Sundar Tiwari - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Sundar Tiwari

Research paper thumbnail of Complementing Food and Nutrition Security Using Toxin Minimizing Dry Chain and Integrated Pest Management: A Review

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, Dec 31, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of net house and mulching effect on Cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research

Abstract Cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett) is a pest of cucurbits, such as su... more Abstract Cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett) is a pest of cucurbits, such as summer squash (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) and bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.). Yield as well as quality of crop is significantly reduced by B. cucurbitae damage in cucurbit fields. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of net house and mulching on the incidence of B. cucurbitae on cucumber production from June to August 2017 in Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with four replications and five treatments such as i) untreated (no plastic mulch ​+ ​no net house ​+ ​no insecticide spray), ii) black plastic mulch ​+ ​no net ​+ ​deltamethrin 1% EC ​+ ​triazophos 35% EC at a rate of 2 ​ml/L spray, iii) reflective plastic mulch only, iv) black plastic mulch only, and v) net house ​+ ​black mulch ​+ ​no insecticide spray. The net house with black mulching treatment totally restricted the adult cucurbit fruit fly to enter in the cucumber field. The lowest cucurbit fruit fly population was recorded in deltamethrin 1% EC ​+ ​trizophos 35% EC at a rate of 2 ​ml/L treated plot along with black mulch, however there was no significant effect either of black or reflective plastic mulch only. The highest fruit fly damage (15.50%), ovary damage (8.44%), post-set damage (7.86%), harvest damage (14.35%) were recorded in untreated plot. The highest marketable yield was recorded inside the net house with black plastic mulch (59.08 ​mt ​ha-1) followed by reflective plastic mulch (42.95 mt ha-1) and the lowest in untreated plot (28.35 mt ha-1). Fruit fly damage was not recorded in net house with black mulch (0.00%) followed by black mulch with deltamethrin ​+ ​triazophos plot (3.46%). Economic analysis showed the benefit cost ratio of 1.43 in net house. The cost of net house construction is expensive, however higher yield and quality production without use of insecticides can be achieved in net house production system, which in the long run is beneficial to the farmers and the environment.

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated management protocol for New Zealand endemic wheat bug (Nysius huttoni) in forage brassicas

Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University

Wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is considered as an economic pest of forage Brassicas and many other c... more Wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is considered as an economic pest of forage Brassicas and many other cultivated crops, such as wheat, kale, and vegetables in New Zealand. Insecticides- as seed coatings and sprays are frequently used to manage this pest, but a high proportion of these insecticidal compounds enter the soil and leads to pesticide resistance, and they may impact beneficial arthropods and soil microorganisms, creating an adverse effect on ecosystem services (ES). In this paper, we discuss a technology, that we have developed to trap , for example, wheat bug away from kale seedlings, and integrating these in less susceptible kale cultivars that can potentially reduce over-reliance on orthodox pesticides on brassicas. Laboratory studies were conducted to screen the suitable trap crop among nine other plants (alyssum, wheat, phacelia, buckwheat, coriander, white clover, alfalfa, and kale) mainly by considering growth stages (vegetative and flowering), and select less susceptible...

Research paper thumbnail of Life cycle and morphometrics of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) on maize crop

SAARC Journal of Agriculture

Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is a polyphagous pest, native to North and... more Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is a polyphagous pest, native to North and South America and is invasive in Eurasia and Africa. Life cycle and morphometric studies with the invasive population of FAW in Nepal were conducted under laboratory conditions in Chitwan, Nepal. Gravid females laid an average of 156.25 eggs per egg batch, with an average of 979.43 eggs during their whole lifetime. The average pre-oviposition period was 3.75 days, oviposition period was 3 days, the larval developmental period was 16.31 days, the pupal period was 9.69 days, and the whole life cycle (egg to egg) averaged 33 days. The average length of each instar larva from I to VI instars was 1.5, 3.6, 7.1, 11.6, 18.5, and 34.4 mm, respectively. Head capsule widths for each instar were 0.35, 0.47, 0.8, 1.37, 2.11, and 2.7 mm, respectively for instars first through sixth. Pupal and adult emergence rates were 98.9 and 97.2%, respectively, with a male to female ratio of 1:1.3. Larval mortal...

Research paper thumbnail of Biology and integrated management of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fab.: A systematic review

Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology

Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) has damaged in great extent in different cultivated crops... more Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) has damaged in great extent in different cultivated crops. Mainly it affects solanaceous crops. It feeds on the leaves of the crop and crops seems as it is fed by the animals. In later stage it damages whole plant causing rotting of plant. Commercial farmers are normally relying on chemical pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy is suggested as a best option of pest management. Using respective trap crop of major crops has been found most effective method as trap has multiple advantages for the small-scale farmers. Handpicking can be effectively used for the fourth and fifth instar of the larva. This systematic review aims to collect the general biology of tobacco caterpillar and related species as well as various IPM measures of pest management. The details pest biology, ecology, host distribution and integrated pest management are reviewed systematically and presented in review section. Reviews were carried out citing differe...

