Sunday Akpan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Sunday Akpan

Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2013

Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2014

American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2013

The study determined factors that affect household saving of rural agro-based firm workers in the... more The study determined factors that affect household saving of rural agro-based firm workers in the south-south region of Nigeria. Two-stage least squares method of simultaneous equation model was used in the analysis. Cross-sectional data were collected from 250 randomly selected workers of five agro-based firms in the study areas. The results of the analysis revealed that income, tax, job experience, education, family size and membership of a social group influence saving attitude of workers. To promote household savings among agro-based workers in Nigeria, policies aim at periodic increase in worker's salary and reduction in tax rate in line with the changing pattern of macro-economic variables in the country were advocated. Others include policies that will promote birth control, increase public awareness on the on-going family planning programme in the country, and encourage social group formation among workers as well as those aim at reduction in agricultural production constraints.

American Journal of Economics, 2014

The study had established empirical relationships between remittances and indicators of agricultu... more The study had established empirical relationships between remittances and indicators of agricultural productivity (agricultural GDP/total GDP, Agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index) in Nigeria. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests were conducted on the specified time series to ascertain the variables' order of integration. The trend analysis revealed that, remittances, agricultural GDP, agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index have positive exponential growth rates, but remittances grew at a faster rate than others. It was discovered that, remittance has linear and symmetric relationships with agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index in Nigeria. However, there was no significant relationship among growth rates of remittances, agricultural GDP, agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index in Nigeria. The bilateral Granger causality test indicates unilateral relationship between nominal value of agricultural GDP and remittance inflow in the country. The result of the co-integration test revealed the presence of co-integration among specified variables. Agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index have significant relationships with remittance in the long run. Also, agricultural GDP and agricultural productivity index exhibited significant association with remittances in the short run.

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2016

Journal of Social Sciences, 2016

Public Policy and Administration Research, 2012

The study established the relationship between amount of loan guaranteed by the Agricultural Cred... more The study established the relationship between amount of loan guaranteed by the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) and some key macroeconomic variables in Nigeria. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test and improved ADF-GLS unit root test conducted on the specified time series showed that all series were integrated of order one. The short-run and long-run elasticities of amount of loan guaranteed by ACGSF with respect to some key macro-economic fundamentals were determined using the techniques of co-integration and error correction models.

International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486), 2016

American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2014

Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, Jun 30, 2013

The study analyzed economic capacity utilization rates in the sugar industry for the period 1970 ... more The study analyzed economic capacity utilization rates in the sugar industry for the period 1970 to 2010 in Nigeria. Secondary data obtained from sugar firms; Central Bank of Nigeria; National Bureau of Statistics and the Federal Ministry of Finance were used in the study. Stochastic Cobb-Douglas cost functions for the sugar industry were estimated from which indices of economic capacity utilization rates were obtained. Trend in the economic capacity utilization rate showed undulated pattern with an average index of 60.30% and excess economic capacity of 39.70%. Multiple-regression of various forms based on the ordinary least squares technique was used to determine factors that influence the performance indicators in the industry. Empirical results revealed that economic capacity utilization rates in the sugar industry was influenced by the inflation rate, per capita real GDP, energy consumption of the industry, federal government expenditure on the sugar industry and the period of liberalization. The result of the regression and descriptive analyses revealed that the sugar industry in Nigeria was constrained by insufficient production inputs. Policy measures aimed at reduction or maintaining a steady or less fluctuated inflation rate in the country, expansionary aggregate demand, increase funding to agencies that have direct dealings with the sugar production and adequate provision of electricity to the industry as well as the adoption of the liberalization industrial policy on sugar industry were recommended.

Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Jan 25, 2012

The study determined factors that affect household saving of rural agro-based firm workers in the... more The study determined factors that affect household saving of rural agro-based firm workers in the south-south region of Nigeria. Two-stage least squares method of simultaneous equation model was used in the analysis. Cross-sectional data were collected from 250 randomly selected workers of five agro-based firms in the study areas. The results of the analysis revealed that income, tax, job experience, education, family size and membership of a social group influence saving attitude of workers. To promote household savings among agro-based workers in Nigeria, policies aim at periodic increase in worker's salary and reduction in tax rate in line with the changing pattern of macro-economic variables in the country were advocated. Others include policies that will promote birth control, increase public awareness on the on-going family planning programme in the country, and encourage social group formation among workers as well as those aim at reduction in agricultural production constraints.

International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2015

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2015

American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 2015

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2015

Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Dec 1, 2011

This study investigates the agricultural land allocation pattern and the level of land use intens... more This study investigates the agricultural land allocation pattern and the level of land use intensification among farming household heads in Uruan local government area of Akwa Ibom state in the southern Nigeria. Two -stage random sampling technique was used to select 240 farming household heads. Structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from sample farming household heads in the study area. Combination of analytical tools including descriptive Statistics, Herfindahl index, Crop Diversification index, and Ordinary Least Squares technique were used to analyze the specific objectives. Analysis of socio economic characteristics reveal that majority of farming household heads were males, learned and have moderate family size as well as small farm land. The result also reveals that agricultural land in the area was mostly acquired through inheritance and outright purchase. Analysis of crop combination shows that pumpkin, maize cassava and white yam was the most prefer crop combination in the study area. An average Herfindal index of 0.641 and land intensification index of 0.8654 were obtained among respondents. Also, a negative relationship was discovered between land intensification index and farm size in the study area. The study therefore suggests for provisions of improved seed varieties and other inputs to farming household heads by the Akwa Ibom state government. Also, state government should intensify effort to reclaimed less productive land and developed Fadama projects in the state to reduce the menace of land use intensification among farming household heads in the area.

Journal of Biology Agriculture and Healthcare, Jan 25, 2012

This study analyzes factors that influenced fertilizer use intensity among arable crop farmers in... more This study analyzes factors that influenced fertilizer use intensity among arable crop farmers in Abak agricultural zone in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained from 150 arable crop farmers in the zone. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze data collected. The result reveals that majority of farmers were getting old and there is low social capital accumulation among arable crop farmers. Also, age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived price of fertilizer, value of farm output, extension agent visit, number of goats and sheep own by farmers, and decision to own poultry by farmers as well as the distance to fertilizer selling point are significant factors affecting fertilizer use intensity among arable crop farmers in Abak agricultural zone in Akwa Ibom state. The study recommends that Akwa Ibom state government should further subsidize the price of fertilizer to make fertilizer more affordable to small holder farmers. In addition, arable crop farming households in the state should be sensitized on the current method of family planning as this would help to reduce non-farm cost and help increase fertilizer procurement. Furthermore, the extension unit of the state ministry of Agriculture should be strengthened to educate arable crop farmers more on fertilizer usage.

Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Jul 26, 2011

The study determined the influenced of some macroeconomic variables on the government stock, indu... more The study determined the influenced of some macroeconomic variables on the government stock, industrial/equities stock and total stock transactions in the Nigerian stock exchange market. Time series data were used in the study that covers the period 1970 to 2010. Unit root test (Augmented Dicker Fuller test) conducted on the data shows that some were stationary at levels and some were not. Double log multiple linear models were specify and estimated using ordinary least squares technique. The empirical results reveal that inflation; domestic savings, nominal exchange rate of N/$, value of total import and liberalization period are significant macroeconomic variables affecting the value of industrial/equities trading in the Nigerian stock exchange market. Also, external debt, nominal exchange rate, external reserves, and industrial capacity utilization rate are significant macroeconomic variables that affect the value of government stock transaction in the stock market. The study further reveals that the value of total stock transaction is significantly affected by inflation rate, domestic savings, oil revenues, and industrial capacity utilization rate. The result calls for a long term policy package that should focused on stabilization of real and monetary policy variables in the Nigerian economy. Also, institutional and operational reforms in the country's capital market are inevitable in a bit to increase the subsector's efficiency.

