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Papers by Susan Cho

Research paper thumbnail of Fiber consumption and metabolic syndrome in adults: Results from NHANES 1999‐2004

The FASEB Journal

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of increasing fiber and whole grain (WG) co... more The objective of this study was to examine the effect of increasing fiber and whole grain (WG) consumption on the odds of having metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a recent, nationally representative sample of US adults 19 to 51 years (n=7,039) and 51+ years (n=6,237) using a secondary analysis of NHANES 1999‐2004 data. . Participants were divided into four fiber consumption groups: <10g/d, 10 to <15, 15to <20, =20g/day. For a separate analysis of WG, participants were also divided into four WG consumption groups: <0.6 (control), 0.6 to <1.5, 1.5 to <3.0 and = 3.0 servings. MetS was defined using the ATPIII definition. Least‐square means + SE were calculated. For adults 19‐50 years, mean fiber intake was 14.97 g + 0.37; ORs with MetS were: 0.958 (CI = 0.755 to 1.216), 0.800 (CI = 0.603 to 1.063), and 0.807 (CI = 0.608 to 1.072) for the three fiber groups, respectively; p for trend with MetS was 0.08. For adults 51+ years, mean fiber intake was 15.65 g + 0.26; ORs with Me...

Research paper thumbnail of A 26-week 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 oral toxicity study in Beagle dogs

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Feb 1, 2020

20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a red ginseng-derived compound with the formula C42H72O13 that has been ... more 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a red ginseng-derived compound with the formula C42H72O13 that has been increasingly used by humans, leading to safety concerns regarding this use. In the current study, we conducted a 26-week study during which 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (0, 7, 20, or 60 mg/kg) was continuously administered orally to Beagle dogs in order to explore its toxicity in these animals, with control dogs receiving a vehicle capsule. In total, 10 dogs received each dose of this compound (n = 5 male, n = 5 female per dose). Animals were continuously monitored for a 26-week administration period and a subsequent 4-week follow-up recovery period. At the end of study, we observed no evidence of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 toxicity in clinical indications, body weight, food intake, ophthalmoscopy, electrocardiogram, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross and histopathology findings. However, the kidney relative weight of animals receiving 60 mg/kg of compound was significantly elevated relative to control animals (5.15 ± 0.88‰ vs. 4.11 ± 0.59‰. P < 0.05), and this effect was reversed after 4-week recovery period. Based on these results, the NOAEL value for orally administered 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in dogs is 20 mg/kg.

Research paper thumbnail of Repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study of ginsenoside compound K in Beagle dogs

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Feb 1, 2020

In the present investigation, laser surface melting (LSM) was performed on MB26 and AZ80 magnesiu... more In the present investigation, laser surface melting (LSM) was performed on MB26 and AZ80 magnesium alloys and their surface properties were evaluated. The finite element method (FEM) was used to calculate the resulting temperature during the laser surface melting process. The melted layer average thickness values were about 296 and 190 μm for MB26 and AZ80 alloys, respectively and the variation in the thickness is mainly attributed to the absorption in laser energy. The average grain size of the LSMed MB26 alloy was decreased about 14.5 times and AZ80 had very finer grains than the MB26 along with the fine distribution of second phases. Further, the X-ray diffraction results revealed that the second phase intensities were decreased in both the alloys due to their dispersion. The laser absorption efficiency of MB26 was higher due to the higher plasma attachment during LSM process, thereby has higher melt layer thickness compared to AZ80. The refined microstructure of the melted layer resulted in an increase of micro-hardness up to 110 Hv. Potentiodynamic polarization test results revealed that the corrosion current density (i corr) values of the LSMed MB26 and AZ80 alloys were decreased about 1.8 and 2.5 times, respectively compared to the as-received alloys. A variation in solidification rates of the melt pool due to the alloying elements were attributed to an improvement in the surface and electrochemical properties.

Research paper thumbnail of Consumption of whole grain and cereal fiber with total and cause‐specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals (628.17)

Research paper thumbnail of A comparison of the literature on the association between intakes of bran, cereal fiber, and whole grains and risk and biomarkers of heart disease

Research paper thumbnail of Ready to eat cereal consumption with total and cause‐specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals (810.20)

The FASEB Journal, 2014

Background □ Intakes of ready to eat cereals (RTEC) have been inversely associated with the risk ... more Background □ Intakes of ready to eat cereals (RTEC) have been inversely associated with the risk factors of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and certain cancers; however their relations with total and cause‐specific mortality remain unclear. We prospectively assessed the associations of RTEC intakes with all causes and disease‐specific mortality risk.Methods and Results □ The study included 367,442 participants from the prospective NIH‐AARP Diet and Health Study. Intakes of RTEC were assessed at baseline. Over an average of 14 years of follow‐up, in total 46,067 deaths were documented. Consumption of RTEC was inversely associated with risk of mortality from all‐cause mortality and death from cancer, digestive cancer, CVD, and respiratory disease. In multivariable models, as compared with non‐consumers of RTEC, those in the highest intake of RTEC had a 15% lower risk of all‐cause mortality and 10‐30% lower risk of disease‐specific mortality such as dea...

