Emmanuel Sulle - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Emmanuel Sulle

As individuals, communities and companies rush to secure land for various uses, protecting rangel... more As individuals, communities and companies rush to secure land for various uses, protecting rangelands for pastoral communities in Tanzania is a real challenge for many actors in the livestock sector. The Sustainable Rangeland Management Project (SRMP) explored opportunities to ensure pastoral rangelands are documented, secured and protected. The project is led by the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MoLF), the National Land Use Planning Commission (NLUPC), and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), working with local civil society organizations (CSOs), district governments and communities. The project is funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Irish Aid and the International Land Coalition (ILC), contributing to ILC's national engagement strategy in the country. SRMP developed, piloted and scaled up the process of joint village land use planning (JVLUP) in pastoral areas as a tool for resolving conflicts between land users, rationalizing land use and ensuring that adequate land is protected for local livelihoods now and in the future. As part of this process, a context analysis was commissioned by ILRI regarding two new potential areas in which the project may work. The overarching objective of the analysis is to understand contextual issues, challenges and opportunities for undertaking JVLUP in two clusters of districts in Pwani and Morogoro regions. The study undertook interviews with key stakeholders from the NLUPC, regional offices, district councils and CSOs, over a period of two months in mid-2018. Key findings of the study include the following: i Livestock are essential assets for livelihoods, a critical source of savings, and key to alleviating poverty in the pastoral communities. In three of the studied districts, livestock production is the second largest source of income. ii Tanzanian land legislation provides grounds for establishing joint village land use agreements between villages. The Village Land Act 1999 empowers villages to delineate grazing areas, and the Grazing Lands and Animal Feed Resources Act 2010 requires villages and districts to establish livestock movement corridors where grazing land can be solely used for livestock grazing, marketing and infrastructure. While in theory establishing a JVLUP is legally sanctioned, in practice, such plans face many political, socioeconomic , environmental, cultural and technological challenges. iii Prior and ongoing implementation of village land use planning (VLUP) secure rural people's land rights and also helps reduce land-based conflicts. Yet, VLUP processes, especially if they are not fully participatory, may not meet intended goals of securing access to land and other natural resources. Instead, in all four districts in this study, pastoralists are treated as newcomers and in most villages dominated by farmers, pastoralists do not fully participate in decision-making including in village assemblies and village councils. This significantly affects pastoralists' ability to influence key decisions about VLUPs and land allocation for different purposes. The region hosts a number of protected areas such as Wami Mbiki wildlife management area (WMA), and Ruvu North and South forest reserves, which are catchment areas to Wami, Ruvu and Rufiji rivers. Rapid increase of human activity in and around these areas have degraded parts of the conserved catchment areas, resulting in siltation, for example, at the river Wami at Wami Water Station.

A new wave of agricultural commercialisation is being promoted across Africa’s eastern seaboard, ... more A new wave of agricultural commercialisation is being promoted across Africa’s eastern seaboard, by a broad range of influential actors – from international corporations to domestic political and business elites. Growth corridors, linking infrastructure development, mining and agriculture for export, are central to this, and are generating a new spatial politics as formerly remote borders and hinterlands are expected to be transformed through foreign investment and aid projects. In our APRA study, we have been asking: what actually happens on the ground, even when corridors as originally planned are slow to materialise? Do the grand visions play out as expected? Who is involved and who loses out? To answer these questions, APRA research into growth corridors has focused on three key examples: the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT), the Lamu Port and South Sudan Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) corridor, and the Beira and Nacala corridors in Mozambique

APRA, Future Agricultures Consortium, Mar 1, 2019

Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), 2017

Policy and legal framework governing large-scale acquisitions Large-scale agricultural investment... more Policy and legal framework governing large-scale acquisitions Large-scale agricultural investments in general land Large-scale agricultural investments on village land Compulsory acquisition of land for large-scale investments Registration of land in Tanzania THE IMPLICATIONS OF LARGE-SCALE LAND ACQUISITIONS ON SMALL PRODUCERS Conflicting configurations of rights and compensation Pressure on land and ensuing land conflicts Land rights and investments: hot political issues