International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2014

The study examined the price transmission and market integration of local and foreign rice in rur... more The study examined the price transmission and market integration of local and foreign rice in rural and urban markets of Akwa Ibom State in Southern region of Nigeria. Average monthly prices (measured in naira per kilogram) of local and foreign rice in rural and urban markets were used in the analysis. The data came from the quarterly publication of the Akwa Ibom State Agricultural Development Programme (AKADEP). The data covered January 2005 to June 2013. The findings show that, prices of local and foreign rice in rural and urban markets has constant exponential growth rate of 0.59% which suggests perfect co-movement for rural and urban prices of local and foreign rice in the study area. Also, the Pearson correlation coefficient matrix revealed that, the rural price of local and foreign rice has linear symmetrical relationships with their corresponding urban prices. The result connotes the existence of symmetric market information flows between the rural and urban rice markets in the state. The Granger causality test revealed bidirectional relationship between rural and urban price of local and foreign rice in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The results of the co-integration test revealed the presence of co-integration between the rural and urban prices of local and foreign rice as well as support the hypothesis of perfect price transmission between the two markets in the study area. The coefficients of the price variable in the co-integration equations for local and foreign rice markets converge to unity which connotes perfect market integration in the long run. The results of the error correction model (ECM) also confirm the existence of the short run market integration between the rural and urban prices of local and foreign rice in the study area. In addition, the result shows that, the price of local rice in both rural and urban markets adjusted faster than prices of foreign rice once there is an exogenous shock in the marketing process of rice in Akwa Ibom State. The index of market concentration (IMC) supports the high short run market integration between prices in rural and urban markets for local and foreign rice commodities and the quick adjustment of rural price of local rice in relative to rural price of foreign rice. Based on the finding, it is recommended that, the state government should continue to provide marketing infrastructures to improve the symmetric nature of information among participants in rice marketing in the state. Attempt should be made to reduce excessive externality costs in rice marketing in order to fully reap the benefit of rice market integration in the state.

Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2013

Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2014

American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2013

The study determined factors that affect household saving of rural agro-based firm workers in the... more The study determined factors that affect household saving of rural agro-based firm workers in the south-south region of Nigeria. Two-stage least squares method of simultaneous equation model was used in the analysis. Cross-sectional data were collected from 250 randomly selected workers of five agro-based firms in the study areas. The results of the analysis revealed that income, tax, job experience, education, family size and membership of a social group influence saving attitude of workers. To promote household savings among agro-based workers in Nigeria, policies aim at periodic increase in worker's salary and reduction in tax rate in line with the changing pattern of macro-economic variables in the country were advocated. Others include policies that will promote birth control, increase public awareness on the on-going family planning programme in the country, and encourage social group formation among workers as well as those aim at reduction in agricultural production constraints.

American Journal of Economics, 2014

The study had established empirical relationships between remittances and indicators of agricultu... more The study had established empirical relationships between remittances and indicators of agricultural productivity (agricultural GDP/total GDP, Agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index) in Nigeria. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root tests were conducted on the specified time series to ascertain the variables' order of integration. The trend analysis revealed that, remittances, agricultural GDP, agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index have positive exponential growth rates, but remittances grew at a faster rate than others. It was discovered that, remittance has linear and symmetric relationships with agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index in Nigeria. However, there was no significant relationship among growth rates of remittances, agricultural GDP, agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index in Nigeria. The bilateral Granger causality test indicates unilateral relationship between nominal value of agricultural GDP and remittance inflow in the country. The result of the co-integration test revealed the presence of co-integration among specified variables. Agricultural productivity index and crop productivity index have significant relationships with remittance in the long run. Also, agricultural GDP and agricultural productivity index exhibited significant association with remittances in the short run.

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2016

Journal of Social Sciences, 2016

Public Policy and Administration Research, 2012

The study established the relationship between amount of loan guaranteed by the Agricultural Cred... more The study established the relationship between amount of loan guaranteed by the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) and some key macroeconomic variables in Nigeria. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test and improved ADF-GLS unit root test conducted on the specified time series showed that all series were integrated of order one. The short-run and long-run elasticities of amount of loan guaranteed by ACGSF with respect to some key macro-economic fundamentals were determined using the techniques of co-integration and error correction models.