Research paper thumbnail of A 26-week 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 oral toxicity study in Beagle dogs

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2019

20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a red ginseng-derived compound with the formula C42H72O13 that has been ... more 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a red ginseng-derived compound with the formula C42H72O13 that has been increasingly used by humans, leading to safety concerns regarding this use. In the current study, we conducted a 26-week study during which 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (0, 7, 20, or 60 mg/kg) was continuously administered orally to Beagle dogs in order to explore its toxicity in these animals, with control dogs receiving a vehicle capsule. In total, 10 dogs received each dose of this compound (n = 5 male, n = 5 female per dose). Animals were continuously monitored for a 26-week administration period and a subsequent 4-week follow-up recovery period. At the end of study, we observed no evidence of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 toxicity in clinical indications, body weight, food intake, ophthalmoscopy, electrocardiogram, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross and histopathology findings. However, the kidney relative weight of animals receiving 60 mg/kg of compound was significantly elevated relative to control animals (5.15 ± 0.88‰ vs. 4.11 ± 0.59‰. P < 0.05), and this effect was reversed after 4-week recovery period. Based on these results, the NOAEL value for orally administered 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in dogs is 20 mg/kg.

Research paper thumbnail of Ready-to-Eat Cereal Breakfasts Are Associated with Improved Nutrient Intake and Dietary Adequacy but Not Body Mass Index in Black Adolescents

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 2009

The goal of this study was to determine whether nutrient intake, dietary adequacy, and weight sta... more The goal of this study was to determine whether nutrient intake, dietary adequacy, and weight status were associated with type of breakfast consumption: skipping breakfast, consuming ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) at breakfast, or consuming other types of foods at breakfast. Data from black adolescents 13 to 18 years of age (n = 988) participating in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in a secondary data analysis. Thirty-seven percent of black adolescents skipped breakfast, 19% consumed RTEC at breakfast, and 44% consumed other breakfasts. RTEC breakfast and other breakfast consumers had higher mean energy intakes than breakfast skippers (P ≤ .05). After adjusting for gender and energy intake, RTEC breakfast consumers had higher intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium, and vitamins A, B6, and B12 than breakfast skippers and other breakfast consumers (P ≤ .05). RTEC breakfast consumers had...

Research paper thumbnail of Repeated sub-chronic oral toxicity study of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) in dogs

Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, Jan 17, 2017

In this study, Beagle dogs were administered xylooligosaccharide (XOS, CAS # 87099-0) at doses of... more In this study, Beagle dogs were administered xylooligosaccharide (XOS, CAS # 87099-0) at doses of 0, 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 26 weeks. A 4-week recovery period was added to observe delayed or reversible toxicity. Measurements included body weight, food consumption, clinical observations, temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), urinalysis, blood chemistry, hematology, organ weight, gross necropsy, and histopathological examination. Except for transient diarrhea or vomiting, no treatment-related adverse effects were noted. In the mid-dose groups, transitional diarrhea was observed in the initial 1-2 weeks. In the high-dose groups, diarrhea and/or vomiting were observed episodically over the duration of treatment. However, they disappeared after XOS was withdrawn in the recovery period. Although there was a tendency toward less weight gain in the high-dose group animal group, this is typical in animals and humans fed non-digestible carbohydrates. This chronic to...

Research paper thumbnail of Association between phosphorus intake and bone health in the NHANES population

Nutrition Journal, 2015

The objective of this study was to estimate the independent associations between intake of phosph... more The objective of this study was to estimate the independent associations between intake of phosphorus (P) and bone health parameters such as bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). It provides odds ratio (OR) of osteoporosis with quartiles of P intake adjusted for covariates (i.e., age, gender, BMI, and consumption of calcium (Ca), protein, total dairy foods, and vitamin D as well as intakes of supplemental Ca, vitamin D, and multivitamins/minerals). Data came from males and females aged 13-99 years who participated in the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Analyses showed that higher P intake was associated with higher Ca intake, and that dietary Ca:P ratios (0.51-0.62, with a mean of 0.60 for adults) were adequate in all age/gender groups. High intake of P was positively associated with BMC in female teenagers (Q4 vs. Q1: BMC, 30.9 ± 1.1 vs. 29.0 ± 0.5 g, P = 0.001). It was also positively associated with BMC and BMD as well as reduced risk of osteoporosis in adults >20 years of age (Q4 vs. Q1: OR of osteoporosis, 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.79; P = 0.001; BMC, 37.5 ± 0.4 vs. 36.70 ± 0.3 g, P < 0.01; BMD, 0.986 ± 0.004 vs. 0.966 ± 0.005 g/cm 2 , P < 0.05). The data suggest that high intake of P has no adverse effect on bone metabolism in populations with adequate Ca intake, and that it is also associated with positive bone parameters in some age/gender groups.

