Sumin Kim - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Sumin Kim
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 01694243 2013 865331, 2014
The applicable scope of adhesives in the current society is broad and currently, several types of... more The applicable scope of adhesives in the current society is broad and currently, several types of PVAc resin are sold in the market for adhesives. PVAc resin is primarily used for wood works and paper adhesion. However, the PVAc resin itself has the disadvantages that its ...
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2015
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2014
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2009
xGnP-Reinforced LLDPE nanocomposites have been prepared using co-, counter-and modified co-rotati... more xGnP-Reinforced LLDPE nanocomposites have been prepared using co-, counter-and modified co-rotating screw systems. The highest tensile strength and modulus were shown in the case of composites made by counter-rotating screws. The percolation threshold of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet/LLDPE nanocomposites was between 12 and 15 wt.-%. The change of crystallinity caused by exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet loading was monitored using DSC and XRD. It was found that solution mixing showed better dispersion of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets than melt mixing, and counterrotating screws produced better dispersion of the exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets than coand modified co-rotating screws even though bubbling appeared during mixing in the barrel.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011
Formaldehyde was measured with a desiccator, a 20 L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde... more Formaldehyde was measured with a desiccator, a 20 L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde emission rate from laminate was the highest at 32 °C using the desiccator, which then decreased with time. The formaldehyde emission using the 20 L small chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. There was a strong correlation between the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) with both types of floorings using the two different methods. The formaldehyde emission rate and TVOC results were higher when tested using the FLEC method than with the 20 L small chamber method. The emission rate was affected by the joint edge length in laminate flooring. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were the main VOCs emitted from laminate flooring, and there were more unidentified VOCs emitted than identified VOCs. The samples heated with a floor heating system emitted more formaldehyde than those heated using an air circulation system due to the temperature difference between the bottom panel and flooring. The TVOC emission level of the samples was higher when an air circulation system was used than when a floor heating system was used due to the high ventilation rate.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011
Various experiments, such as the thermal extract (TE) method, field and emission cell (FLEC) meth... more Various experiments, such as the thermal extract (TE) method, field and emission cell (FLEC) method and 20 L small chamber, were performed to examine the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emissions from bio-composites. The TVOC of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was ranged from 0.26 mg/m(2)h to 4.11 mg/m(2)h with increasing temperature. For both PLA bio-composites with pineapple flour and destarched cassava flour, the temperature increased from 0.30 mg/m(2)h to 3.72 mg/m(2)h and from 0.19 mg/m(2)h to 8.74 mg/m(2)h, respectively. The TVOC emission factors of all samples increased gradually with increasing temperature. Above 70°C, both PLA-P and PLA-C composites had higher TVOC emission factors than neat PLA due to the rapid emission of natural volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as furfural (2-furancarboxyaldehyde). PLA composites containing 30 wt% flour had high 1,4-dioxane reduction ability, >50%. The TVOC of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was emitted rapidly from 50 °C to 90 °C due to succinic acid from the pyrolysis of PBS. The TVOC emission factors of PLA bio-composite and PBS bio-composites were reduced using the bake-out method (temperature at 70 °C and baking time 5h). The initial TVOC emission factors of the PLA and PBS bio-composites with pineapple flour and destarched cassava flour were reduced by the baking treatment using FLEC. The TVOC factors from PLA and PBS decreased until 5 days and were commonly maintained a relatively constant value after 5 days using 20L small chamber. The decrease in TVOC emission showed a similar trend to that of the TE and FLEC method. This method confirmed the beneficial effect of the baking treatment effect for polypropylene and linear density polyethylene (LDPE).
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004
Acrylic polyols of different hydroxyl numbers consisting of hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, methyl me... more Acrylic polyols of different hydroxyl numbers consisting of hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and styrene were prepared by free-radical solution as well as suspension polymerization techniques in the presence of benzoyl peroxide initiator. These polyols were crosslinked with butoxy methyl melamine at a ratio of 85 : 15 in the presence of acid catalyst. The thermal stability of polyols and their corresponding crosslinked films was studied by thermogravimetric (TG) technique. The Broido and Coats-Redfern methods were used to calculate the activation energy of thermal decomposition from standard TG curves. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was used to study the dynamic mechanical properties and determination of glass-transition temperature of acrylic/melamine crosslinked films. The results indicate that the thermal stability of polyols and crosslinked films strongly depends on the hydroxyl number of the acrylic polyols. It was found that acrylic polyols synthesized by suspension polymerization methods upon crosslinking yield more thermally stable and flexible films than polyols prepared by solution polymerization methods.
Indoor and Built Environment, 2006
Abstract A test chamber method was developed to provide a small and simple emission testing facil... more Abstract A test chamber method was developed to provide a small and simple emission testing facility capable of testing construction products over a range of climatic parameters, such as temperature, ventilation rate and air velocity, that could be varied independently around ...