International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486), 2016

American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2014

Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, Jun 30, 2013

The study analyzed economic capacity utilization rates in the sugar industry for the period 1970 ... more The study analyzed economic capacity utilization rates in the sugar industry for the period 1970 to 2010 in Nigeria. Secondary data obtained from sugar firms; Central Bank of Nigeria; National Bureau of Statistics and the Federal Ministry of Finance were used in the study. Stochastic Cobb-Douglas cost functions for the sugar industry were estimated from which indices of economic capacity utilization rates were obtained. Trend in the economic capacity utilization rate showed undulated pattern with an average index of 60.30% and excess economic capacity of 39.70%. Multiple-regression of various forms based on the ordinary least squares technique was used to determine factors that influence the performance indicators in the industry. Empirical results revealed that economic capacity utilization rates in the sugar industry was influenced by the inflation rate, per capita real GDP, energy consumption of the industry, federal government expenditure on the sugar industry and the period of liberalization. The result of the regression and descriptive analyses revealed that the sugar industry in Nigeria was constrained by insufficient production inputs. Policy measures aimed at reduction or maintaining a steady or less fluctuated inflation rate in the country, expansionary aggregate demand, increase funding to agencies that have direct dealings with the sugar production and adequate provision of electricity to the industry as well as the adoption of the liberalization industrial policy on sugar industry were recommended.

Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Jan 25, 2012

The study determined factors that affect household saving of rural agro-based firm workers in the... more The study determined factors that affect household saving of rural agro-based firm workers in the south-south region of Nigeria. Two-stage least squares method of simultaneous equation model was used in the analysis. Cross-sectional data were collected from 250 randomly selected workers of five agro-based firms in the study areas. The results of the analysis revealed that income, tax, job experience, education, family size and membership of a social group influence saving attitude of workers. To promote household savings among agro-based workers in Nigeria, policies aim at periodic increase in worker's salary and reduction in tax rate in line with the changing pattern of macro-economic variables in the country were advocated. Others include policies that will promote birth control, increase public awareness on the on-going family planning programme in the country, and encourage social group formation among workers as well as those aim at reduction in agricultural production constraints.

International Journal of Economics and Finance, 2015

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2015

American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 2015

Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2015

Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Dec 1, 2011

This study investigates the agricultural land allocation pattern and the level of land use intens... more This study investigates the agricultural land allocation pattern and the level of land use intensification among farming household heads in Uruan local government area of Akwa Ibom state in the southern Nigeria. Two -stage random sampling technique was used to select 240 farming household heads. Structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from sample farming household heads in the study area. Combination of analytical tools including descriptive Statistics, Herfindahl index, Crop Diversification index, and Ordinary Least Squares technique were used to analyze the specific objectives. Analysis of socio economic characteristics reveal that majority of farming household heads were males, learned and have moderate family size as well as small farm land. The result also reveals that agricultural land in the area was mostly acquired through inheritance and outright purchase. Analysis of crop combination shows that pumpkin, maize cassava and white yam was the most prefer crop combination in the study area. An average Herfindal index of 0.641 and land intensification index of 0.8654 were obtained among respondents. Also, a negative relationship was discovered between land intensification index and farm size in the study area. The study therefore suggests for provisions of improved seed varieties and other inputs to farming household heads by the Akwa Ibom state government. Also, state government should intensify effort to reclaimed less productive land and developed Fadama projects in the state to reduce the menace of land use intensification among farming household heads in the area.