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of different mulches and net house on crucifer aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) population, growth and yield of broadleaf mustard (Brassica juncea)

Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2021

Crucifer aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, is a key pest of broadleaf mustard and other crucifers. An... more Crucifer aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, is a key pest of broadleaf mustard and other crucifers. An alternative integrated management approaches are recommended to keep the pest below economic threshold level. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of mulching and net house on aphid population, growth and yield of broadleaf mustard. Experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with four replications from September to December 2016 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Five treatments used in experiment was untreated control, black plastic mulch only, reflective plastic mulch only, black plastic mulch plus imidacloprid 70 WSG @ 0.13gm/liter, and net house plus black plastic mulch. The results showed that the lowest population of crucifer aphid was recorded inside the net house with black plastic mulch and black plastic mulch with imidaclorpid 70 WSG @ 0.13g/L spray. Reflective plastic mulch was superior as compared to black plastic mulch and control to reduce ...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Trap Crops for The Wheat Bug, Nysius huttoni Management: A Cage Study

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2021

The wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is an endemic New Zealand insect pest. Its feeding can seriously r... more The wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is an endemic New Zealand insect pest. Its feeding can seriously reduce crop establishment in forage A cage study was conducted in Lincoln University, New Zealand to evaluate the pest’s host preferences on four plant species. Kale plants (Brassica oleracea) were used as a potentially susceptible control and other four trap plants were tested to evaluate as potential trap-plants. These were: Lobularia maritima (alyssum), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Coriandrum sativum (coriander) and Trifolium repens (white clover). The alyssum plant was more attractive to the wheat bug. The survival rate and preferences of the wheat bug was significantly better than other four plants. The deployment of such flowering trap crops can potentially trap the wheat bug and also provide multiple ecosystem services (ES) in an agro-ecosystem. The findings can be used to develop the wheat bug management protocol and also potentially provide ecosystem services in brassica fields.

Research paper thumbnail of Field evaluation of the resistance in potato varieties against Oriental army ant (Dorylus orientalis Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Formicide)

Journal of Entomological Research, 2021

Seven popular varieties of potato viz., Kufri Jyoti, Janakdev, Khumal Bikash, Desiree, Rosita, Ca... more Seven popular varieties of potato viz., Kufri Jyoti, Janakdev, Khumal Bikash, Desiree, Rosita, Cardinal and Khumal Upahar were evaluated for resistance to ants; and corresponding yield loss in each variety. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with seven treatments and three replications under the natural infestation condition in ant prone field. The resistance level was assessed on the basis of Tuber Damage Index (TDI) ranging from 0.00 - 1.00. In this study, the TDI value of seven varieties ranged from 0.18 - 0.81; and based on their TDI values, Rosita (0.18) and Khumal Bikash (0.38) were categorized into least damaged (0.18 - 0.39), Desiree (0.42) and Cardinal (0.50) into moderately damaged (0.40 - 0.60) and Janakdev (0.66), Kufri Jyoti (0.72) and Khumal Upahar (0.81) into highly damaged (0.61 - 0.81). The highest yield loss by ants was found in Kufri Jyoti (6.37 t/ha) and the lowest in Rosita (1.41 t/ha). Variety Rosita was found promising against oriental army ant.

Research paper thumbnail of Bucket Drip Irrigation Kit Use for Vegetable Production and Building Women's Enterprise in Drought Prone Area of Kapilvastu District, Nepal

Research paper thumbnail of Diversity, Relative Abundance, and Diurnal Variation of Insect Visitors of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

A study was conducted to record the diversity, relative abundance, and diurnal variation of insec... more A study was conducted to record the diversity, relative abundance, and diurnal variation of insect visitors of litchi from March to April 2019 at the Horticulture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) Rampur (latitude 27°37' N and longitude 84°25' E). A total of twenty-seven species of insect flower visitors from six different orders and eighteen families was recorded. Hymenopterans were the most abundant insects (61.26%) in five different families, namely: Apidae, Megachilidae, Andrenidae, Vespidae and Braconidae followed by Diptera (26.13%), Coleoptera (4.50%), Hemiptera (4.50%), Lepidoptera (2.70%) and the lowest Orthoptera (0.90%), respectively. Honeybees were the abundant group of pollinators, viz. Apis dorsata F. (30.63%), Apis mellifera L. (9.46%), Apis florea F. (6.76%) and Apis cerana F. (3.60%) on litchi flowers. The foraging activity of A. dorsata was maximum in the morning at 09:00 am, followed by 12:00 noon, 06:00 am and 3:00 pm with 22.37, 14.07, 7....

Research paper thumbnail of Testing of bio-rational and synthetic pesticides to manage cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in cabbage field at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is an important pest of cabbage which reduces the yield ... more Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is an important pest of cabbage which reduces the yield and quality of the cabbage head. Farmers haven been using chemical pesticides to manage them but unfortunately these practices are toxic for human health, biodiversity and the environment. The study was conducted to test the efficacy of different bio-rational insecticides along with the chemical insecticide. ‘Green Coronet’ cabbage variety was used and the field experiment was laid out in the experimental farm of Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan during the winter season of 2014. The Experiment was designed in randomized complete block design with having 7 treatments (bio-rational insecticides with chemical and control) and 3 replications. Plot size was 5.76 m (2.4m×2.4m) and spacing of 1 m was maintained between each blocks and plots. Field experiment showed that the highest reduction of cabbage aphid was obtained in Dimethoate (30 EC) treated plot followed by D...

Research paper thumbnail of The Efficacy of Bio-rational Compounds against the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Nepal

This study evaluated the efficacy of using the urine of four animals (cow, buffalo, goat, sheep),... more This study evaluated the efficacy of using the urine of four animals (cow, buffalo, goat, sheep), a urine-mix (cow urine and plant leaves) and Borerguard, a commercial entomopathogenic product containing Beuveria bassiana and NPV, against the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella under field conditions in Nepal. The urine of these animals controlled the DBM significantly better than the control. Urine-mix had a better efficacy against the DBM. The plot treated by the urine-mix had the least number of cabbage leaves damaged, followed by the plot treated with cow urine and then the plot treated with goat urine. The use of Borerguard performed better than any of the other treatments. During the study, two commercial traps (Wotta T trap and Delta sticky trap) also were evaluated to monitor the DBM. The total number of DBMs trapped in the Wotta T trap was significantly higher than in the Delta sticky trap. This study revealed that nature-based products could be a viable option for ...