Indoor Air, 2007
Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was added as a replacement for melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin in the f... more Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was added as a replacement for melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system to reduce formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the adhesives used between plywoods and fancy veneers. A variety of techniques, including 20-l chamber, field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), VOC analyzer and standard formaldehyde emission test (desiccator method), were used to determine the formaldehyde and VOC emissions from engineered flooring bonded with five different MF resin and PVAc blends at MF/PVAc ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100. Although urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin had the highest formaldehyde emission, the emission as determined by desiccator method was reduced by exchanging with MF resin. Furthermore, the formaldehyde emission level was decreased with increasing addition of PVAc as the replacement for MF resin. UF resin in the case of beech was over 5.0 mg/l, which exceeded E2 (1.5-5.0 mg/l) grade. However, MF30:PVAc70 was <or=E1 (below 1.5 mg/l) grade. Because formaldehyde emission is caused by formaldehyde-based resin, the engineered floorings bonded with PVAc only had emissions of just 0.25 mg/l. The results of formaldehyde emission by the 20-l small-chamber and FLEC methods showed a similar tendency with those from the desiccator method. After the replacement of UF resin by MF resin, PVAc addition further reduced formaldehyde emission. With increasing installation time, formaldehyde emission factors (EFs) were decreased. Furthermore, the results of the desiccator method correlated with those of the 20-l chamber and FLEC methods. VOC emission results by 20-l small-chamber and FLEC methods were similar to the formaldehyde and aldehyde emission results. VOCs were calculated between C6 and C16 as total VOC (TVOC). The TVOC EF results by 20-l small-chamber and FLEC methods were comparable with that of formaldehyde emission by FLEC. Although the major emitted harmful gas from wood-based composites was formaldehyde, it was followed by VOC emission. Although it was hard to compare directly the 20-l chamber and FLEC results because the data were based on the sum of only four VOC compounds, the VOC analyzer can be applied as a pre-test method for TVOC emission test. The TVOC emission results were also similar to the FLEC results. Due to its good correlation with the TVOC emission levels obtained from the standard desiccator, FLEC and 20-l chamber methods, the VOC analyzer can be successfully applied to the measurement of TVOC emissions from adhesives used in building materials. This paper presents TVOC and formaldehyde emission behaviors from the engineered floorings that used in Korean housing recently. To reduce emissions, MF/PVAc hybrid resins were used as bonding material. Normally, TVOC and formaldehyde emissions in indoor conditions are caused by interior materials. The results explained 'materials control' of interior materials are the first way to improve indoor air quality. There is a need to study about environmental-friendly materials for solving indoor air quality problem.
Energy and Buildings, 2014
Over the last decade, Sick Building Syndrome has become a significant social issue in Korea and m... more Over the last decade, Sick Building Syndrome has become a significant social issue in Korea and many methods have been considered to maintain comfortable indoor air quality. To reduce toxic substances emitted from wood composite products, the source control is ...
... gravity and moisture content), mechanical properties (three point bending strength and intern... more ... gravity and moisture content), mechanical properties (three point bending strength and internal bonding) of the composite. ... Several lignocellulosics have been used to successfully produce particleboards, fiberboards and, to some extent, inorganic-bonded boards. ...
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010
Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood... more Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20 L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20 L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF.
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2007
The microstructures of gypsum board and gypsum particleboard were observed by SEM. The effects of... more The microstructures of gypsum board and gypsum particleboard were observed by SEM. The effects of retarder and waterproof agent on the shape and the average dimension of the gypsum crystal were discussed. The mechanism was investigated as well. Four typical instances, i e, the gypsum crystal shape, the gypsum combined with particles on the particles surface, the gypsum combined with particles on the wood cross section and the gypsum combined with particles inside the wood cell cavity were selected and observed. Furthermore, the agglomeration and cementation mechanism between gypsum and particle were studied.
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2012
Abstract An optimal test method for paint is proposed; additionally, the Field and Laboratory Emi... more Abstract An optimal test method for paint is proposed; additionally, the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method used in Europe is applied as a substitute for the 20 L small chamber method. The emission factors of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and ...
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2015
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2014
Thermochimica Acta, 2006
The main objective of this research was to investigate the effect on thermal properties of the ad... more The main objective of this research was to investigate the effect on thermal properties of the addition of two different compatibilizing agents, maleic anhydride (MA)-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) and MA-grafted polyethylene (MAPE), to bio-flour-filled, Polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites. The effect of two different types of MAPE polymer, MA-grafted high-density polyethylene (HDPE-MA) and MA-grafted linear LDPE (LLDPE-MA), was also
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2012
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 01694243 2013 865331, 2014
The applicable scope of adhesives in the current society is broad and currently, several types of... more The applicable scope of adhesives in the current society is broad and currently, several types of PVAc resin are sold in the market for adhesives. PVAc resin is primarily used for wood works and paper adhesion. However, the PVAc resin itself has the disadvantages that its ...