Institute for Poverty Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), Mar 1, 2014

Integrating gender into Kenya's evolving seed policies and regulations for roots and tubers Publi... more Integrating gender into Kenya's evolving seed policies and regulations for roots and tubers Published by the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas The CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) is a partnership collaboration led by the International Potato Center implemented jointly with the Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), and the Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), that includes a growing number of research and development partners. RTB brings together research on its mandate crops: bananas and plantains, cassava, potato, sweetpotato, yams, and minor roots and tubers, to improve nutrition and food security and foster greater gender equity especially among some of the world's poorest and most vulnerable populations.

Conservation Science and Practice, 2020

Eastern and southern Africa has been a key laboratory for community-based approaches to conservat... more Eastern and southern Africa has been a key laboratory for community-based approaches to conservation for over three decades. During the 1990s, field-level initiatives and national policy reforms across the region put it at the forefront of global experiments with community-based conservation. Community-based conservation, in theory and practice, is closely tied to institutional reforms that devolve rights over wildlife and natural resources to local communities. As such, these efforts have frequently encountered political-economic and institutional barriers that limited their impact. This contributed to a rising sense of rollback and recentralization of community conservation approaches during the 2000s. Since then, community-based conservation has expanded its scope considerably in some countries, notably Kenya and Namibia, primarily as a result of relatively supportive legal and policy provisions coupled with sustained government, civil society, and private sector support. At a wider scale, sufficient devolution of rights over wildlife and natural resources has been a chronic constraint, but community-based initiatives have still managed to persist, adapt, and deliver some evidence of positive ecological and social impacts in Zambia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Three key overarching trends across the region are (a) the significant growth and expansion of community-based conservation where key institutional enabling conditions exist; (b) pervasive institutional limitations on community rights over wildlife and other valuable natural resources, which continue to constrain and undermine community-based approaches; and (c) local entrepreneurship and resilience that continues to create new opportunities for community-based approaches, even under adverse conditions. K E Y W O R D S community-based conservation, eastern and southern Africa, evolution, governance, institutions Forthcoming in Special Edition of Conservation Science & Practice: Evolution and adaptation of governance and institutions in community-based conservation A review of key institutional trends in community-based conservation in eastern and southern Africa.

Conservation and Society, 2017

lands and the politics of resource and revenue sharing among WMA member villages. It seeks to unp... more lands and the politics of resource and revenue sharing among WMA member villages. It seeks to unpack such implications on cost and revenue distribution between the WMA member villages and the central government on the one hand, and on communities' participation in conservation-tourism initiatives on the other. Given the risks of corruption and inefficiencies with respect to taxes, and the lack of accountability and poor service delivery at the central level, a number of studies have claimed that enabling local communities with powers to collect and maintain revenues generated from natural resources is critical (Larson 2003; Ribot 2003; Lund 2007). This call to enable local communities to manage revenue has, however, been criticised on the grounds that the system at the lower level is neither fully democratic nor efficient (Brockington 2008). Brockington (2008) thus suggests that until the local government authorities develop efficient institutions that avoid the use of coercive and abusive means of tax collection, effective decentralisation of tax collection is unlikely to materialise.

A dedicated investment in smallholder farmers to enable them to improve their land use and produc... more A dedicated investment in smallholder farmers to enable them to improve their land use and productivity is critical to achieve sustainable and inclusive growth in African countries. The New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition (‘New Alliance’) focuses on public-private partnership (PPPs) with local investors and multinational corporations (MNCs) to produce food. However, this is unlikely to solve chronic problems of hunger, malnutrition and poverty because of under-investment in smallholder agriculture, and the rolling back of state support following structural adjustment programmes from the 1980s onwards. The initial signs of New Alliance implementation, instead of reversing this chronic under-investment in smallholder agriculture, suggests the adoption of corporate agriculture, either turning smallholder farmers into wage workers and hooking them into value chains in which they have to compete with MNCs, or expelling them to search for alternative livelihoods in the growing ci...