Research paper thumbnail of Habitat Management for Pest Management: Limitations and Prospects

Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2019

Habitat management is an important strategy for pest control in integrated pest management (IPM).... more Habitat management is an important strategy for pest control in integrated pest management (IPM). Various categories of habitat management such as trap cropping, intercropping, natural enemy refuges such as ‘beetle banks’, and floral resources for parasitoids and predators, have been used in applied insect ecology for many years. In a broader sense, two mechanisms, the ‘enemies hypothesis' and the ‘resource concentration hypothesis' have been identified as acting independently or combined in pest population dynamics. The ‘enemies hypothesis' directly supports the conservation and enhancement of natural enemies, floral resources such as shelter, nectar, alternative food sources, and pollen (SNAP) to improve conservation biological control. The ‘resource concentration hypothesis’ emphasizes how the host selection behavior of herbivores in a diverse habitat can reduce pest colonization in crops. This review emphasizes the potential of these approaches, as well as possible d...

Research paper thumbnail of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A recent threat and future management strategy in Nepal

Agricultural Science and Technology, 2020

. Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive pest of maize including other cultiv... more . Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive pest of maize including other cultivated crops such as rice, wheat, and many other vegetables. This invasive species was initially noticed in North-America and later reported in many countries of Africa in early 2016. In South Asia, this has been reported for the first time in India followed by Srilanka in 2018 and Bangladesh, China, Taiwan and Nepal in 2019. It is polyphagous in nature and damage has been reported in more than 80 plant species. The loss has to lead up to 50-80% in maize in severe situation. FAW is a distant flyer and can fly more than 100 km in a night and spread well in crop fields. As this pest is already invasive in many states of India and the likelihood of entry and spreading in Nepal is higher because of the open border between the countries and flexible government quarantine policy. The great socio-economic loss has been forecasted once this pest has received invasive status in Nepal. Recently, this crop has been confirmed by Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) in Gaidakot area of Nawalpur district, Nepal and has been noticed in almost all parts of Nepal such as Sidhuli, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Tanahun and Rupendehi districts. However, this information has not been endorsed by Nepal Plant Protection Office (NPPO), an official invasive species endorsing organization in Nepal. This species is spreading rapidly in maize growing areas and significant losses have been reported in maize crop by the farmers. The regular scouting, surveillance, and monitoring can be suggested to evaluate the pest status in the crop field. Habitat manipulation with the deployment of deterring crops ‘push’ such as desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) and pest-attracting crop ‘pull’ such as Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) and Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare sudanense) is suggested in a ‘push-pull strategy’, the most popular and successful method of FAW management in the maize field. Field sanitation, and conserving pest’s natural enemies are other integrated approaches. However, in a commercial maize field, a group of ‘soft’ and selective chemicals have been suggested for immediate control of this pest. This review compiled the recent informations available on FAW and is useful for farmers, researchers and policy makers to draw a roadmap for the future FAW management in Nepal.

Research paper thumbnail of Biology and Management of the New Zealand Endemic Wheat Bug, Nysius huttoni (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 2019

The wheat bug, Nysius huttoni White, mainly reported as a pest of wheat and forage brassicas, is ... more The wheat bug, Nysius huttoni White, mainly reported as a pest of wheat and forage brassicas, is native to New Zealand. This pest has been accidentally introduced into The Netherland and Belgium during apple exports from New Zealand. The bug population is abundant in open sparse vegetations and hot-dry habitats, and feeds on dropping seeds. It damages wheat grains during milk-ripe stage by piercing through the glumes into the developing grains that can reduce gluten protein and reduce baking quality. Bugs also suck phloem fluid from seedlings, which can reduce plant establishment in forage brassicas. Early scouting and field monitoring are suggested before making pest management decisions. Seed treatment with neonicotinoids, permethrin, and chlorpyrifos spray in the standing crops are chemical methods of management in New Zealand. These conventional synthetic pesticides have nontarget effects on human health, the environment, and biodiversity. However, preventive measures such as th...

Research paper thumbnail of Bio-Rational Management of Armyworm (Mythimna separata) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Chitwan Condition of Nepal

Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 2018

The armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker is the potential insect pest of maize, causes a severe dam... more The armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker is the potential insect pest of maize, causes a severe damage on the vegetative and reproductive stages of that plant. Insecticides are the common practices to manage the broad categories of the pest in a maize field. Further, these practices have been linked to farmers health, biodiversity loss and declining of predatory arthropods. However, pest management by adopting a tool of integrated pest management is one potential option to reduce the pesticide in maize fields. Field experiments were conducted in winter maize with the aim of evaluating the potential bio-rational pesticides to manage the armyworm. The studies were conducted for two consecutive years in 2015/16 and 2016/17 at Rampur, Chitwan. Treatments were: Metarrhizium anisopliae (0.2ml/lit water), Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) ( 2.5gm/lit water), Spinosad 45% SC (0.25ml/liter of water), Multineem (Azadriachta indica) (2 .0 ml/ liter water), Furadan 3G (3-4g/ Whorl application), La...