Research paper thumbnail of Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber and total and cause-specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals

BMC Medicine, 2015

Background: Intakes of whole grains and cereal fiber have been inversely associated with the risk... more Background: Intakes of whole grains and cereal fiber have been inversely associated with the risk of chronic diseases; however, their relation with total and disease-specific mortality remain unclear. We aimed to prospectively assess the association of whole grains and cereal fiber intake with all causes and cause-specific mortality. Methods: The study included 367,442 participants from the prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (enrolled in 1995 and followed through 2009). Participants with cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and self-reported end-stage renal disease at baseline were excluded. Results: Over an average of 14 years of follow-up, a total of 46,067 deaths were documented. Consumption of whole grains were inversely associated with risk of all-cause mortality and death from cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, respiratory disease, infections, and other causes. In multivariable models, as compared with individuals with the lowest intakes, those in the highest intake of whole grains had a 17% (95% CI, 14-19%) lower risk of all-cause mortality and 11-48% lower risk of disease-specific mortality (all P for trend <0.023); those in the highest intake of cereal fiber had a 19% (95% CI, 16-21%) lower risk of all-cause mortality and 15-34% lower risk of disease-specific mortality (all P for trend <0.005). When cereal fiber was further adjusted, the associations of whole grains with death from CVD, respiratory disease and infections became not significant; the associations with allcause mortality and death from cancer and diabetes were attenuated but remained significant (P for trend <0.029). Conclusions: Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber was inversely associated with reduced total and cause-specific mortality. Our data suggest cereal fiber is one potentially protective component.

Research paper thumbnail of Active Components of Whole Grain Foods

Whole Grains and Health

The US . Department of Agriculture (2000,2005) has recommended that Americans should consume a mi... more The US . Department of Agriculture (2000,2005) has recommended that Americans should consume a minimum of three servings of whole grain products daily. This recommendation was first made in the 1985 USDA food guidance systems (Cronin 1985). The intent was to increase ...

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary Fiber and Health

Research paper thumbnail of Are breakfast consumption patterns associated with weight status and nutrient adequacy in African-American children?

Public Health Nutrition, 2008

Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess whether weight status, nutrient intak... more Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess whether weight status, nutrient intake and dietary adequacy were associated with breakfast consumption patterns. Design: A representative sample of the US population was used in a secondary analysis of nutrient intake/diet quality and weight status by breakfast consumption patterns. Setting: The 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Subjects: The study sample included African-American (AA) children aged 1-12 years (n 1389). Results: Forty-five per cent of children aged 1-5 years and 38 % of those aged 6-12 years consumed ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) at breakfast; while 7?4 % and 16?9 % in those age groups skipped breakfast, respectively. The lowest mean BMI (P # 0?05) and mean waist circumference (P # 0?05) was found in children 1-12 years of age who consumed RTEC at breakfast compared with other consumption groups. RTEC breakfast consumers had the highest mean intakes of vitamins A, B 6 and B 12 , thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, Ca, Fe and Zn (P # 0?05) and the highest Mean Adequacy Ratio (P # 0?05). RTEC breakfast consumers also had the highest intake of carbohydrates and total sugars, and the lowest intakes of total fat (P # 0?05). Conclusions: Consuming RTEC at breakfast was associated with improved weight and nutrient adequacy in AA children. AA children in all breakfast categories still had mean intakes of most nutrients below recommended levels. The implications are that consuming a breakfast meal should be encouraged in these children, and that RTEC at breakfast provides important nutrients and may help promote a healthy weight.

Research paper thumbnail of Consumption of whole grains is associated with improved diet quality and nutrient intake in children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004

Public Health Nutrition, 2010

ObjectiveTo examine the association of consumption of whole grains (WG) with diet quality and nut... more ObjectiveTo examine the association of consumption of whole grains (WG) with diet quality and nutrient intake in children and adolescents.DesignSecondary analysis of cross-sectional data.SettingThe 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.SubjectsChildren aged 2–5 years (n2278) and 6–12 years (n3868) and adolescents aged 13–18 years (n4931). The participants were divided into four WG consumption groups: ≥0 to <0·6, ≥0·6 to <1·5, ≥1·5 to <3·0 and ≥3·0 servings/d. Nutrient intake and diet quality, using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2005, were determined for each group from a single 24 h dietary recall.ResultsThe mean number of servings of WG consumed was 0·45, 0·59 and 0·63 for children/adolescents at the age of 2–5, 6–12 and 13–18 years, respectively. In all groups, HEI and intakes of energy, fibre, vitamin B6, folate, magnesium, phosphorus and iron were significantly higher in those consuming ≥3·0 servings of WG/d; intakes of protein, total fat, SFA and ...

Research paper thumbnail of The soluble fiber NUTRIOSE induces a dose-dependent beneficial impact on satiety over time in humans

Nutrition Research, 2011

Strong evidence supports the ability of dietary fibers to improve satiety. However, large variati... more Strong evidence supports the ability of dietary fibers to improve satiety. However, large variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of dietary fiber modulate the physiologic responses. We hypothesized that a nonviscous soluble dietary fiber may influence satiety. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in 100 overweight healthy adults in China investigated the effect of different dosages of dietary supplementation with a dextrin, NUTRIOSE (ROQUETTE frères, Lestrem, France), on short-term satiety over time. Subjects were randomized by body mass index and energy intake and then assigned to receive either placebo or 8, 14, 18, or 24 g/d of NUTRIOSE mixed with orange juice (n = 20 volunteers per group). On days −2, 0, 2, 5, 7, 14, and 21, short-term satiety was evaluated with a visual analog scale, and hunger feeling status was assessed with Likert scale. NUTRIOSE exhibits a progressive and significant impact on short-term satiety, which is time and dosage correlated. Some statistical differences appear for the group 8 g/d from day 5, and from day 0 for the groups 14, 18, and 24 g/d. The hunger feeling status decreases significantly from day 5 to the end of the evaluation for the group 24 g and from day 7 for the groups 14 and 18 g. By day 5, the group 24 g showed significantly longer time to hunger between meals compared with placebo. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with a soluble fiber can decrease hunger feeling and increase short-term satiety over time when added to a beverage from 8 to 24 g/d with time-and dose-responses relationship.