Policies promoting biofuels development through financial incentives in Europe and in the United ... more Policies promoting biofuels development through financial incentives in Europe and in the United States of America are major drivers of the ‘land rush’ in many African countries. Yet, we know that most of the first projects have not achieved their intended objectives on the ground. Amidst these controversial and failed investments, which continue to hold large tracts of land in Africa, the G8 initiative called the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition is trying to attract substantial new private investment in agriculture in ten African countries. The New Alliance focuses on public-private investments, with host governments offering large tracts of land to investors. These land-based investments follow similar patterns to unrealised ambitions of biofuels investments. Given the evidence of negative impacts of biofuels investments on rural communities’ access to and control of land, water and forests, the New Alliance implementing partners need to consider lessons from the biofu...

Sugarcane outgrower schemes are central to several policy and donor strategies for driving agricu... more Sugarcane outgrower schemes are central to several policy and donor strategies for driving agricultural growth and reducing poverty, including the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor project in Tanzania (SAGCOT). But field research into the outgrower component of Kilombero Sugar Company, Tanzania’s largest and best regarded sugar producer, demonstrates a pressing need for change. Sugarcane production in Kilombero has had benefits for farming households as well as the local and national economy. However, unsustainable expansion and governance issues in the outgrower scheme have created new risks. There are pressures on food security as a result of a decline in land for food crops, and on incomes, particularly when outgrowers’ cane remains unharvested and farmers’ payments are delayed. These problems have been aggravated by the importation of foreign sugar into the country. For this industry to provide its maximum benefits to the economy and to the household, a policy, legal and ins...

The rhetoric of a ‘win-win-win’ situation – which represents simultaneous achievement of economic... more The rhetoric of a ‘win-win-win’ situation – which represents simultaneous achievement of economic growth, environmental protection and social development – is central to the emergence of community-based wildlife protection efforts that involve new partnerships between actors such as local communities, businesses and government agencies. The win-win rhetoric furthers the logic that the more partners, the more wins – yet the current knowledge base lacks clear criteria for evaluating partnerships. This working paper uses political ecology as a conceptual lens to propose such criteria. We suggest examining partnerships not only based on their complexity, but also how they are formed and gain legitimacy in different contexts and how various partnership configurations engender particular kinds of ecological and socio-economic outcomes. Based on a review of the literature about partnerships and their impacts, and drawing on insights from Tanzania’s wildlife sector, we establish three group...

Tanzania’s endowment of diverse biodiversity, wildlife resources and prime natural attraction sit... more Tanzania’s endowment of diverse biodiversity, wildlife resources and prime natural attraction sites put the country at the center of many debates about conservation, human welfare and development. As approaches for wildlife protection have evolved over time, so has the need for redressing the gap between nature and people through different kinds of partnerships. Based on are view of the existing literature, we examine the context in which partnerships have emerged in the wildlife sector in Tanzania, the processes that support acquisition and maintenance of legitimacy, as well as the sustainability outcomes of these partnerships. Specifically, the paper examines the historical trajectory of these partnerships and the influence that different actors have historically maintained hence determining how the public and private sector engagements evolved over time. We draw insights from the Selous game reserve with specific attention to the role of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) as a conv...

Since the global food crisis of 2008 the Tanzanian government, amongst other African governments,... more Since the global food crisis of 2008 the Tanzanian government, amongst other African governments, has made food security through increases in agricultural productivity a policy priority. The emphasis in Tanzania is on commercialisation, with a particular focus on large-scale rice and sugarcane production. Gender equity within African agricultural production is a critical issue; yet limited empirical research exists on the gender implications of agricultural commercialisation now taking place in the region. This paper presents findings from fieldwork conducted in Kilombero District of Tanzania in 2013 and 2014. The research takes the country’s largest sugar producer – Kilombero Sugar Company Ltd – as its focus and analyses the socio-economic implications of the commercialisation of sugarcane production from a gender perspective. The findings demonstrate the significance of gender relations in the development of commercial agricultural business models, local socio-economic development...