Research paper thumbnail of Use of Botanicals for Weevil Management: A Integrated Approach of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) Management in A Storage Condition

Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 2018

A study was conducted at Entomology Laboratory of Agriculture and Forestry University with the ai... more A study was conducted at Entomology Laboratory of Agriculture and Forestry University with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of potential plant materials to manage the maize weevil; Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from April to October 2015. The mean temperature and RH of storeroom during the experiment period was 29.37°C and 71.91% RH. A completely randomized design (CRD) was laid out with three replicates. Seven plant materials such as Acorus calamus (rhizome powder) @ 10gm kg-1, Azadirachta indica (seed powder) @ 10gm kg-1, Artemisia vulgaris (leaf dust) @ 10gm kg-1, Zanthoxylum alatum (fruit powder) @ 4gm kg-1, Melia azadirach (seed powder) @ 10gm kg-1, Justicia adhatoda (leaf dust) @ 10gm kg-1 and control were used as treatments. After six months, the lowest percentage maize weight loss (1.5) and lowest grain damage (1.43%) was observed in Acorus calamus treated grains. However, the highest grain damage percentage (18.02%) and weight loss (57.30%) was reco...

Research paper thumbnail of Foraging Behavior of Native Honeybee (Apis Cerana F.) and European Honeybee (Apis Mellifera L.) on Flowers of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum M.) in Chitwan, Nepal

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2016

This paper is the findings of the research conducted on foraging behavior of Native honeybee (Api... more This paper is the findings of the research conducted on foraging behavior of Native honeybee (Apis cerana F.) and European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) on flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) inside the cage during November 2012 to 2013 at Meghauli, Chitwan, Nepal. Apis cerana F. started their foraging activities early in the morning (8.24 ± 0.50 AM) and ceased late in the evening (5.18 ± 0.20 PM) in comparison to Apis mellifera L., which started foraging at 8.29 ± 0.50 AM and ceased at 4.56 ± 0.50 PM. The total duration of foraging per day was more in Apis cerana F. than Apis mellifera L., i.e. 8.34 ± 0.90 hours per day in Apis cerana F. and 8.25 ± 0.90 hours per day in Apis mellifera L. That means A. cerana F. was 1.8% more efficient on foraging duration than A. mellifera L. Similarly, the number of Apis cerana F. and Apis mellifera L. entering into the hive in five minutes was the highest (51.69 ± 0.45 in Apis cerana F., and 62.81 ± 0.45 in Apis mellifera L.) at 12 Noon while lowest (11.24 ± 0.11 in Apis cerana F., and 5.89 ± 0.11 in Apis mellifera L.) at 5 PM and no activity was started at 8 AM. Likewise, the number of Apis cerana F. and Apis mellifera L. bees outgoing from the hive in five minutes was the highest (42.67 ± 0.98 in Apis cerana F. and 48.71 ± 0.98 in Apis mellifera L.) at 12 Noon and the lowest (4.31 ± 0.07 in Apis cerana F. and 2.39 ± 0.07 in Apis mellifera L.) at 5 PM. The number of buckwheat flower visited by Apis cerana F. was highest at 10 AM while by Apis mellifera L. it was highest at 12 Noon. But, for both species of honeybees it was lowest at 4 PM. There was more time spent by Apis mellifera L. (2.37 seconds) per flower than Apis cerana F. (1.95 seconds) during floral visit. So, Apis cerana F is efficient in foraging and hence in pollination on buckwheat than Apis mellifera L suggesting buckwheat cultivation along with bee farming especially Apis cerana F.

Research paper thumbnail of Farmers Perception on Effect of Pesticide on Insect Pollinators at Padampur and Jutpani Vdcs, Chitwan, Nepal

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2016

A survey was conducted to know the farmers perception on the effect of chemical pesticide on inse... more A survey was conducted to know the farmers perception on the effect of chemical pesticide on insect pollinators at Jutpani andPadampur VDCs, Chitwan, Nepal in 2013. Thirty households were randomly selected and semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect necessary information by face-to-face interview. Majority of the farmers (60%)applied pesticides on crops during mid day. Half of the farmers (50.00%) rankedpopulation decline as effect of pesticide on pollinators, some farmers (16.67%) also observed dead pollinators in field and hives, affecting their distribution (13.33%) and repelling them from field as mentioned by the respondents (13.33%). Majority of respondents (56.67%) perceived that misuse and overuse of chemical pesticide was the major cause of declining insect pollinators, among other causes, 16.67% farmers replied deforestation, 10.00% environmental pollution and 6.67% less cultivated area responsible for the decline. Very few farmers (6.67%) could realise the incidence of disease on pollinator due to pesticidal effects.

Research paper thumbnail of Survey on Management of Spotted Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata Fabricius) on Yardlong Bean in Chitwan, Nepal

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2016

A household survey was conducted during January 2012 in Gunjanagar, Dibyanagar and Sukranagar Vil... more A household survey was conducted during January 2012 in Gunjanagar, Dibyanagar and Sukranagar Village Development Committee of Chitwan district to know the socioeconomic status, status of spotted pod borer and its management practice. The survey included purposive random sampling methods in 35 yardlong bean growers. Most of commercial farmers have been growing since 3-7 years. Nearly three fourth of the farmers considered spotted pod borer as a major pest of yarldlong bean in Chitwan. Most of them considered more than 60% loss caused by spotted pod borer if no management practice is applied. Almost all sprayed chemical pesticides for management of spotted pod borer and nearly three fourth of them used more than one chemical pesticides alternately for management of spotted pod borer.One third farmers (31.43%) applied chemical pesticides in 4-7 days interval and one third of them (31.43%) applied chemical pesticides in 7-10 days interval after beginning of flowering for management of spotted pod borer. Almost all farmers (94.29%) knew adverse effect of pesticides on human, environment, natural enemies and other animal. Majority (94.29%) of farmers harvested pods after 1-3 day of spray of chemical pesticides and very few (14.29%) of commercial grower of this area get training in insect pest management.