Research paper thumbnail of Is Consumption of Breakfast Associated with Body Mass Index in US Adults?

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2005

Objective To test the hypothesis that breakfast consumption is associated with weight status meas... more Objective To test the hypothesis that breakfast consumption is associated with weight status measured by body mass index in US adults.

Research paper thumbnail of Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereal Consumption Enhances Milk and Calcium Intake in the US Population

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2006

Background Inadequate intake of calcium-rich foods among US adults and children is a public healt... more Background Inadequate intake of calcium-rich foods among US adults and children is a public health concern. Fluid milk is one of the best calcium sources because of its bioavailability and its versatility as both a beverage and a complement to various solid foods. One of the foods commonly consumed with milk is ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (RTEC). Objective We aimed to establish the association between the intake of RTEC, milk, and calcium within the context of the most current population dietary practices. We hypothesized that RTEC consumption facilitates milk consumption and is associated with adequacy of calcium intake in the US population.

Research paper thumbnail of The Relationship of Breakfast Skipping and Type of Breakfast Consumption with Nutrient Intake and Weight Status in Children and Adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2010

Background National data comparing nutrient intakes and anthropometric measures in children/adole... more Background National data comparing nutrient intakes and anthropometric measures in children/adolescents in the United States who skip breakfast or consume different types of breakfasts are limited. Objective To examine the relationship between breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy, and adiposity status. Subjects Children aged 9 to 13 years (nϭ4,320) and adolescents aged 14 to 18 years (nϭ5,339). Design Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. Methods Breakfast consumption was self-reported. A 24hour dietary recall was used to assess nutrient intakes. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for micronutrients and anthropometric indexes were evaluated. Covariate-adjusted sample-weighted means were compared using analysis of variance and Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons among breakfast skippers (breakfast skippers), ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal consumers, and other breakfast (other breakfast) consumers. Results Twenty percent of children and 31.5% of adolescents were breakfast skippers; 35.9% of children and 25.4% of adolescents consumed RTE cereal. In children/adolescents, RTE cereal consumers had lower intakes of total fat and cholesterol and higher intakes of total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and several micronutrients (PϽ0.05 for all) than breakfast skippers and other breakfast consumers. RTE cereal consumers had the highest MAR for micronutrients, and MAR was the lowest for breakfast skippers (PϽ0.05). In children/adolescents, breakfast skippers had higher body mass index-forage z scores (PϽ0.05) and a higher waist circumference (PϽ0.05) than RTE cereal and other breakfast consumers. Prevalence of obesity (body mass index Ն95th percentile) was higher in breakfast skippers than RTE cereal consumers (PϽ0.05) in children/adolescents and was higher in other breakfast consumers than RTE cereal consumers only in adolescents (PϽ0.05). Conclusions RTE cereal consumers had more favorable nutrient intake profiles and adiposity indexes than breakfast skippers or other breakfast consumers in US children/adolescents.

Research paper thumbnail of Whole-Grain Consumption Is Associated with Diet Quality and Nutrient Intake in Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2010

Background The consumption of whole grains and its association with nutrient intake has not been ... more Background The consumption of whole grains and its association with nutrient intake has not been assessed in a recent nationally representative population. Objective To examine the association of consumption of whole grains, using the new whole-grain definition, with diet quality and nutrient intake in a recent, nationally representative sample of adults. Design Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants and methods Adults aged 19 to 50 years (nϭ7,039) and aged 51 years and older (nϭ6,237). Main outcome measures Participants were divided into four whole-grain consumption groups: Յ0 to Ͻ0.6, Ն0.6 to Ͻ1.5, Ն1.5 to Ͻ3.0, and Ն3.0 servings (ounce equivalents)/day. Macro-and micronutrient intakes and diet quality, using the Healthy Eating Index, were determined for each group. Statistical analyses Sample weights were applied. The percentages of adults in whole-grain consumption groups were calculated. The covariates used were energy, ethnicity, sex, and age. Least-square means were calculated. P for linear trend analysis was determined using wholegrain intake as a linear covariate. A P value of Յ0.05 was considered significant. Results Adults aged 19 to 50 and 51ϩ years consumed a mean of 0.63 and 0.77 servings of whole grains per day, respectively. For both age groups, diet quality and intake of energy, fiber, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in those consuming the most servings of whole grains. Intake of total sugars (19 to 50 year age group only), added sugars, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol was significantly lower in those consuming the most servings of whole grains. Intake of all micronutrients, except vitamin B-12 and sodium, was higher among individuals who consumed the most servings of whole grains. Conclusions Overall consumption of whole grains in the US population was low using the recently updated wholegrain definition. Adults who consumed the most servings of whole grains had better diet quality and nutrient intakes.

