growth economy remains unexplained. The success of Collateral free loans to most of the technically un-credit worthy customers remains a mystery. The bankruptcy of the most credit worthy individuals also brings forth many questions. The yearning amongst the mind of the people for searching the real meaning of growth and happiness has not ended. Though the world has successfully demonstrated its capability to bring forth ever complex products real growth is a far story. An attempt has been made through this article to bring in purview the concept of spiritual capital and the economic understanding of the world renowned poet Rabindranath Tagore. Also the paper aims to establish the relevance of it in the contemporary economic scenario so as to bring forth true economic growth and happiness.
International Journal of Business Performance Management, 2012
Indian banking has witnessed reforms since 1991 thus providing it with operational flexibility an... more Indian banking has witnessed reforms since 1991 thus providing it with operational flexibility and institutional transformation. The reforms have strengthened the fundamentals of the Indian banking sector. Still more the resilience of the Indian banking sector in withstanding financial crisis has proved its stability beyond doubt. Deregulation of the Indian banking sector has opened up new avenues of banking both in terms of outreach and services. While Indian banking industry is placed globally and has to compete with global standards, it is still struggling to achieve global standards. The best rated banks in India are not able to get position within the top hundred banks globally. Thus, efficiency along with growth assumes vital tip in any analysis concerning bank. Efficiency of the banks in managing its inputs and outputs, is thus of prime importance in deciding the position of the bank. All this calls for a comprehensive analysis of the technical efficiency of the banks operating in India.
The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economie... more The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economies are still struggling to recover. The cause of the crisis was primarily the inefficiency of the banking system to manage their sub-prime asset class. It reflected the importance of efficiency of the banking system irrespective of the credit rating which signifies its quality of asset class. In the contemporary world economy no economic system can remain isolated. Indian banking system also felt the shock but managed it efficiently. This motivates for a comprehensive analysis to discover whether the so called resilience was due to some policy stimulus or the Indian banking industry is intrinsically efficient. Also, the pattern of grouping of the banks plays an important role in providing stability in the inter-connected system. Thus technical analysis of the banks along with the dynamics of cluster formation after factoring the pre and post financial crisis time periods was studied, so t...
GIS Business, 2019
The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economie... more The financial crisis has send shock waves cutting across boundaries and economies. Major economies are still struggling to recover. The cause of the crisis was primarily the inefficiency of the banking system to manage their sub -prime asset class. It reflected the importance of efficiency of the banking system irrespective of the credit rating which signifies its quality of asset class. In the contemporary world economy no economic system can remain isolated. Indian banking system also felt the shock but managed it efficiently. This motivates for a comprehensive analysis to discover whether the so called resilience was due to some policy stimulus or the Indian banking industry is intrinsically efficient. Also, the pattern of grouping of the banks plays an important role in providing stability in the inter-connected system. Thus technical analysis of the banks along with the dynamics of cluster formation after factoring the pre and post financial crisis time periods was studied , so...
International Journal of Managment, IT and Engineering, 2011
Lending activity is an integral part of the banking business. Howsoever good a bank may be in its... more Lending activity is an integral part of the banking business. Howsoever good a bank may be in its credit management it cannot escape the natural laws operating within the dynamics of advance and recovery. To put in more manageable sense the strategic homogeneity of the factors of default are also affected by the category of default and the type of facility. Grouping and regrouping of the factors of default is a natural phenomenon based on certain rules. Thus this kind of an understanding calls for deliberation to find out the factors of default and also look for natural tendency of the factors for formation of clusters. Marketing as a process always looks for clusters based on certain homogeneity of variables so as to design techniques and means thus maximizing reach and minimizing cost. The formation of clusters and the affinity of certain units to cling to the same clusters can always provide with the much needed vital tip. The formulation of recovery plan is more strategic in nat...
