Susan Heald - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Susan Heald
Journal of The American Institute for Conservation, 2005
Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials s... more Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S3. Exhibition cases analysed by SPME-GC-MS. Figure S1. DART-MS configuration for the analysis of: a exhibition case materials and b efflorescence. Figure S2. Diffraction patterns of the efflorescence formed on a Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409 and b Kwakwaka'wakw headdress cotton fabric; 23/8252. Figure S3. ATR-FTIR spectrum of Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409. Figure S4. a SPME fiber in direct contact with Manteño-Huancavilca stone seat; 01/6380 and (b) GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of the same fiber. Figure S5. Duplicate SPME fibers in direct contact with: a Kwakwaka'wakw headdress; 23/8252 and b Paviotso (Northern Paiute) duck decoy; 13/4190. GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of duck decoy transported by: c express mail and d hand-carry.
Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials s... more Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S3. Exhibition cases analysed by SPME-GC-MS. Figure S1. DART-MS configuration for the analysis of: a exhibition case materials and b efflorescence. Figure S2. Diffraction patterns of the efflorescence formed on a Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409 and b Kwakwaka'wakw headdress cotton fabric; 23/8252. Figure S3. ATR-FTIR spectrum of Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409. Figure S4. a SPME fiber in direct contact with Manteño-Huancavilca stone seat; 01/6380 and (b) GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of the same fiber. Figure S5. Duplicate SPME fibers in direct contact with: a Kwakwaka'wakw headdress; 23/8252 and b Paviotso (Northern Paiute) duck decoy; 13/4190. GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of duck decoy transported by: c express mail and d hand-carry.
Before European traders introduced glass beads, indigenous communities across North America used ... more Before European traders introduced glass beads, indigenous communities across North America used brightly colored porcupine quills for decorating surfaces of clothing and utilitarian objects. While many sources exist describing how quills can be folded and stitched or otherwise applied, there are very few sources describing the dye technology used to color quills before the introduction of synthetic aniline dyes in the 1850s; this is especially true of Eastern Woodlands quillwork, which is the focus of this study. In addition, very few technical studies have attempted to analyze the dyes used on Native American quillwork, even though there has been interest among non-Native scholars and Native American artisans. Visiting Native American artists and interns at the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) have often asked if some type of analysis is possible. The results of this study provide a better understanding of Eastern Woodlands dye technology for coloring quills. The Nort...
Textile Specialty Group Postprints Vol Three Papers Delivered at the Textile Subgroup Session Aic 21st Annual Meeting Denver Colorado June 1993, 1993
Textiles mounted directly against glass often have white residues or deposits on the inner surfac... more Textiles mounted directly against glass often have white residues or deposits on the inner surface of the glass corresponding to the relief of the textile. Deposits on glass from six framed needlework pieces and an archaeological textile pressed between glass were analyzed by several analytical techniques at the Smithsonian's Conservation Analytical Laboratory. The deposits on the seven pieces of glass appear to be fatty acids and/or salts of fatty acids. A probable source of fatty acid deposits is residual soap left in the textile from textile processing or wet cleaning. A similar residue was reproduced in the laboratory on soap-washed silk samples mounted between pieces of glass. -- AATA
Heritage Science, 2020
Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME–GC–MS) a... more Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME–GC–MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), have been explored to investigate widespread efflorescence observed on exhibited objects at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian in New York (NMAI-NY). Both methods show great potential, in terms of speed of analysis and level of information, for identifying the organic component of the efflorescence as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol (TMP-ol) emitted by the structural adhesive (Terostat MS 937) used for exhibit case construction. The utility of DART-MS was proven by detecting the presence of TMP-ol in construction materials in a fraction of the time and effort required for SPME–GC–MS analysis. In parallel, an unobtrusive SPME sampling strategy was used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulated in the exhibition cases. This sampling technique can be performed by collections and conservation staff at the museum...
Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 2005
Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 2009
Naphthalene is a volatile solid that often has been used as a pesticide to treat artifacts, parti... more Naphthalene is a volatile solid that often has been used as a pesticide to treat artifacts, particularly ethnographic material, and natural history collections. Naphthalene residues pose an ongoing health risk in museums and to communities that receive contaminated artifacts through cultural repatriation. The Museum of the American Indian disposed of its supply of "moth flakes" in 1985, but noxious residues remain on collections. It has been demonstrated that naphthalene vapors become stronger in humid air, which increases the potential health risk. A method for quantifying naphthalene vapor concentrations using SPME-GC/FID is presented, and the relationship between naphthalene, water vapor, and textile fibers is explored as a step in the development of a treatment to remediate the pesticide residues.