Journal of Biology Agriculture and Healthcare, Jan 25, 2012

This study analyzes factors that influenced fertilizer use intensity among arable crop farmers in... more This study analyzes factors that influenced fertilizer use intensity among arable crop farmers in Abak agricultural zone in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. Primary data were obtained from 150 arable crop farmers in the zone. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze data collected. The result reveals that majority of farmers were getting old and there is low social capital accumulation among arable crop farmers. Also, age, gender, household size, farm size, perceived price of fertilizer, value of farm output, extension agent visit, number of goats and sheep own by farmers, and decision to own poultry by farmers as well as the distance to fertilizer selling point are significant factors affecting fertilizer use intensity among arable crop farmers in Abak agricultural zone in Akwa Ibom state. The study recommends that Akwa Ibom state government should further subsidize the price of fertilizer to make fertilizer more affordable to small holder farmers. In addition, arable crop farming households in the state should be sensitized on the current method of family planning as this would help to reduce non-farm cost and help increase fertilizer procurement. Furthermore, the extension unit of the state ministry of Agriculture should be strengthened to educate arable crop farmers more on fertilizer usage.

Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, Jul 26, 2011

The study determined the influenced of some macroeconomic variables on the government stock, indu... more The study determined the influenced of some macroeconomic variables on the government stock, industrial/equities stock and total stock transactions in the Nigerian stock exchange market. Time series data were used in the study that covers the period 1970 to 2010. Unit root test (Augmented Dicker Fuller test) conducted on the data shows that some were stationary at levels and some were not. Double log multiple linear models were specify and estimated using ordinary least squares technique. The empirical results reveal that inflation; domestic savings, nominal exchange rate of N/$, value of total import and liberalization period are significant macroeconomic variables affecting the value of industrial/equities trading in the Nigerian stock exchange market. Also, external debt, nominal exchange rate, external reserves, and industrial capacity utilization rate are significant macroeconomic variables that affect the value of government stock transaction in the stock market. The study further reveals that the value of total stock transaction is significantly affected by inflation rate, domestic savings, oil revenues, and industrial capacity utilization rate. The result calls for a long term policy package that should focused on stabilization of real and monetary policy variables in the Nigerian economy. Also, institutional and operational reforms in the country's capital market are inevitable in a bit to increase the subsector's efficiency.

International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2014

The study examined the price transmission and market integration of local and foreign rice in rur... more The study examined the price transmission and market integration of local and foreign rice in rural and urban markets of Akwa Ibom State in Southern region of Nigeria. Average monthly prices (measured in naira per kilogram) of local and foreign rice in rural and urban markets were used in the analysis. The data came from the quarterly publication of the Akwa Ibom State Agricultural Development Programme (AKADEP). The data covered January 2005 to June 2013. The findings show that, prices of local and foreign rice in rural and urban markets has constant exponential growth rate of 0.59% which suggests perfect co-movement for rural and urban prices of local and foreign rice in the study area. Also, the Pearson correlation coefficient matrix revealed that, the rural price of local and foreign rice has linear symmetrical relationships with their corresponding urban prices. The result connotes the existence of symmetric market information flows between the rural and urban rice markets in the state. The Granger causality test revealed bidirectional relationship between rural and urban price of local and foreign rice in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The results of the co-integration test revealed the presence of co-integration between the rural and urban prices of local and foreign rice as well as support the hypothesis of perfect price transmission between the two markets in the study area. The coefficients of the price variable in the co-integration equations for local and foreign rice markets converge to unity which connotes perfect market integration in the long run. The results of the error correction model (ECM) also confirm the existence of the short run market integration between the rural and urban prices of local and foreign rice in the study area. In addition, the result shows that, the price of local rice in both rural and urban markets adjusted faster than prices of foreign rice once there is an exogenous shock in the marketing process of rice in Akwa Ibom State. The index of market concentration (IMC) supports the high short run market integration between prices in rural and urban markets for local and foreign rice commodities and the quick adjustment of rural price of local rice in relative to rural price of foreign rice. Based on the finding, it is recommended that, the state government should continue to provide marketing infrastructures to improve the symmetric nature of information among participants in rice marketing in the state. Attempt should be made to reduce excessive externality costs in rice marketing in order to fully reap the benefit of rice market integration in the state.