As individuals, communities and companies rush to secure land for various uses, protecting rangel... more As individuals, communities and companies rush to secure land for various uses, protecting rangelands for pastoral communities in Tanzania is a real challenge for many actors in the livestock sector. The Sustainable Rangeland Management Project (SRMP) explored opportunities to ensure pastoral rangelands are documented, secured and protected. The project is led by the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MoLF), the National Land Use Planning Commission (NLUPC), and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), working with local civil society organizations (CSOs), district governments and communities. The project is funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Irish Aid and the International Land Coalition (ILC), contributing to ILC's national engagement strategy in the country. SRMP developed, piloted and scaled up the process of joint village land use planning (JVLUP) in pastoral areas as a tool for resolving conflicts between land users, rationalizing land use and ensuring that adequate land is protected for local livelihoods now and in the future. As part of this process, a context analysis was commissioned by ILRI regarding two new potential areas in which the project may work. The overarching objective of the analysis is to understand contextual issues, challenges and opportunities for undertaking JVLUP in two clusters of districts in Pwani and Morogoro regions. The study undertook interviews with key stakeholders from the NLUPC, regional offices, district councils and CSOs, over a period of two months in mid-2018. Key findings of the study include the following: i Livestock are essential assets for livelihoods, a critical source of savings, and key to alleviating poverty in the pastoral communities. In three of the studied districts, livestock production is the second largest source of income. ii Tanzanian land legislation provides grounds for establishing joint village land use agreements between villages. The Village Land Act 1999 empowers villages to delineate grazing areas, and the Grazing Lands and Animal Feed Resources Act 2010 requires villages and districts to establish livestock movement corridors where grazing land can be solely used for livestock grazing, marketing and infrastructure. While in theory establishing a JVLUP is legally sanctioned, in practice, such plans face many political, socioeconomic , environmental, cultural and technological challenges. iii Prior and ongoing implementation of village land use planning (VLUP) secure rural people's land rights and also helps reduce land-based conflicts. Yet, VLUP processes, especially if they are not fully participatory, may not meet intended goals of securing access to land and other natural resources. Instead, in all four districts in this study, pastoralists are treated as newcomers and in most villages dominated by farmers, pastoralists do not fully participate in decision-making including in village assemblies and village councils. This significantly affects pastoralists' ability to influence key decisions about VLUPs and land allocation for different purposes. The region hosts a number of protected areas such as Wami Mbiki wildlife management area (WMA), and Ruvu North and South forest reserves, which are catchment areas to Wami, Ruvu and Rufiji rivers. Rapid increase of human activity in and around these areas have degraded parts of the conserved catchment areas, resulting in siltation, for example, at the river Wami at Wami Water Station.

A new wave of agricultural commercialisation is being promoted across Africa’s eastern seaboard, ... more A new wave of agricultural commercialisation is being promoted across Africa’s eastern seaboard, by a broad range of influential actors – from international corporations to domestic political and business elites. Growth corridors, linking infrastructure development, mining and agriculture for export, are central to this, and are generating a new spatial politics as formerly remote borders and hinterlands are expected to be transformed through foreign investment and aid projects. In our APRA study, we have been asking: what actually happens on the ground, even when corridors as originally planned are slow to materialise? Do the grand visions play out as expected? Who is involved and who loses out? To answer these questions, APRA research into growth corridors has focused on three key examples: the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT), the Lamu Port and South Sudan Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) corridor, and the Beira and Nacala corridors in Mozambique

APRA, Future Agricultures Consortium, Mar 1, 2019

Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), 2017

Policy and legal framework governing large-scale acquisitions Large-scale agricultural investment... more Policy and legal framework governing large-scale acquisitions Large-scale agricultural investments in general land Large-scale agricultural investments on village land Compulsory acquisition of land for large-scale investments Registration of land in Tanzania THE IMPLICATIONS OF LARGE-SCALE LAND ACQUISITIONS ON SMALL PRODUCERS Conflicting configurations of rights and compensation Pressure on land and ensuing land conflicts Land rights and investments: hot political issues