Journal of Nuclear Medicine, May 1, 1985
Anti-human serum albumin antibody {Ab) was reacted with cyclic DTPA dianhydride (cDTPAA) at vario... more Anti-human serum albumin antibody {Ab) was reacted with cyclic DTPA dianhydride (cDTPAA) at various cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios between 1 and 40. Using a carrier In titration method for DTPA and DTPA-antibody conjugate (Ab-DTPA), we determined that the above reactions produced between 0.1 and 11 DTPA molecules per either immunoreactive antibody (sAb) or nonimmunoreactive antibody (nAb). The percentage of sAb remaining after the above reactions was between 88 and 62%. The reaction of no-carrier-added 111 ln with the reaction mixture from cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios of 1 to 40 gave radiochemical yields <25% for the respective Ab-DTPA. The rest of the 111 ln activity was associated with free DTPA. Our results indicate that Ab-DTPA containing > 1 DTPA molecule per Ab is more reactive than that containing <1 DTPA but is about as reactive as free DTPA. This allows us to label in the presence of free DTPA and consequently prevent colloid formation. The percentage of 111 ln activity incorporated into sAb-DTPA from the reactions at these molar ratios was similar to that found from the uv analysis. This indicates that the reactivity of sAb-DTPA and nAB-DTPA from the same conjugation reaction is similar. As a result, we were able to conjugate about one DTPA molecule to the Ab without causing deactivation of the Ab and label it with 111 ln in the presence of excess DTPA. We obtained a specific activity of 6 /JLC\ 111 ln per /ug of Ab using research grade 111 ln without further purification.
Rubberized flannel is a commercially available fabric frequently used as a substrate for beadwork... more Rubberized flannel is a commercially available fabric frequently used as a substrate for beadwork in modern powwow regalia and contemporary artwork. Comprised of two layers of flannel fabric laminated together with an elastomeric material, this product is commonly used in baby lap pads and waterproof bedding. Rubberized flannel has handling properties that are similar to semi-tanned hide, which is the traditional substrate for beaded regalia. It is less expensive than tanned hide and available at retail stores. Unlike leather, rubberized flannel can delaminate and fray once the fabric is structurally and chemically compromised. The elastomer component is likely to have poor longevity, as many elastomers are known to be sensitive to environmental pollutants and aging. San Francisco, California w November 12 th -15 th , 2013 norteamericana. Haciendo un registro de la colección del NMAI de trabajo en chaquira, las autoras evaluaron el estado y los problemas de conservación asociados a la franela plastificada decorada con chaquira.
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatogra- phy/mass spectroscopy (GC... more Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatogra- phy/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis offers a simple and sensitive option for analyzing objects that have been contaminated with volatile and semi-volatile organic pesticides. In this project, items from the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) were placed in plastic bags and allowed to sit overnight. A SPME fiber was then inserted into the bag, exposed for approximately one hour, and analyzed by GC/MS. Naphthalene and para-di- chlorobenzene were found on several objects. It may also be possible to detect other semi- volatile pesticides. A privately owned piece of reproduction trade cloth was studied more extensively to evaluate equilibrium times and reproducibility. Raising the humidity within the bag substantially increased the release of pesticides from the cloth. This preliminary project demonstrated that this simple setup is practical. Its ease of use and minimal effect on the object make it attr...
Naphthalene is a volatile solid that often has been used as a pesticide to treat artifacts, parti... more Naphthalene is a volatile solid that often has been used as a pesticide to treat artifacts, particularly ethnographic material, and natural history col-lections. Naphthalene residues pose an ongoing health risk in museums and to communities that receive contaminated artifacts through cultural repatriation. The Museum of the American Indian disposed of its supply of "moth flakes" in 1985, but noxious residues remain on collections. It has been demonstrated that naphthalene vapors become stronger in humid air, which increases the potential health risk. A method for quantifying naphthalene vapor concentrations using SPME-GC/FID is pre-sented, and the relationship between naphthalene, water vapor, and textile fibers is explored as a step in the development of a treatment to remediate the pesticide residues.
Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 1985
Anti-human serum albumin antibody (Ab) was reacted with cyclic DTPA dianhydride (cDTPAA) at vario... more Anti-human serum albumin antibody (Ab) was reacted with cyclic DTPA dianhydride (cDTPAA) at various cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios between 1 and 40. Using a carrier In titration method for DTPA and DTPA-antibody conjugate (Ab-DTPA), we determined that the above reactions produced between 0.1 and 11 DTPA molecules per either immunoreactive antibody (sAb) or nonimmunoreactive antibody (nAb). The percentage of sAb remaining after the above reactions was between 88 and 62%. The reaction of no-carrier-added 111In with the reaction mixture from cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios of 1 to 40 gave radiochemical yields less than or equal to 25% for the respective Ab-DTPA. The rest of the 111In activity was associated with free DTPA. Our results indicate that Ab-DTPA containing greater than 1 DTPA molecule per Ab is more reactive than that containing less than 1 DTPA but is about as reactive as free DTPA. This allows us to label in the presence of free DTPA and consequently prevent colloid formation. The percenta...
Antiquity, 2011
R??sum??/Abstract Identifying animals to species from relict proteins is a powerful new archaeolo... more R??sum??/Abstract Identifying animals to species from relict proteins is a powerful new archaeological tool. Here the authors apply the method to answer questions relating to the Salish of west coast North America. Did they weave their blankets out of dog hair? The ...
International Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 1985
Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 2009
Journal of The American Institute for Conservation, 2005
Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials s... more Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S3. Exhibition cases analysed by SPME-GC-MS. Figure S1. DART-MS configuration for the analysis of: a exhibition case materials and b efflorescence. Figure S2. Diffraction patterns of the efflorescence formed on a Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409 and b Kwakwaka'wakw headdress cotton fabric; 23/8252. Figure S3. ATR-FTIR spectrum of Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409. Figure S4. a SPME fiber in direct contact with Manteño-Huancavilca stone seat; 01/6380 and (b) GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of the same fiber. Figure S5. Duplicate SPME fibers in direct contact with: a Kwakwaka'wakw headdress; 23/8252 and b Paviotso (Northern Paiute) duck decoy; 13/4190. GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of duck decoy transported by: c express mail and d hand-carry.
Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials s... more Additional file 1: Table S1. Efflorescence sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S2. Construction materials sampled at NMAI-NY. Table S3. Exhibition cases analysed by SPME-GC-MS. Figure S1. DART-MS configuration for the analysis of: a exhibition case materials and b efflorescence. Figure S2. Diffraction patterns of the efflorescence formed on a Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409 and b Kwakwaka'wakw headdress cotton fabric; 23/8252. Figure S3. ATR-FTIR spectrum of Chican Ostionoid wooden bowl; 04/2409. Figure S4. a SPME fiber in direct contact with Manteño-Huancavilca stone seat; 01/6380 and (b) GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of the same fiber. Figure S5. Duplicate SPME fibers in direct contact with: a Kwakwaka'wakw headdress; 23/8252 and b Paviotso (Northern Paiute) duck decoy; 13/4190. GC-MS Total Ion Chromatogram (TIC) profile of duck decoy transported by: c express mail and d hand-carry.
Before European traders introduced glass beads, indigenous communities across North America used ... more Before European traders introduced glass beads, indigenous communities across North America used brightly colored porcupine quills for decorating surfaces of clothing and utilitarian objects. While many sources exist describing how quills can be folded and stitched or otherwise applied, there are very few sources describing the dye technology used to color quills before the introduction of synthetic aniline dyes in the 1850s; this is especially true of Eastern Woodlands quillwork, which is the focus of this study. In addition, very few technical studies have attempted to analyze the dyes used on Native American quillwork, even though there has been interest among non-Native scholars and Native American artisans. Visiting Native American artists and interns at the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) have often asked if some type of analysis is possible. The results of this study provide a better understanding of Eastern Woodlands dye technology for coloring quills. The Nort...