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2015
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2014
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2009
xGnP-Reinforced LLDPE nanocomposites have been prepared using co-, counter-and modified co-rotati... more xGnP-Reinforced LLDPE nanocomposites have been prepared using co-, counter-and modified co-rotating screw systems. The highest tensile strength and modulus were shown in the case of composites made by counter-rotating screws. The percolation threshold of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet/LLDPE nanocomposites was between 12 and 15 wt.-%. The change of crystallinity caused by exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet loading was monitored using DSC and XRD. It was found that solution mixing showed better dispersion of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets than melt mixing, and counterrotating screws produced better dispersion of the exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets than coand modified co-rotating screws even though bubbling appeared during mixing in the barrel.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011
Formaldehyde was measured with a desiccator, a 20 L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde... more Formaldehyde was measured with a desiccator, a 20 L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde emission rate from laminate was the highest at 32 °C using the desiccator, which then decreased with time. The formaldehyde emission using the 20 L small chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. There was a strong correlation between the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) with both types of floorings using the two different methods. The formaldehyde emission rate and TVOC results were higher when tested using the FLEC method than with the 20 L small chamber method. The emission rate was affected by the joint edge length in laminate flooring. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were the main VOCs emitted from laminate flooring, and there were more unidentified VOCs emitted than identified VOCs. The samples heated with a floor heating system emitted more formaldehyde than those heated using an air circulation system due to the temperature difference between the bottom panel and flooring. The TVOC emission level of the samples was higher when an air circulation system was used than when a floor heating system was used due to the high ventilation rate.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011
Various experiments, such as the thermal extract (TE) method, field and emission cell (FLEC) meth... more Various experiments, such as the thermal extract (TE) method, field and emission cell (FLEC) method and 20 L small chamber, were performed to examine the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emissions from bio-composites. The TVOC of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was ranged from 0.26 mg/m(2)h to 4.11 mg/m(2)h with increasing temperature. For both PLA bio-composites with pineapple flour and destarched cassava flour, the temperature increased from 0.30 mg/m(2)h to 3.72 mg/m(2)h and from 0.19 mg/m(2)h to 8.74 mg/m(2)h, respectively. The TVOC emission factors of all samples increased gradually with increasing temperature. Above 70°C, both PLA-P and PLA-C composites had higher TVOC emission factors than neat PLA due to the rapid emission of natural volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as furfural (2-furancarboxyaldehyde). PLA composites containing 30 wt% flour had high 1,4-dioxane reduction ability, >50%. The TVOC of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was emitted rapidly from 50 °C to 90 °C due to succinic acid from the pyrolysis of PBS. The TVOC emission factors of PLA bio-composite and PBS bio-composites were reduced using the bake-out method (temperature at 70 °C and baking time 5h). The initial TVOC emission factors of the PLA and PBS bio-composites with pineapple flour and destarched cassava flour were reduced by the baking treatment using FLEC. The TVOC factors from PLA and PBS decreased until 5 days and were commonly maintained a relatively constant value after 5 days using 20L small chamber. The decrease in TVOC emission showed a similar trend to that of the TE and FLEC method. This method confirmed the beneficial effect of the baking treatment effect for polypropylene and linear density polyethylene (LDPE).
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2004
Acrylic polyols of different hydroxyl numbers consisting of hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, methyl me... more Acrylic polyols of different hydroxyl numbers consisting of hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and styrene were prepared by free-radical solution as well as suspension polymerization techniques in the presence of benzoyl peroxide initiator. These polyols were crosslinked with butoxy methyl melamine at a ratio of 85 : 15 in the presence of acid catalyst. The thermal stability of polyols and their corresponding crosslinked films was studied by thermogravimetric (TG) technique. The Broido and Coats-Redfern methods were used to calculate the activation energy of thermal decomposition from standard TG curves. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was used to study the dynamic mechanical properties and determination of glass-transition temperature of acrylic/melamine crosslinked films. The results indicate that the thermal stability of polyols and crosslinked films strongly depends on the hydroxyl number of the acrylic polyols. It was found that acrylic polyols synthesized by suspension polymerization methods upon crosslinking yield more thermally stable and flexible films than polyols prepared by solution polymerization methods.
Indoor and Built Environment, 2006
Abstract A test chamber method was developed to provide a small and simple emission testing facil... more Abstract A test chamber method was developed to provide a small and simple emission testing facility capable of testing construction products over a range of climatic parameters, such as temperature, ventilation rate and air velocity, that could be varied independently around ...