Research paper thumbnail of Complementing Food and Nutrition Security Using Toxin Minimizing Dry Chain and Integrated Pest Management: A Review

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, Dec 31, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of net house and mulching effect on Cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research

Abstract Cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett) is a pest of cucurbits, such as su... more Abstract Cucurbit fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett) is a pest of cucurbits, such as summer squash (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) and bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.). Yield as well as quality of crop is significantly reduced by B. cucurbitae damage in cucurbit fields. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of net house and mulching on the incidence of B. cucurbitae on cucumber production from June to August 2017 in Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with four replications and five treatments such as i) untreated (no plastic mulch ​+ ​no net house ​+ ​no insecticide spray), ii) black plastic mulch ​+ ​no net ​+ ​deltamethrin 1% EC ​+ ​triazophos 35% EC at a rate of 2 ​ml/L spray, iii) reflective plastic mulch only, iv) black plastic mulch only, and v) net house ​+ ​black mulch ​+ ​no insecticide spray. The net house with black mulching treatment totally restricted the adult cucurbit fruit fly to enter in the cucumber field. The lowest cucurbit fruit fly population was recorded in deltamethrin 1% EC ​+ ​trizophos 35% EC at a rate of 2 ​ml/L treated plot along with black mulch, however there was no significant effect either of black or reflective plastic mulch only. The highest fruit fly damage (15.50%), ovary damage (8.44%), post-set damage (7.86%), harvest damage (14.35%) were recorded in untreated plot. The highest marketable yield was recorded inside the net house with black plastic mulch (59.08 ​mt ​ha-1) followed by reflective plastic mulch (42.95 mt ha-1) and the lowest in untreated plot (28.35 mt ha-1). Fruit fly damage was not recorded in net house with black mulch (0.00%) followed by black mulch with deltamethrin ​+ ​triazophos plot (3.46%). Economic analysis showed the benefit cost ratio of 1.43 in net house. The cost of net house construction is expensive, however higher yield and quality production without use of insecticides can be achieved in net house production system, which in the long run is beneficial to the farmers and the environment.

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated management protocol for New Zealand endemic wheat bug (Nysius huttoni) in forage brassicas

Journal of Agriculture and Forestry University

Wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is considered as an economic pest of forage Brassicas and many other c... more Wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is considered as an economic pest of forage Brassicas and many other cultivated crops, such as wheat, kale, and vegetables in New Zealand. Insecticides- as seed coatings and sprays are frequently used to manage this pest, but a high proportion of these insecticidal compounds enter the soil and leads to pesticide resistance, and they may impact beneficial arthropods and soil microorganisms, creating an adverse effect on ecosystem services (ES). In this paper, we discuss a technology, that we have developed to trap , for example, wheat bug away from kale seedlings, and integrating these in less susceptible kale cultivars that can potentially reduce over-reliance on orthodox pesticides on brassicas. Laboratory studies were conducted to screen the suitable trap crop among nine other plants (alyssum, wheat, phacelia, buckwheat, coriander, white clover, alfalfa, and kale) mainly by considering growth stages (vegetative and flowering), and select less susceptible...

Research paper thumbnail of Life cycle and morphometrics of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (Lepidoptera: noctuidae) on maize crop

SAARC Journal of Agriculture

Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is a polyphagous pest, native to North and... more Fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is a polyphagous pest, native to North and South America and is invasive in Eurasia and Africa. Life cycle and morphometric studies with the invasive population of FAW in Nepal were conducted under laboratory conditions in Chitwan, Nepal. Gravid females laid an average of 156.25 eggs per egg batch, with an average of 979.43 eggs during their whole lifetime. The average pre-oviposition period was 3.75 days, oviposition period was 3 days, the larval developmental period was 16.31 days, the pupal period was 9.69 days, and the whole life cycle (egg to egg) averaged 33 days. The average length of each instar larva from I to VI instars was 1.5, 3.6, 7.1, 11.6, 18.5, and 34.4 mm, respectively. Head capsule widths for each instar were 0.35, 0.47, 0.8, 1.37, 2.11, and 2.7 mm, respectively for instars first through sixth. Pupal and adult emergence rates were 98.9 and 97.2%, respectively, with a male to female ratio of 1:1.3. Larval mortal...

Research paper thumbnail of Biology and integrated management of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fab.: A systematic review

Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology

Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) has damaged in great extent in different cultivated crops... more Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) has damaged in great extent in different cultivated crops. Mainly it affects solanaceous crops. It feeds on the leaves of the crop and crops seems as it is fed by the animals. In later stage it damages whole plant causing rotting of plant. Commercial farmers are normally relying on chemical pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy is suggested as a best option of pest management. Using respective trap crop of major crops has been found most effective method as trap has multiple advantages for the small-scale farmers. Handpicking can be effectively used for the fourth and fifth instar of the larva. This systematic review aims to collect the general biology of tobacco caterpillar and related species as well as various IPM measures of pest management. The details pest biology, ecology, host distribution and integrated pest management are reviewed systematically and presented in review section. Reviews were carried out citing differe...