Research paper thumbnail of Fiber consumption and metabolic syndrome in adults: Results from NHANES 1999‐2004

The FASEB Journal

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of increasing fiber and whole grain (WG) co... more The objective of this study was to examine the effect of increasing fiber and whole grain (WG) consumption on the odds of having metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a recent, nationally representative sample of US adults 19 to 51 years (n=7,039) and 51+ years (n=6,237) using a secondary analysis of NHANES 1999‐2004 data. . Participants were divided into four fiber consumption groups: <10g/d, 10 to <15, 15to <20, =20g/day. For a separate analysis of WG, participants were also divided into four WG consumption groups: <0.6 (control), 0.6 to <1.5, 1.5 to <3.0 and = 3.0 servings. MetS was defined using the ATPIII definition. Least‐square means + SE were calculated. For adults 19‐50 years, mean fiber intake was 14.97 g + 0.37; ORs with MetS were: 0.958 (CI = 0.755 to 1.216), 0.800 (CI = 0.603 to 1.063), and 0.807 (CI = 0.608 to 1.072) for the three fiber groups, respectively; p for trend with MetS was 0.08. For adults 51+ years, mean fiber intake was 15.65 g + 0.26; ORs with Me...

Research paper thumbnail of A 26-week 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 oral toxicity study in Beagle dogs

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Feb 1, 2020

20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a red ginseng-derived compound with the formula C42H72O13 that has been ... more 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a red ginseng-derived compound with the formula C42H72O13 that has been increasingly used by humans, leading to safety concerns regarding this use. In the current study, we conducted a 26-week study during which 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (0, 7, 20, or 60 mg/kg) was continuously administered orally to Beagle dogs in order to explore its toxicity in these animals, with control dogs receiving a vehicle capsule. In total, 10 dogs received each dose of this compound (n = 5 male, n = 5 female per dose). Animals were continuously monitored for a 26-week administration period and a subsequent 4-week follow-up recovery period. At the end of study, we observed no evidence of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 toxicity in clinical indications, body weight, food intake, ophthalmoscopy, electrocardiogram, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross and histopathology findings. However, the kidney relative weight of animals receiving 60 mg/kg of compound was significantly elevated relative to control animals (5.15 ± 0.88‰ vs. 4.11 ± 0.59‰. P < 0.05), and this effect was reversed after 4-week recovery period. Based on these results, the NOAEL value for orally administered 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in dogs is 20 mg/kg.

Research paper thumbnail of Repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study of ginsenoside compound K in Beagle dogs

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Feb 1, 2020

In the present investigation, laser surface melting (LSM) was performed on MB26 and AZ80 magnesiu... more In the present investigation, laser surface melting (LSM) was performed on MB26 and AZ80 magnesium alloys and their surface properties were evaluated. The finite element method (FEM) was used to calculate the resulting temperature during the laser surface melting process. The melted layer average thickness values were about 296 and 190 μm for MB26 and AZ80 alloys, respectively and the variation in the thickness is mainly attributed to the absorption in laser energy. The average grain size of the LSMed MB26 alloy was decreased about 14.5 times and AZ80 had very finer grains than the MB26 along with the fine distribution of second phases. Further, the X-ray diffraction results revealed that the second phase intensities were decreased in both the alloys due to their dispersion. The laser absorption efficiency of MB26 was higher due to the higher plasma attachment during LSM process, thereby has higher melt layer thickness compared to AZ80. The refined microstructure of the melted layer resulted in an increase of micro-hardness up to 110 Hv. Potentiodynamic polarization test results revealed that the corrosion current density (i corr) values of the LSMed MB26 and AZ80 alloys were decreased about 1.8 and 2.5 times, respectively compared to the as-received alloys. A variation in solidification rates of the melt pool due to the alloying elements were attributed to an improvement in the surface and electrochemical properties.

Research paper thumbnail of Consumption of whole grain and cereal fiber with total and cause‐specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals (628.17)

Research paper thumbnail of A comparison of the literature on the association between intakes of bran, cereal fiber, and whole grains and risk and biomarkers of heart disease

Research paper thumbnail of Ready to eat cereal consumption with total and cause‐specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals (810.20)

The FASEB Journal, 2014

Background □ Intakes of ready to eat cereals (RTEC) have been inversely associated with the risk ... more Background □ Intakes of ready to eat cereals (RTEC) have been inversely associated with the risk factors of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and certain cancers; however their relations with total and cause‐specific mortality remain unclear. We prospectively assessed the associations of RTEC intakes with all causes and disease‐specific mortality risk.Methods and Results □ The study included 367,442 participants from the prospective NIH‐AARP Diet and Health Study. Intakes of RTEC were assessed at baseline. Over an average of 14 years of follow‐up, in total 46,067 deaths were documented. Consumption of RTEC was inversely associated with risk of mortality from all‐cause mortality and death from cancer, digestive cancer, CVD, and respiratory disease. In multivariable models, as compared with non‐consumers of RTEC, those in the highest intake of RTEC had a 15% lower risk of all‐cause mortality and 10‐30% lower risk of disease‐specific mortality such as dea...