Indoor Air, 2007
Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was added as a replacement for melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin in the f... more Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was added as a replacement for melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system to reduce formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the adhesives used between plywoods and fancy veneers. A variety of techniques, including 20-l chamber, field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), VOC analyzer and standard formaldehyde emission test (desiccator method), were used to determine the formaldehyde and VOC emissions from engineered flooring bonded with five different MF resin and PVAc blends at MF/PVAc ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100. Although urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin had the highest formaldehyde emission, the emission as determined by desiccator method was reduced by exchanging with MF resin. Furthermore, the formaldehyde emission level was decreased with increasing addition of PVAc as the replacement for MF resin. UF resin in the case of beech was over 5.0 mg/l, which exceeded E2 (1.5-5.0 mg/l) grade. However, MF30:PVAc70 was <or=E1 (below 1.5 mg/l) grade. Because formaldehyde emission is caused by formaldehyde-based resin, the engineered floorings bonded with PVAc only had emissions of just 0.25 mg/l. The results of formaldehyde emission by the 20-l small-chamber and FLEC methods showed a similar tendency with those from the desiccator method. After the replacement of UF resin by MF resin, PVAc addition further reduced formaldehyde emission. With increasing installation time, formaldehyde emission factors (EFs) were decreased. Furthermore, the results of the desiccator method correlated with those of the 20-l chamber and FLEC methods. VOC emission results by 20-l small-chamber and FLEC methods were similar to the formaldehyde and aldehyde emission results. VOCs were calculated between C6 and C16 as total VOC (TVOC). The TVOC EF results by 20-l small-chamber and FLEC methods were comparable with that of formaldehyde emission by FLEC. Although the major emitted harmful gas from wood-based composites was formaldehyde, it was followed by VOC emission. Although it was hard to compare directly the 20-l chamber and FLEC results because the data were based on the sum of only four VOC compounds, the VOC analyzer can be applied as a pre-test method for TVOC emission test. The TVOC emission results were also similar to the FLEC results. Due to its good correlation with the TVOC emission levels obtained from the standard desiccator, FLEC and 20-l chamber methods, the VOC analyzer can be successfully applied to the measurement of TVOC emissions from adhesives used in building materials. This paper presents TVOC and formaldehyde emission behaviors from the engineered floorings that used in Korean housing recently. To reduce emissions, MF/PVAc hybrid resins were used as bonding material. Normally, TVOC and formaldehyde emissions in indoor conditions are caused by interior materials. The results explained 'materials control' of interior materials are the first way to improve indoor air quality. There is a need to study about environmental-friendly materials for solving indoor air quality problem.
Energy and Buildings, 2014
Over the last decade, Sick Building Syndrome has become a significant social issue in Korea and m... more Over the last decade, Sick Building Syndrome has become a significant social issue in Korea and many methods have been considered to maintain comfortable indoor air quality. To reduce toxic substances emitted from wood composite products, the source control is ...
... gravity and moisture content), mechanical properties (three point bending strength and intern... more ... gravity and moisture content), mechanical properties (three point bending strength and internal bonding) of the composite. ... Several lignocellulosics have been used to successfully produce particleboards, fiberboards and, to some extent, inorganic-bonded boards. ...
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010
Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood... more Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20 L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20 L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF.
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2007
The microstructures of gypsum board and gypsum particleboard were observed by SEM. The effects of... more The microstructures of gypsum board and gypsum particleboard were observed by SEM. The effects of retarder and waterproof agent on the shape and the average dimension of the gypsum crystal were discussed. The mechanism was investigated as well. Four typical instances, i e, the gypsum crystal shape, the gypsum combined with particles on the particles surface, the gypsum combined with particles on the wood cross section and the gypsum combined with particles inside the wood cell cavity were selected and observed. Furthermore, the agglomeration and cementation mechanism between gypsum and particle were studied.
Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 2012
Abstract An optimal test method for paint is proposed; additionally, the Field and Laboratory Emi... more Abstract An optimal test method for paint is proposed; additionally, the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method used in Europe is applied as a substitute for the 20 L small chamber method. The emission factors of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and ...
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2015
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2014
Thermochimica Acta, 2006
The main objective of this research was to investigate the effect on thermal properties of the ad... more The main objective of this research was to investigate the effect on thermal properties of the addition of two different compatibilizing agents, maleic anhydride (MA)-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) and MA-grafted polyethylene (MAPE), to bio-flour-filled, Polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites. The effect of two different types of MAPE polymer, MA-grafted high-density polyethylene (HDPE-MA) and MA-grafted linear LDPE (LLDPE-MA), was also
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2012