Institute for Poverty Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), Mar 1, 2014

Integrating gender into Kenya's evolving seed policies and regulations for roots and tubers Publi... more Integrating gender into Kenya's evolving seed policies and regulations for roots and tubers Published by the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas The CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) is a partnership collaboration led by the International Potato Center implemented jointly with the Alliance of Bioversity International and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), and the Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), that includes a growing number of research and development partners. RTB brings together research on its mandate crops: bananas and plantains, cassava, potato, sweetpotato, yams, and minor roots and tubers, to improve nutrition and food security and foster greater gender equity especially among some of the world's poorest and most vulnerable populations.

Conservation Science and Practice, 2020

Eastern and southern Africa has been a key laboratory for community-based approaches to conservat... more Eastern and southern Africa has been a key laboratory for community-based approaches to conservation for over three decades. During the 1990s, field-level initiatives and national policy reforms across the region put it at the forefront of global experiments with community-based conservation. Community-based conservation, in theory and practice, is closely tied to institutional reforms that devolve rights over wildlife and natural resources to local communities. As such, these efforts have frequently encountered political-economic and institutional barriers that limited their impact. This contributed to a rising sense of rollback and recentralization of community conservation approaches during the 2000s. Since then, community-based conservation has expanded its scope considerably in some countries, notably Kenya and Namibia, primarily as a result of relatively supportive legal and policy provisions coupled with sustained government, civil society, and private sector support. At a wider scale, sufficient devolution of rights over wildlife and natural resources has been a chronic constraint, but community-based initiatives have still managed to persist, adapt, and deliver some evidence of positive ecological and social impacts in Zambia, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Three key overarching trends across the region are (a) the significant growth and expansion of community-based conservation where key institutional enabling conditions exist; (b) pervasive institutional limitations on community rights over wildlife and other valuable natural resources, which continue to constrain and undermine community-based approaches; and (c) local entrepreneurship and resilience that continues to create new opportunities for community-based approaches, even under adverse conditions. K E Y W O R D S community-based conservation, eastern and southern Africa, evolution, governance, institutions Forthcoming in Special Edition of Conservation Science & Practice: Evolution and adaptation of governance and institutions in community-based conservation A review of key institutional trends in community-based conservation in eastern and southern Africa.

Conservation and Society, 2017

lands and the politics of resource and revenue sharing among WMA member villages. It seeks to unp... more lands and the politics of resource and revenue sharing among WMA member villages. It seeks to unpack such implications on cost and revenue distribution between the WMA member villages and the central government on the one hand, and on communities' participation in conservation-tourism initiatives on the other. Given the risks of corruption and inefficiencies with respect to taxes, and the lack of accountability and poor service delivery at the central level, a number of studies have claimed that enabling local communities with powers to collect and maintain revenues generated from natural resources is critical (Larson 2003; Ribot 2003; Lund 2007). This call to enable local communities to manage revenue has, however, been criticised on the grounds that the system at the lower level is neither fully democratic nor efficient (Brockington 2008). Brockington (2008) thus suggests that until the local government authorities develop efficient institutions that avoid the use of coercive and abusive means of tax collection, effective decentralisation of tax collection is unlikely to materialise.

A dedicated investment in smallholder farmers to enable them to improve their land use and produc... more A dedicated investment in smallholder farmers to enable them to improve their land use and productivity is critical to achieve sustainable and inclusive growth in African countries. The New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition (‘New Alliance’) focuses on public-private partnership (PPPs) with local investors and multinational corporations (MNCs) to produce food. However, this is unlikely to solve chronic problems of hunger, malnutrition and poverty because of under-investment in smallholder agriculture, and the rolling back of state support following structural adjustment programmes from the 1980s onwards. The initial signs of New Alliance implementation, instead of reversing this chronic under-investment in smallholder agriculture, suggests the adoption of corporate agriculture, either turning smallholder farmers into wage workers and hooking them into value chains in which they have to compete with MNCs, or expelling them to search for alternative livelihoods in the growing ci...