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionBanking in India has undergone a drastic cha... more (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)IntroductionBanking in India has undergone a drastic change during the recent times. Financial liberalization along with forces of globalization has played the perfect catalyst to trigger the change. The basic function of banking has not changed over the period of time although the modes of providing the basic function of bank have changed. The financial innovation along with the entry of more competitive forces has increased the competition in the Indian banking industry. Traditional advantage of getting low cost fund and the handsome spread the banks used to gain in providing loans and advances has decreased. Thus traditional banking has started to provide less profit and banks have started to look into new avenues and techniques of increasing their bottom-line.Based on the above mentioned premises the increase in non-interest income or in other words an increase in fee based income can be the solution. Conventional wisdom of banking suggests that the risk can be diversified by increasing fee based income. Fee based income is also considered to be more stable than interest income. Net interest margin of banks are highly correlated with economic cycles and interest rate movements thus is more volatile. Hence, it can be said that a strategy which blends interest income and non-interest income can provide stability to bank profit.It is widely believed that banking is turning to be more competitive than ever before. Thus to prosper, banks need to device strategies to stabilize their bottom line. Indian banking industry is also focusing on fee based income apart from their traditional kitty of interest income from loan portfolios. The increase in fee based income stabilizes bank profit. But, the positive effect of fee based income is marred by increase in operational cost associated with increase in fee based activities.The Indian banking industry has started to rely on fee based income like developed nations. But the contribution of fee based income to total income was approximately 25% as on 31st march 2008 according to industry estimates. Indian banking sector has a long way to go. Thus, it becomes imperative to understand the dynamics of interest income, non-interest income, total profit and total income, the interplay of this factors in providing stability to the banking business as well as increasing their bottom line.Review of LiteratureDuring the past the main source of income for the banking companies were interest income or the income they earned from advances and loans. But during the recent past banking companies have relied heavily on other sources of income as well. Many empirical studies have indicated this diversification of the banking companies into non-banking activities and the benefit they reaped thereof (Eisemann, 1976, Brewer, 1989 and others).In their study Gallo, Apilado and Kolari (1996) have pointed that during the period 1987-94 the bank holding companies increased their income substantially and reduced their risk as well due to presence of high proportion of mutual funds assets in their total assets.Also in the study conducted by Canals (1993) it was revealed that the bank performance improved significantly due to increased income from new business activities and diversification into new areas of revenue generation. Thus, the importance of other sources of income is justified and can also be told that fee-based income stabilizes profitability.It is well observed in different studies that risk reductions of banks are the results of expansion of activities, although, the main contribution is of insurance activities rather than securities activities. The authors Saunders and Walters (1994) also advocated that the studies which observed risk reduction due to asset diversification were reported based on the findings as potential results not actual.In the empirical study by Heggestad (1972) it was also observed that the potential of risk reduction can be enhanced with an increase in fee earning activities. …
Green marketing is a buzzword these days. Even the best of the companies are focusing on products... more Green marketing is a buzzword these days. Even the best of the companies are focusing on products which are environment friendly. The use of organic product can by default generate products which are environment friendly and causes less harm to environment during their production process. Organic farming is the way of producing organic products. India is a classic case where the farming practices are organic in majority of the cases due to tradition as well as several social and economical factors. In the knowledge economy the producers as well the consumers can effectively use ICT to have a WIN-WIN situation. Proper marketing initiatives and marketing infrastructure coupled with application of ICT can facilitate Agri-business. This paper discusses several modules as well as several approaches for green marketing.
With financial liberalization becoming a common parlance among the policy makers and financial in... more With financial liberalization becoming a common parlance among the policy makers and financial inclusion making business sense the growth of rural economy is vivid. During recent years, the RBI along with the Central Government has taken steps to bring the rural economy under the institutional framework of Banking and Finance. The financial institution has become more aggressive in financing to rural economies which makes business sense rather than mere social obligation or meeting targets. In order to effectively use the finance available at cheaper cost in the rural areas, development of social capital as well as entrepreneurship becomes imperative. Developing Entrepreneurial culture entails the development of a positive attitude of all the related sectors which is to be motivated by the financial institutional supporting system. Potential small entrepreneurs need a comprehensive plan to transform their business ideas into working operation minimizing the risk factors with a supportive environment provided by the Government. Although it is the social responsibility of the Government to protect the Entrepreneurship activities by framing specific policy decisions in the matter of area and nature of business. The mode and use of finance makes or mars the business activity of small enterprises. So the understanding of several rural financial markets models can help better utilization of funds. The aim of this paper is to understand the functioning of the rural economy and to provide a frame work within which the evaluation of financial intermediation in rural economy can be understood. This paper also provides an analytical understanding of the linkages between the Indian rural economy and the global markets.
Economic Affairs, 2016
The theory of microcredit is not new a concept, but its applicability in the field of poverty all... more The theory of microcredit is not new a concept, but its applicability in the field of poverty alleviation was made publicly acceptable by the renowned professor Mohammed Yunus whose noble effort has given micro credit its due recognition. The noble prize to Professor Yunus along with the UN recognition of the year 2005 as the year of micro credit bears testimony of the fact that micro credit has taken the centre stage. The evolution of microcredit to microfinance was due to the need of the market. The quantum of money following into the sector and the significant business opportunity has motivated many business models to step in into the sector. The advent of Micro Finance Institutions (MFI) in this regard under various legal entities as Non Banking Finance Corporation (NBFC), Societies, Trust, Cooperatives, and Section 25 companies ushered in a new era into the microfinance sector. Investors as well as the common people are provided with choices. All MFI claims to be the best. The availability of more choices makes the process of selection even complicated. Thus it becomes very arduous task to select from the array of choices. Decision making process thus becomes a complicated phenomenon. The people are uncertain about their choices. Many factors are involved in choosing a MFI thus selection of best MFI falls into the category of Multi-criteria Analysis (MA) problem. It is difficult to map human perception to particular number or a ratio due to vagueness in the decision making process. To solve such problems, the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was developed. Moreover, if an individual is supposed to take any decision, he specifies his preferences using linguistic variables instead of assigning any crisp score to the preference. These linguistic terms are nothing but imprecise and dubious values. To deal with such fuzziness, several researchers extended AHP by incorporating fuzzy characteristics into it and developed a new process known as Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP). FAHP thus helps the decision makers to deal with imprecision and subjective-ness in pair-wise comparison process. The reason to include fuzzy is to reflect the pessimistic, more likely and optimistic decision making environment. This paper has been developed based upon the views of various experts in the field of banking and microfinance along with real time data gathered from MIX Market. The various criteria for selection process are based on the criteria as used in SIDBI's SMERA rating methodology. Then the generation of criteria weight using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP) is done. Finally the alternative MFIs are prioritized taking all the criteria into account.