Textile Specialty Group Postprints Vol Three Papers Delivered at the Textile Subgroup Session Aic 21st Annual Meeting Denver Colorado June 1993, 1993
Textiles mounted directly against glass often have white residues or deposits on the inner surfac... more Textiles mounted directly against glass often have white residues or deposits on the inner surface of the glass corresponding to the relief of the textile. Deposits on glass from six framed needlework pieces and an archaeological textile pressed between glass were analyzed by several analytical techniques at the Smithsonian's Conservation Analytical Laboratory. The deposits on the seven pieces of glass appear to be fatty acids and/or salts of fatty acids. A probable source of fatty acid deposits is residual soap left in the textile from textile processing or wet cleaning. A similar residue was reproduced in the laboratory on soap-washed silk samples mounted between pieces of glass. -- AATA
Heritage Science, 2020
Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME–GC–MS) a... more Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME–GC–MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), have been explored to investigate widespread efflorescence observed on exhibited objects at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian in New York (NMAI-NY). Both methods show great potential, in terms of speed of analysis and level of information, for identifying the organic component of the efflorescence as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol (TMP-ol) emitted by the structural adhesive (Terostat MS 937) used for exhibit case construction. The utility of DART-MS was proven by detecting the presence of TMP-ol in construction materials in a fraction of the time and effort required for SPME–GC–MS analysis. In parallel, an unobtrusive SPME sampling strategy was used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulated in the exhibition cases. This sampling technique can be performed by collections and conservation staff at the museum...
Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 2005
Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 2009
Naphthalene is a volatile solid that often has been used as a pesticide to treat artifacts, parti... more Naphthalene is a volatile solid that often has been used as a pesticide to treat artifacts, particularly ethnographic material, and natural history collections. Naphthalene residues pose an ongoing health risk in museums and to communities that receive contaminated artifacts through cultural repatriation. The Museum of the American Indian disposed of its supply of "moth flakes" in 1985, but noxious residues remain on collections. It has been demonstrated that naphthalene vapors become stronger in humid air, which increases the potential health risk. A method for quantifying naphthalene vapor concentrations using SPME-GC/FID is presented, and the relationship between naphthalene, water vapor, and textile fibers is explored as a step in the development of a treatment to remediate the pesticide residues.
Journal of Nuclear Medicine, May 1, 1985
Anti-human serum albumin antibody {Ab) was reacted with cyclic DTPA dianhydride (cDTPAA) at vario... more Anti-human serum albumin antibody {Ab) was reacted with cyclic DTPA dianhydride (cDTPAA) at various cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios between 1 and 40. Using a carrier In titration method for DTPA and DTPA-antibody conjugate (Ab-DTPA), we determined that the above reactions produced between 0.1 and 11 DTPA molecules per either immunoreactive antibody (sAb) or nonimmunoreactive antibody (nAb). The percentage of sAb remaining after the above reactions was between 88 and 62%. The reaction of no-carrier-added 111 ln with the reaction mixture from cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios of 1 to 40 gave radiochemical yields <25% for the respective Ab-DTPA. The rest of the 111 ln activity was associated with free DTPA. Our results indicate that Ab-DTPA containing > 1 DTPA molecule per Ab is more reactive than that containing <1 DTPA but is about as reactive as free DTPA. This allows us to label in the presence of free DTPA and consequently prevent colloid formation. The percentage of 111 ln activity incorporated into sAb-DTPA from the reactions at these molar ratios was similar to that found from the uv analysis. This indicates that the reactivity of sAb-DTPA and nAB-DTPA from the same conjugation reaction is similar. As a result, we were able to conjugate about one DTPA molecule to the Ab without causing deactivation of the Ab and label it with 111 ln in the presence of excess DTPA. We obtained a specific activity of 6 /JLC\ 111 ln per /ug of Ab using research grade 111 ln without further purification.
Rubberized flannel is a commercially available fabric frequently used as a substrate for beadwork... more Rubberized flannel is a commercially available fabric frequently used as a substrate for beadwork in modern powwow regalia and contemporary artwork. Comprised of two layers of flannel fabric laminated together with an elastomeric material, this product is commonly used in baby lap pads and waterproof bedding. Rubberized flannel has handling properties that are similar to semi-tanned hide, which is the traditional substrate for beaded regalia. It is less expensive than tanned hide and available at retail stores. Unlike leather, rubberized flannel can delaminate and fray once the fabric is structurally and chemically compromised. The elastomer component is likely to have poor longevity, as many elastomers are known to be sensitive to environmental pollutants and aging. San Francisco, California w November 12 th -15 th , 2013 norteamericana. Haciendo un registro de la colección del NMAI de trabajo en chaquira, las autoras evaluaron el estado y los problemas de conservación asociados a la franela plastificada decorada con chaquira.