Policies promoting biofuels development through financial incentives in Europe and in the United ... more Policies promoting biofuels development through financial incentives in Europe and in the United States of America are major drivers of the ‘land rush’ in many African countries. Yet, we know that most of the first projects have not achieved their intended objectives on the ground. Amidst these controversial and failed investments, which continue to hold large tracts of land in Africa, the G8 initiative called the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition is trying to attract substantial new private investment in agriculture in ten African countries. The New Alliance focuses on public-private investments, with host governments offering large tracts of land to investors. These land-based investments follow similar patterns to unrealised ambitions of biofuels investments. Given the evidence of negative impacts of biofuels investments on rural communities’ access to and control of land, water and forests, the New Alliance implementing partners need to consider lessons from the biofu...

Sugarcane outgrower schemes are central to several policy and donor strategies for driving agricu... more Sugarcane outgrower schemes are central to several policy and donor strategies for driving agricultural growth and reducing poverty, including the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor project in Tanzania (SAGCOT). But field research into the outgrower component of Kilombero Sugar Company, Tanzania’s largest and best regarded sugar producer, demonstrates a pressing need for change. Sugarcane production in Kilombero has had benefits for farming households as well as the local and national economy. However, unsustainable expansion and governance issues in the outgrower scheme have created new risks. There are pressures on food security as a result of a decline in land for food crops, and on incomes, particularly when outgrowers’ cane remains unharvested and farmers’ payments are delayed. These problems have been aggravated by the importation of foreign sugar into the country. For this industry to provide its maximum benefits to the economy and to the household, a policy, legal and ins...

The rhetoric of a ‘win-win-win’ situation – which represents simultaneous achievement of economic... more The rhetoric of a ‘win-win-win’ situation – which represents simultaneous achievement of economic growth, environmental protection and social development – is central to the emergence of community-based wildlife protection efforts that involve new partnerships between actors such as local communities, businesses and government agencies. The win-win rhetoric furthers the logic that the more partners, the more wins – yet the current knowledge base lacks clear criteria for evaluating partnerships. This working paper uses political ecology as a conceptual lens to propose such criteria. We suggest examining partnerships not only based on their complexity, but also how they are formed and gain legitimacy in different contexts and how various partnership configurations engender particular kinds of ecological and socio-economic outcomes. Based on a review of the literature about partnerships and their impacts, and drawing on insights from Tanzania’s wildlife sector, we establish three group...

Tanzania’s endowment of diverse biodiversity, wildlife resources and prime natural attraction sit... more Tanzania’s endowment of diverse biodiversity, wildlife resources and prime natural attraction sites put the country at the center of many debates about conservation, human welfare and development. As approaches for wildlife protection have evolved over time, so has the need for redressing the gap between nature and people through different kinds of partnerships. Based on are view of the existing literature, we examine the context in which partnerships have emerged in the wildlife sector in Tanzania, the processes that support acquisition and maintenance of legitimacy, as well as the sustainability outcomes of these partnerships. Specifically, the paper examines the historical trajectory of these partnerships and the influence that different actors have historically maintained hence determining how the public and private sector engagements evolved over time. We draw insights from the Selous game reserve with specific attention to the role of Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) as a conv...

Since the global food crisis of 2008 the Tanzanian government, amongst other African governments,... more Since the global food crisis of 2008 the Tanzanian government, amongst other African governments, has made food security through increases in agricultural productivity a policy priority. The emphasis in Tanzania is on commercialisation, with a particular focus on large-scale rice and sugarcane production. Gender equity within African agricultural production is a critical issue; yet limited empirical research exists on the gender implications of agricultural commercialisation now taking place in the region. This paper presents findings from fieldwork conducted in Kilombero District of Tanzania in 2013 and 2014. The research takes the country’s largest sugar producer – Kilombero Sugar Company Ltd – as its focus and analyses the socio-economic implications of the commercialisation of sugarcane production from a gender perspective. The findings demonstrate the significance of gender relations in the development of commercial agricultural business models, local socio-economic development...