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of different mulches and net house on crucifer aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) population, growth and yield of broadleaf mustard (Brassica juncea)

Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2021

Crucifer aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, is a key pest of broadleaf mustard and other crucifers. An... more Crucifer aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, is a key pest of broadleaf mustard and other crucifers. An alternative integrated management approaches are recommended to keep the pest below economic threshold level. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of mulching and net house on aphid population, growth and yield of broadleaf mustard. Experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with four replications from September to December 2016 at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. Five treatments used in experiment was untreated control, black plastic mulch only, reflective plastic mulch only, black plastic mulch plus imidacloprid 70 WSG @ 0.13gm/liter, and net house plus black plastic mulch. The results showed that the lowest population of crucifer aphid was recorded inside the net house with black plastic mulch and black plastic mulch with imidaclorpid 70 WSG @ 0.13g/L spray. Reflective plastic mulch was superior as compared to black plastic mulch and control to reduce ...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Trap Crops for The Wheat Bug, Nysius huttoni Management: A Cage Study

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2021

The wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is an endemic New Zealand insect pest. Its feeding can seriously r... more The wheat bug, Nysius huttoni, is an endemic New Zealand insect pest. Its feeding can seriously reduce crop establishment in forage A cage study was conducted in Lincoln University, New Zealand to evaluate the pest’s host preferences on four plant species. Kale plants (Brassica oleracea) were used as a potentially susceptible control and other four trap plants were tested to evaluate as potential trap-plants. These were: Lobularia maritima (alyssum), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Coriandrum sativum (coriander) and Trifolium repens (white clover). The alyssum plant was more attractive to the wheat bug. The survival rate and preferences of the wheat bug was significantly better than other four plants. The deployment of such flowering trap crops can potentially trap the wheat bug and also provide multiple ecosystem services (ES) in an agro-ecosystem. The findings can be used to develop the wheat bug management protocol and also potentially provide ecosystem services in brassica fields.

Research paper thumbnail of Field evaluation of the resistance in potato varieties against Oriental army ant (Dorylus orientalis Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Formicide)

Journal of Entomological Research, 2021

Seven popular varieties of potato viz., Kufri Jyoti, Janakdev, Khumal Bikash, Desiree, Rosita, Ca... more Seven popular varieties of potato viz., Kufri Jyoti, Janakdev, Khumal Bikash, Desiree, Rosita, Cardinal and Khumal Upahar were evaluated for resistance to ants; and corresponding yield loss in each variety. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with seven treatments and three replications under the natural infestation condition in ant prone field. The resistance level was assessed on the basis of Tuber Damage Index (TDI) ranging from 0.00 - 1.00. In this study, the TDI value of seven varieties ranged from 0.18 - 0.81; and based on their TDI values, Rosita (0.18) and Khumal Bikash (0.38) were categorized into least damaged (0.18 - 0.39), Desiree (0.42) and Cardinal (0.50) into moderately damaged (0.40 - 0.60) and Janakdev (0.66), Kufri Jyoti (0.72) and Khumal Upahar (0.81) into highly damaged (0.61 - 0.81). The highest yield loss by ants was found in Kufri Jyoti (6.37 t/ha) and the lowest in Rosita (1.41 t/ha). Variety Rosita was found promising against oriental army ant.

Research paper thumbnail of Bucket Drip Irrigation Kit Use for Vegetable Production and Building Women's Enterprise in Drought Prone Area of Kapilvastu District, Nepal

Research paper thumbnail of Diversity, Relative Abundance, and Diurnal Variation of Insect Visitors of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

A study was conducted to record the diversity, relative abundance, and diurnal variation of insec... more A study was conducted to record the diversity, relative abundance, and diurnal variation of insect visitors of litchi from March to April 2019 at the Horticulture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) Rampur (latitude 27°37' N and longitude 84°25' E). A total of twenty-seven species of insect flower visitors from six different orders and eighteen families was recorded. Hymenopterans were the most abundant insects (61.26%) in five different families, namely: Apidae, Megachilidae, Andrenidae, Vespidae and Braconidae followed by Diptera (26.13%), Coleoptera (4.50%), Hemiptera (4.50%), Lepidoptera (2.70%) and the lowest Orthoptera (0.90%), respectively. Honeybees were the abundant group of pollinators, viz. Apis dorsata F. (30.63%), Apis mellifera L. (9.46%), Apis florea F. (6.76%) and Apis cerana F. (3.60%) on litchi flowers. The foraging activity of A. dorsata was maximum in the morning at 09:00 am, followed by 12:00 noon, 06:00 am and 3:00 pm with 22.37, 14.07, 7....

Research paper thumbnail of Testing of bio-rational and synthetic pesticides to manage cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in cabbage field at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is an important pest of cabbage which reduces the yield ... more Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is an important pest of cabbage which reduces the yield and quality of the cabbage head. Farmers haven been using chemical pesticides to manage them but unfortunately these practices are toxic for human health, biodiversity and the environment. The study was conducted to test the efficacy of different bio-rational insecticides along with the chemical insecticide. ‘Green Coronet’ cabbage variety was used and the field experiment was laid out in the experimental farm of Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan during the winter season of 2014. The Experiment was designed in randomized complete block design with having 7 treatments (bio-rational insecticides with chemical and control) and 3 replications. Plot size was 5.76 m (2.4m×2.4m) and spacing of 1 m was maintained between each blocks and plots. Field experiment showed that the highest reduction of cabbage aphid was obtained in Dimethoate (30 EC) treated plot followed by D...

Research paper thumbnail of The Efficacy of Bio-rational Compounds against the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Nepal

This study evaluated the efficacy of using the urine of four animals (cow, buffalo, goat, sheep),... more This study evaluated the efficacy of using the urine of four animals (cow, buffalo, goat, sheep), a urine-mix (cow urine and plant leaves) and Borerguard, a commercial entomopathogenic product containing Beuveria bassiana and NPV, against the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella under field conditions in Nepal. The urine of these animals controlled the DBM significantly better than the control. Urine-mix had a better efficacy against the DBM. The plot treated by the urine-mix had the least number of cabbage leaves damaged, followed by the plot treated with cow urine and then the plot treated with goat urine. The use of Borerguard performed better than any of the other treatments. During the study, two commercial traps (Wotta T trap and Delta sticky trap) also were evaluated to monitor the DBM. The total number of DBMs trapped in the Wotta T trap was significantly higher than in the Delta sticky trap. This study revealed that nature-based products could be a viable option for ...