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatogra- phy/mass spectroscopy (GC... more Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with gas chromatogra- phy/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis offers a simple and sensitive option for analyzing objects that have been contaminated with volatile and semi-volatile organic pesticides. In this project, items from the National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) were placed in plastic bags and allowed to sit overnight. A SPME fiber was then inserted into the bag, exposed for approximately one hour, and analyzed by GC/MS. Naphthalene and para-di- chlorobenzene were found on several objects. It may also be possible to detect other semi- volatile pesticides. A privately owned piece of reproduction trade cloth was studied more extensively to evaluate equilibrium times and reproducibility. Raising the humidity within the bag substantially increased the release of pesticides from the cloth. This preliminary project demonstrated that this simple setup is practical. Its ease of use and minimal effect on the object make it attr...
Naphthalene is a volatile solid that often has been used as a pesticide to treat artifacts, parti... more Naphthalene is a volatile solid that often has been used as a pesticide to treat artifacts, particularly ethnographic material, and natural history col-lections. Naphthalene residues pose an ongoing health risk in museums and to communities that receive contaminated artifacts through cultural repatriation. The Museum of the American Indian disposed of its supply of "moth flakes" in 1985, but noxious residues remain on collections. It has been demonstrated that naphthalene vapors become stronger in humid air, which increases the potential health risk. A method for quantifying naphthalene vapor concentrations using SPME-GC/FID is pre-sented, and the relationship between naphthalene, water vapor, and textile fibers is explored as a step in the development of a treatment to remediate the pesticide residues.
Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 1985
Anti-human serum albumin antibody (Ab) was reacted with cyclic DTPA dianhydride (cDTPAA) at vario... more Anti-human serum albumin antibody (Ab) was reacted with cyclic DTPA dianhydride (cDTPAA) at various cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios between 1 and 40. Using a carrier In titration method for DTPA and DTPA-antibody conjugate (Ab-DTPA), we determined that the above reactions produced between 0.1 and 11 DTPA molecules per either immunoreactive antibody (sAb) or nonimmunoreactive antibody (nAb). The percentage of sAb remaining after the above reactions was between 88 and 62%. The reaction of no-carrier-added 111In with the reaction mixture from cDTPAA/Ab molar ratios of 1 to 40 gave radiochemical yields less than or equal to 25% for the respective Ab-DTPA. The rest of the 111In activity was associated with free DTPA. Our results indicate that Ab-DTPA containing greater than 1 DTPA molecule per Ab is more reactive than that containing less than 1 DTPA but is about as reactive as free DTPA. This allows us to label in the presence of free DTPA and consequently prevent colloid formation. The percenta...
Antiquity, 2011
R??sum??/Abstract Identifying animals to species from relict proteins is a powerful new archaeolo... more R??sum??/Abstract Identifying animals to species from relict proteins is a powerful new archaeological tool. Here the authors apply the method to answer questions relating to the Salish of west coast North America. Did they weave their blankets out of dog hair? The ...
International Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 1985
Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 2009
Heritage Science, 2020
Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME-GC-MS) a... more Two mass spectrometry (MS) methods, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME-GC-MS) and direct analysis in real time (DART-MS), have been explored to investigate widespread efflorescence observed on exhibited objects at the Smithsonian's National Museum of the American Indian in New York (NMAI-NY). Both methods show great potential, in terms of speed of analysis and level of information, for identifying the organic component of the efflorescence as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol (TMP-ol) emitted by the structural adhesive (Terostat MS 937) used for exhibit case construction. The utility of DART-MS was proven by detecting the presence of TMP-ol in construction materials in a fraction of the time and effort required for SPME-GC-MS analysis. In parallel, an unobtrusive SPME sampling strategy was used to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulated in the exhibition cases. This sampling technique can be performed by collections and conservation staff at the museum and shipped to an off-site laboratory for analysis. This broadens the accessibility of MS techniques to museums without access to instrumentation or in-house analysis capabilities. https://rdcu.be/caQ5d