Research paper thumbnail of A 26-week 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 oral toxicity study in Beagle dogs

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2019

20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a red ginseng-derived compound with the formula C42H72O13 that has been ... more 20(s)-ginsenoside Rg3 is a red ginseng-derived compound with the formula C42H72O13 that has been increasingly used by humans, leading to safety concerns regarding this use. In the current study, we conducted a 26-week study during which 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (0, 7, 20, or 60 mg/kg) was continuously administered orally to Beagle dogs in order to explore its toxicity in these animals, with control dogs receiving a vehicle capsule. In total, 10 dogs received each dose of this compound (n = 5 male, n = 5 female per dose). Animals were continuously monitored for a 26-week administration period and a subsequent 4-week follow-up recovery period. At the end of study, we observed no evidence of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 toxicity in clinical indications, body weight, food intake, ophthalmoscopy, electrocardiogram, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross and histopathology findings. However, the kidney relative weight of animals receiving 60 mg/kg of compound was significantly elevated relative to control animals (5.15 ± 0.88‰ vs. 4.11 ± 0.59‰. P < 0.05), and this effect was reversed after 4-week recovery period. Based on these results, the NOAEL value for orally administered 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in dogs is 20 mg/kg.

Research paper thumbnail of Ready-to-Eat Cereal Breakfasts Are Associated with Improved Nutrient Intake and Dietary Adequacy but Not Body Mass Index in Black Adolescents

American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 2009

The goal of this study was to determine whether nutrient intake, dietary adequacy, and weight sta... more The goal of this study was to determine whether nutrient intake, dietary adequacy, and weight status were associated with type of breakfast consumption: skipping breakfast, consuming ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) at breakfast, or consuming other types of foods at breakfast. Data from black adolescents 13 to 18 years of age (n = 988) participating in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used in a secondary data analysis. Thirty-seven percent of black adolescents skipped breakfast, 19% consumed RTEC at breakfast, and 44% consumed other breakfasts. RTEC breakfast and other breakfast consumers had higher mean energy intakes than breakfast skippers (P ≤ .05). After adjusting for gender and energy intake, RTEC breakfast consumers had higher intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium, and vitamins A, B6, and B12 than breakfast skippers and other breakfast consumers (P ≤ .05). RTEC breakfast consumers had...

Research paper thumbnail of Repeated sub-chronic oral toxicity study of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) in dogs

Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP, Jan 17, 2017

In this study, Beagle dogs were administered xylooligosaccharide (XOS, CAS # 87099-0) at doses of... more In this study, Beagle dogs were administered xylooligosaccharide (XOS, CAS # 87099-0) at doses of 0, 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day by oral gavage for 26 weeks. A 4-week recovery period was added to observe delayed or reversible toxicity. Measurements included body weight, food consumption, clinical observations, temperature, electrocardiogram (ECG), urinalysis, blood chemistry, hematology, organ weight, gross necropsy, and histopathological examination. Except for transient diarrhea or vomiting, no treatment-related adverse effects were noted. In the mid-dose groups, transitional diarrhea was observed in the initial 1-2 weeks. In the high-dose groups, diarrhea and/or vomiting were observed episodically over the duration of treatment. However, they disappeared after XOS was withdrawn in the recovery period. Although there was a tendency toward less weight gain in the high-dose group animal group, this is typical in animals and humans fed non-digestible carbohydrates. This chronic to...

Research paper thumbnail of Association between phosphorus intake and bone health in the NHANES population

Nutrition Journal, 2015

The objective of this study was to estimate the independent associations between intake of phosph... more The objective of this study was to estimate the independent associations between intake of phosphorus (P) and bone health parameters such as bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). It provides odds ratio (OR) of osteoporosis with quartiles of P intake adjusted for covariates (i.e., age, gender, BMI, and consumption of calcium (Ca), protein, total dairy foods, and vitamin D as well as intakes of supplemental Ca, vitamin D, and multivitamins/minerals). Data came from males and females aged 13-99 years who participated in the 2005-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Analyses showed that higher P intake was associated with higher Ca intake, and that dietary Ca:P ratios (0.51-0.62, with a mean of 0.60 for adults) were adequate in all age/gender groups. High intake of P was positively associated with BMC in female teenagers (Q4 vs. Q1: BMC, 30.9 ± 1.1 vs. 29.0 ± 0.5 g, P = 0.001). It was also positively associated with BMC and BMD as well as reduced risk of osteoporosis in adults >20 years of age (Q4 vs. Q1: OR of osteoporosis, 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.79; P = 0.001; BMC, 37.5 ± 0.4 vs. 36.70 ± 0.3 g, P < 0.01; BMD, 0.986 ± 0.004 vs. 0.966 ± 0.005 g/cm 2 , P < 0.05). The data suggest that high intake of P has no adverse effect on bone metabolism in populations with adequate Ca intake, and that it is also associated with positive bone parameters in some age/gender groups.