Research paper thumbnail of Habitat Management for Pest Management: Limitations and Prospects

Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 2019

Habitat management is an important strategy for pest control in integrated pest management (IPM).... more Habitat management is an important strategy for pest control in integrated pest management (IPM). Various categories of habitat management such as trap cropping, intercropping, natural enemy refuges such as ‘beetle banks’, and floral resources for parasitoids and predators, have been used in applied insect ecology for many years. In a broader sense, two mechanisms, the ‘enemies hypothesis' and the ‘resource concentration hypothesis' have been identified as acting independently or combined in pest population dynamics. The ‘enemies hypothesis' directly supports the conservation and enhancement of natural enemies, floral resources such as shelter, nectar, alternative food sources, and pollen (SNAP) to improve conservation biological control. The ‘resource concentration hypothesis’ emphasizes how the host selection behavior of herbivores in a diverse habitat can reduce pest colonization in crops. This review emphasizes the potential of these approaches, as well as possible d...

Research paper thumbnail of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): A recent threat and future management strategy in Nepal

Agricultural Science and Technology, 2020

. Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive pest of maize including other cultiv... more . Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive pest of maize including other cultivated crops such as rice, wheat, and many other vegetables. This invasive species was initially noticed in North-America and later reported in many countries of Africa in early 2016. In South Asia, this has been reported for the first time in India followed by Srilanka in 2018 and Bangladesh, China, Taiwan and Nepal in 2019. It is polyphagous in nature and damage has been reported in more than 80 plant species. The loss has to lead up to 50-80% in maize in severe situation. FAW is a distant flyer and can fly more than 100 km in a night and spread well in crop fields. As this pest is already invasive in many states of India and the likelihood of entry and spreading in Nepal is higher because of the open border between the countries and flexible government quarantine policy. The great socio-economic loss has been forecasted once this pest has received invasive status in Nepal. Recently, this crop has been confirmed by Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) in Gaidakot area of Nawalpur district, Nepal and has been noticed in almost all parts of Nepal such as Sidhuli, Chitwan, Nawalparasi, Tanahun and Rupendehi districts. However, this information has not been endorsed by Nepal Plant Protection Office (NPPO), an official invasive species endorsing organization in Nepal. This species is spreading rapidly in maize growing areas and significant losses have been reported in maize crop by the farmers. The regular scouting, surveillance, and monitoring can be suggested to evaluate the pest status in the crop field. Habitat manipulation with the deployment of deterring crops ‘push’ such as desmodium (Desmodium uncinatum) and pest-attracting crop ‘pull’ such as Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) and Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare sudanense) is suggested in a ‘push-pull strategy’, the most popular and successful method of FAW management in the maize field. Field sanitation, and conserving pest’s natural enemies are other integrated approaches. However, in a commercial maize field, a group of ‘soft’ and selective chemicals have been suggested for immediate control of this pest. This review compiled the recent informations available on FAW and is useful for farmers, researchers and policy makers to draw a roadmap for the future FAW management in Nepal.

Research paper thumbnail of Biology and Management of the New Zealand Endemic Wheat Bug, Nysius huttoni (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 2019

The wheat bug, Nysius huttoni White, mainly reported as a pest of wheat and forage brassicas, is ... more The wheat bug, Nysius huttoni White, mainly reported as a pest of wheat and forage brassicas, is native to New Zealand. This pest has been accidentally introduced into The Netherland and Belgium during apple exports from New Zealand. The bug population is abundant in open sparse vegetations and hot-dry habitats, and feeds on dropping seeds. It damages wheat grains during milk-ripe stage by piercing through the glumes into the developing grains that can reduce gluten protein and reduce baking quality. Bugs also suck phloem fluid from seedlings, which can reduce plant establishment in forage brassicas. Early scouting and field monitoring are suggested before making pest management decisions. Seed treatment with neonicotinoids, permethrin, and chlorpyrifos spray in the standing crops are chemical methods of management in New Zealand. These conventional synthetic pesticides have nontarget effects on human health, the environment, and biodiversity. However, preventive measures such as th...

Research paper thumbnail of Bio-Rational Management of Armyworm (Mythimna separata) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Chitwan Condition of Nepal

Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 2018

The armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker is the potential insect pest of maize, causes a severe dam... more The armyworm, Mythimna separata Walker is the potential insect pest of maize, causes a severe damage on the vegetative and reproductive stages of that plant. Insecticides are the common practices to manage the broad categories of the pest in a maize field. Further, these practices have been linked to farmers health, biodiversity loss and declining of predatory arthropods. However, pest management by adopting a tool of integrated pest management is one potential option to reduce the pesticide in maize fields. Field experiments were conducted in winter maize with the aim of evaluating the potential bio-rational pesticides to manage the armyworm. The studies were conducted for two consecutive years in 2015/16 and 2016/17 at Rampur, Chitwan. Treatments were: Metarrhizium anisopliae (0.2ml/lit water), Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) ( 2.5gm/lit water), Spinosad 45% SC (0.25ml/liter of water), Multineem (Azadriachta indica) (2 .0 ml/ liter water), Furadan 3G (3-4g/ Whorl application), La...

Research paper thumbnail of Use of Botanicals for Weevil Management: A Integrated Approach of Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) Management in A Storage Condition

Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, 2018

A study was conducted at Entomology Laboratory of Agriculture and Forestry University with the ai... more A study was conducted at Entomology Laboratory of Agriculture and Forestry University with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of potential plant materials to manage the maize weevil; Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from April to October 2015. The mean temperature and RH of storeroom during the experiment period was 29.37°C and 71.91% RH. A completely randomized design (CRD) was laid out with three replicates. Seven plant materials such as Acorus calamus (rhizome powder) @ 10gm kg-1, Azadirachta indica (seed powder) @ 10gm kg-1, Artemisia vulgaris (leaf dust) @ 10gm kg-1, Zanthoxylum alatum (fruit powder) @ 4gm kg-1, Melia azadirach (seed powder) @ 10gm kg-1, Justicia adhatoda (leaf dust) @ 10gm kg-1 and control were used as treatments. After six months, the lowest percentage maize weight loss (1.5) and lowest grain damage (1.43%) was observed in Acorus calamus treated grains. However, the highest grain damage percentage (18.02%) and weight loss (57.30%) was reco...

Research paper thumbnail of Foraging Behavior of Native Honeybee (Apis Cerana F.) and European Honeybee (Apis Mellifera L.) on Flowers of Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum M.) in Chitwan, Nepal

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2016

This paper is the findings of the research conducted on foraging behavior of Native honeybee (Api... more This paper is the findings of the research conducted on foraging behavior of Native honeybee (Apis cerana F.) and European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) on flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) inside the cage during November 2012 to 2013 at Meghauli, Chitwan, Nepal. Apis cerana F. started their foraging activities early in the morning (8.24 ± 0.50 AM) and ceased late in the evening (5.18 ± 0.20 PM) in comparison to Apis mellifera L., which started foraging at 8.29 ± 0.50 AM and ceased at 4.56 ± 0.50 PM. The total duration of foraging per day was more in Apis cerana F. than Apis mellifera L., i.e. 8.34 ± 0.90 hours per day in Apis cerana F. and 8.25 ± 0.90 hours per day in Apis mellifera L. That means A. cerana F. was 1.8% more efficient on foraging duration than A. mellifera L. Similarly, the number of Apis cerana F. and Apis mellifera L. entering into the hive in five minutes was the highest (51.69 ± 0.45 in Apis cerana F., and 62.81 ± 0.45 in Apis mellifera L.) at 12 Noon while lowest (11.24 ± 0.11 in Apis cerana F., and 5.89 ± 0.11 in Apis mellifera L.) at 5 PM and no activity was started at 8 AM. Likewise, the number of Apis cerana F. and Apis mellifera L. bees outgoing from the hive in five minutes was the highest (42.67 ± 0.98 in Apis cerana F. and 48.71 ± 0.98 in Apis mellifera L.) at 12 Noon and the lowest (4.31 ± 0.07 in Apis cerana F. and 2.39 ± 0.07 in Apis mellifera L.) at 5 PM. The number of buckwheat flower visited by Apis cerana F. was highest at 10 AM while by Apis mellifera L. it was highest at 12 Noon. But, for both species of honeybees it was lowest at 4 PM. There was more time spent by Apis mellifera L. (2.37 seconds) per flower than Apis cerana F. (1.95 seconds) during floral visit. So, Apis cerana F is efficient in foraging and hence in pollination on buckwheat than Apis mellifera L suggesting buckwheat cultivation along with bee farming especially Apis cerana F.

Research paper thumbnail of Farmers Perception on Effect of Pesticide on Insect Pollinators at Padampur and Jutpani Vdcs, Chitwan, Nepal

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2016

A survey was conducted to know the farmers perception on the effect of chemical pesticide on inse... more A survey was conducted to know the farmers perception on the effect of chemical pesticide on insect pollinators at Jutpani andPadampur VDCs, Chitwan, Nepal in 2013. Thirty households were randomly selected and semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect necessary information by face-to-face interview. Majority of the farmers (60%)applied pesticides on crops during mid day. Half of the farmers (50.00%) rankedpopulation decline as effect of pesticide on pollinators, some farmers (16.67%) also observed dead pollinators in field and hives, affecting their distribution (13.33%) and repelling them from field as mentioned by the respondents (13.33%). Majority of respondents (56.67%) perceived that misuse and overuse of chemical pesticide was the major cause of declining insect pollinators, among other causes, 16.67% farmers replied deforestation, 10.00% environmental pollution and 6.67% less cultivated area responsible for the decline. Very few farmers (6.67%) could realise the incidence of disease on pollinator due to pesticidal effects.

Research paper thumbnail of Survey on Management of Spotted Pod Borer (Maruca vitrata Fabricius) on Yardlong Bean in Chitwan, Nepal

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2016

A household survey was conducted during January 2012 in Gunjanagar, Dibyanagar and Sukranagar Vil... more A household survey was conducted during January 2012 in Gunjanagar, Dibyanagar and Sukranagar Village Development Committee of Chitwan district to know the socioeconomic status, status of spotted pod borer and its management practice. The survey included purposive random sampling methods in 35 yardlong bean growers. Most of commercial farmers have been growing since 3-7 years. Nearly three fourth of the farmers considered spotted pod borer as a major pest of yarldlong bean in Chitwan. Most of them considered more than 60% loss caused by spotted pod borer if no management practice is applied. Almost all sprayed chemical pesticides for management of spotted pod borer and nearly three fourth of them used more than one chemical pesticides alternately for management of spotted pod borer.One third farmers (31.43%) applied chemical pesticides in 4-7 days interval and one third of them (31.43%) applied chemical pesticides in 7-10 days interval after beginning of flowering for management of spotted pod borer. Almost all farmers (94.29%) knew adverse effect of pesticides on human, environment, natural enemies and other animal. Majority (94.29%) of farmers harvested pods after 1-3 day of spray of chemical pesticides and very few (14.29%) of commercial grower of this area get training in insect pest management.