Research paper thumbnail of Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber and total and cause-specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals

BMC Medicine, 2015

Background: Intakes of whole grains and cereal fiber have been inversely associated with the risk... more Background: Intakes of whole grains and cereal fiber have been inversely associated with the risk of chronic diseases; however, their relation with total and disease-specific mortality remain unclear. We aimed to prospectively assess the association of whole grains and cereal fiber intake with all causes and cause-specific mortality. Methods: The study included 367,442 participants from the prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study (enrolled in 1995 and followed through 2009). Participants with cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and self-reported end-stage renal disease at baseline were excluded. Results: Over an average of 14 years of follow-up, a total of 46,067 deaths were documented. Consumption of whole grains were inversely associated with risk of all-cause mortality and death from cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, respiratory disease, infections, and other causes. In multivariable models, as compared with individuals with the lowest intakes, those in the highest intake of whole grains had a 17% (95% CI, 14-19%) lower risk of all-cause mortality and 11-48% lower risk of disease-specific mortality (all P for trend <0.023); those in the highest intake of cereal fiber had a 19% (95% CI, 16-21%) lower risk of all-cause mortality and 15-34% lower risk of disease-specific mortality (all P for trend <0.005). When cereal fiber was further adjusted, the associations of whole grains with death from CVD, respiratory disease and infections became not significant; the associations with allcause mortality and death from cancer and diabetes were attenuated but remained significant (P for trend <0.029). Conclusions: Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber was inversely associated with reduced total and cause-specific mortality. Our data suggest cereal fiber is one potentially protective component.

Research paper thumbnail of Active Components of Whole Grain Foods

Whole Grains and Health

The US . Department of Agriculture (2000,2005) has recommended that Americans should consume a mi... more The US . Department of Agriculture (2000,2005) has recommended that Americans should consume a minimum of three servings of whole grain products daily. This recommendation was first made in the 1985 USDA food guidance systems (Cronin 1985). The intent was to increase ...

Research paper thumbnail of Dietary Fiber and Health

Research paper thumbnail of Are breakfast consumption patterns associated with weight status and nutrient adequacy in African-American children?

Public Health Nutrition, 2008

Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess whether weight status, nutrient intak... more Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess whether weight status, nutrient intake and dietary adequacy were associated with breakfast consumption patterns. Design: A representative sample of the US population was used in a secondary analysis of nutrient intake/diet quality and weight status by breakfast consumption patterns. Setting: The 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Subjects: The study sample included African-American (AA) children aged 1-12 years (n 1389). Results: Forty-five per cent of children aged 1-5 years and 38 % of those aged 6-12 years consumed ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) at breakfast; while 7?4 % and 16?9 % in those age groups skipped breakfast, respectively. The lowest mean BMI (P # 0?05) and mean waist circumference (P # 0?05) was found in children 1-12 years of age who consumed RTEC at breakfast compared with other consumption groups. RTEC breakfast consumers had the highest mean intakes of vitamins A, B 6 and B 12 , thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folate, Ca, Fe and Zn (P # 0?05) and the highest Mean Adequacy Ratio (P # 0?05). RTEC breakfast consumers also had the highest intake of carbohydrates and total sugars, and the lowest intakes of total fat (P # 0?05). Conclusions: Consuming RTEC at breakfast was associated with improved weight and nutrient adequacy in AA children. AA children in all breakfast categories still had mean intakes of most nutrients below recommended levels. The implications are that consuming a breakfast meal should be encouraged in these children, and that RTEC at breakfast provides important nutrients and may help promote a healthy weight.

Research paper thumbnail of Consumption of whole grains is associated with improved diet quality and nutrient intake in children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004

Public Health Nutrition, 2010

ObjectiveTo examine the association of consumption of whole grains (WG) with diet quality and nut... more ObjectiveTo examine the association of consumption of whole grains (WG) with diet quality and nutrient intake in children and adolescents.DesignSecondary analysis of cross-sectional data.SettingThe 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.SubjectsChildren aged 2–5 years (n2278) and 6–12 years (n3868) and adolescents aged 13–18 years (n4931). The participants were divided into four WG consumption groups: ≥0 to <0·6, ≥0·6 to <1·5, ≥1·5 to <3·0 and ≥3·0 servings/d. Nutrient intake and diet quality, using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2005, were determined for each group from a single 24 h dietary recall.ResultsThe mean number of servings of WG consumed was 0·45, 0·59 and 0·63 for children/adolescents at the age of 2–5, 6–12 and 13–18 years, respectively. In all groups, HEI and intakes of energy, fibre, vitamin B6, folate, magnesium, phosphorus and iron were significantly higher in those consuming ≥3·0 servings of WG/d; intakes of protein, total fat, SFA and ...

Research paper thumbnail of The soluble fiber NUTRIOSE induces a dose-dependent beneficial impact on satiety over time in humans

Nutrition Research, 2011

Strong evidence supports the ability of dietary fibers to improve satiety. However, large variati... more Strong evidence supports the ability of dietary fibers to improve satiety. However, large variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of dietary fiber modulate the physiologic responses. We hypothesized that a nonviscous soluble dietary fiber may influence satiety. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in 100 overweight healthy adults in China investigated the effect of different dosages of dietary supplementation with a dextrin, NUTRIOSE (ROQUETTE frères, Lestrem, France), on short-term satiety over time. Subjects were randomized by body mass index and energy intake and then assigned to receive either placebo or 8, 14, 18, or 24 g/d of NUTRIOSE mixed with orange juice (n = 20 volunteers per group). On days −2, 0, 2, 5, 7, 14, and 21, short-term satiety was evaluated with a visual analog scale, and hunger feeling status was assessed with Likert scale. NUTRIOSE exhibits a progressive and significant impact on short-term satiety, which is time and dosage correlated. Some statistical differences appear for the group 8 g/d from day 5, and from day 0 for the groups 14, 18, and 24 g/d. The hunger feeling status decreases significantly from day 5 to the end of the evaluation for the group 24 g and from day 7 for the groups 14 and 18 g. By day 5, the group 24 g showed significantly longer time to hunger between meals compared with placebo. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with a soluble fiber can decrease hunger feeling and increase short-term satiety over time when added to a beverage from 8 to 24 g/d with time-and dose-responses relationship.

Research paper thumbnail of Is Consumption of Breakfast Associated with Body Mass Index in US Adults?

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2005

Objective To test the hypothesis that breakfast consumption is associated with weight status meas... more Objective To test the hypothesis that breakfast consumption is associated with weight status measured by body mass index in US adults.

Research paper thumbnail of Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereal Consumption Enhances Milk and Calcium Intake in the US Population

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2006

Background Inadequate intake of calcium-rich foods among US adults and children is a public healt... more Background Inadequate intake of calcium-rich foods among US adults and children is a public health concern. Fluid milk is one of the best calcium sources because of its bioavailability and its versatility as both a beverage and a complement to various solid foods. One of the foods commonly consumed with milk is ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (RTEC). Objective We aimed to establish the association between the intake of RTEC, milk, and calcium within the context of the most current population dietary practices. We hypothesized that RTEC consumption facilitates milk consumption and is associated with adequacy of calcium intake in the US population.

Research paper thumbnail of The Relationship of Breakfast Skipping and Type of Breakfast Consumption with Nutrient Intake and Weight Status in Children and Adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2010

Background National data comparing nutrient intakes and anthropometric measures in children/adole... more Background National data comparing nutrient intakes and anthropometric measures in children/adolescents in the United States who skip breakfast or consume different types of breakfasts are limited. Objective To examine the relationship between breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumed with nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy, and adiposity status. Subjects Children aged 9 to 13 years (nϭ4,320) and adolescents aged 14 to 18 years (nϭ5,339). Design Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2006. Methods Breakfast consumption was self-reported. A 24hour dietary recall was used to assess nutrient intakes. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for micronutrients and anthropometric indexes were evaluated. Covariate-adjusted sample-weighted means were compared using analysis of variance and Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons among breakfast skippers (breakfast skippers), ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal consumers, and other breakfast (other breakfast) consumers. Results Twenty percent of children and 31.5% of adolescents were breakfast skippers; 35.9% of children and 25.4% of adolescents consumed RTE cereal. In children/adolescents, RTE cereal consumers had lower intakes of total fat and cholesterol and higher intakes of total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and several micronutrients (PϽ0.05 for all) than breakfast skippers and other breakfast consumers. RTE cereal consumers had the highest MAR for micronutrients, and MAR was the lowest for breakfast skippers (PϽ0.05). In children/adolescents, breakfast skippers had higher body mass index-forage z scores (PϽ0.05) and a higher waist circumference (PϽ0.05) than RTE cereal and other breakfast consumers. Prevalence of obesity (body mass index Ն95th percentile) was higher in breakfast skippers than RTE cereal consumers (PϽ0.05) in children/adolescents and was higher in other breakfast consumers than RTE cereal consumers only in adolescents (PϽ0.05). Conclusions RTE cereal consumers had more favorable nutrient intake profiles and adiposity indexes than breakfast skippers or other breakfast consumers in US children/adolescents.

Research paper thumbnail of Whole-Grain Consumption Is Associated with Diet Quality and Nutrient Intake in Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2010

Background The consumption of whole grains and its association with nutrient intake has not been ... more Background The consumption of whole grains and its association with nutrient intake has not been assessed in a recent nationally representative population. Objective To examine the association of consumption of whole grains, using the new whole-grain definition, with diet quality and nutrient intake in a recent, nationally representative sample of adults. Design Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants and methods Adults aged 19 to 50 years (nϭ7,039) and aged 51 years and older (nϭ6,237). Main outcome measures Participants were divided into four whole-grain consumption groups: Յ0 to Ͻ0.6, Ն0.6 to Ͻ1.5, Ն1.5 to Ͻ3.0, and Ն3.0 servings (ounce equivalents)/day. Macro-and micronutrient intakes and diet quality, using the Healthy Eating Index, were determined for each group. Statistical analyses Sample weights were applied. The percentages of adults in whole-grain consumption groups were calculated. The covariates used were energy, ethnicity, sex, and age. Least-square means were calculated. P for linear trend analysis was determined using wholegrain intake as a linear covariate. A P value of Յ0.05 was considered significant. Results Adults aged 19 to 50 and 51ϩ years consumed a mean of 0.63 and 0.77 servings of whole grains per day, respectively. For both age groups, diet quality and intake of energy, fiber, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher in those consuming the most servings of whole grains. Intake of total sugars (19 to 50 year age group only), added sugars, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol was significantly lower in those consuming the most servings of whole grains. Intake of all micronutrients, except vitamin B-12 and sodium, was higher among individuals who consumed the most servings of whole grains. Conclusions Overall consumption of whole grains in the US population was low using the recently updated wholegrain definition. Adults who consumed the most servings of whole grains had better diet quality and nutrient intakes.