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Papers by Susmita Patnaik

Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 2011

International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture, 2017

A study was conducted to evaluate the response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to in... more A study was conducted to evaluate the response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to inorganicor chelated sources of dietary zinc. Two sets of diets, one supplemented with zinc from zinc sulfate(55, 80, 116, 168, 243 and 363 ppm zinc) and the other with zinc from a chelated source (methioninehydroxy analog chelate; 39, 52, 65, 78 and 104 ppm zinc) were fed to replicate groups of juvenile shrimp(N = 8; 0.4 g initial weight) for 6 wk. All experimental diets contained 1.38% phytic acid reflectinglevels in typical commercial feeds. Final weight, growth rate and biomass of shrimp fed zinc sulfate supplementeddiets (243 and 363 ppm total zinc) were significantly higher (p < 0:05) than that in shrimpfed the base diet. In contrast, performance of shrimp fed the chelated source of zinc was significantlyhigher than shrimp in the control group at much lower levels of supplementation (65 and 78 ppm totalzinc). Results indicate that shrimp required 3-4 times more dietary zinc from z...

The Journal of nutrition, 2007

Supplementation of prebiotic compounds, including short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) has ... more Supplementation of prebiotic compounds, including short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) has been shown to confer benefits on nutrient utilization, growth, and disease resistance of various animal species through improved gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota. However, potential uses of prebiotics for shrimp have not been defined. A 6-wk feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system to determine the effects of scFOS supplementation on growth performance, immune functions, and GI microbiota composition of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). scFOS was supplemented in a nutritionally complete diet (35% crude protein) at 0.025, 0.0500, 0.075, 0.100, 0.200, 0.400, and 0.800% by weight. After 6 wk of feeding, shrimp fed 0, 0.1, and 0.8% scFOS were sampled for assays of immune function and GI microbiota. Dietary supplementation of scFOS did not improve weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or survival of shrimp. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis suggested the i...

Aquaculture Nutrition, 2014

A 35-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, bacterial populations of the gastrointes... more A 35-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, bacterial populations of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing the commercial prebiotic Previda â. Diets were formulated to contain Previda â at 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.6 g kg À1 by weight. At the end of the study, differences in weight gain and survival among treatments were not significant (P > 0.05), but denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the microbial communities in the GIT changed significantly with the inclusion of dietary Previda â at different levels. Previda â was therefore able to selectively modify the microbial communities in the shrimp's GIT. Although individual bacterial species were not identified, enteric populations in shrimp fed the prebiotic at similar levels of inclusion were genetically similar. In addition, shrimp fed Previda â at 1.6 g kg À1 responded significantly (P < 0.05) better immunologically with respect to hemocyte phagocytic capacity, haemolymph protein, hyaline cell counts and haemolymph glucose compared with shrimp fed the basal diet. Although shrimp were not exposed to virulent pathogens in this study, the observed upregulation of some of immune responses upon prebiotic supplementation indicates that an improved outcome of such challenges may be anticipated in Previda â-fed shrimp under commercial conditions.

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2014

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine if relatively high dietary levels of aluminum and ... more ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine if relatively high dietary levels of aluminum and iron might affect growth, mortality, and mineral content of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, because algae coproduct may have rather high aluminum and iron levels due to the algae harvesting and extracting processes. Experimental diets were prepared by supplementing different levels of aluminum (1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, and 3000 mg/kg diet) from aluminum sulfate, or iron (1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg/kg diet) from ferric sulfate, or a combination of aluminum and iron (4000 mg Al/kg and 4000 mg Fe/kg) to a basal diet which was formulated from practical ingredients and analyzed to contain an average of 526 mg Fe/kg and 1940 mg Al/kg diet. The feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system consisting of 38-L aquaria maintained at 7 ppt salinity with synthetic seawater and sodium chloride. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 12 juvenile red drum initially averaging 4.5 g/fish for 7 wk. At the end of the feeding period, there were no significant differences in average weight gain, feed efficiency, or hepatosomatic index of fish fed the various diets. Significant differences were found in liver iron concentration (P = 0.045) but not iron concentration of whole body or muscle tissues. In regard to aluminum content of the liver, whole body, and muscle tissues, detectable levels were not recorded. Based on these results, it does not appear that extremely high levels of aluminum or iron adversely affect juvenile red drum, and thus elevated levels of these minerals should not limit the use of algal coproducts in diet formulations.

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2011

Dietary acidifiers have been recognized as beneficial in animal production including aquacultural... more Dietary acidifiers have been recognized as beneficial in animal production including aquacultural production of fish where they confer such benefits as improved feed utilization, growth, and resistance to bacterial pathogens. If improvements in growth and immune responses by acidifier supplementation can be confirmed in shrimp, then mortalities due to diseases could be minimized, limiting the emergence of disease-resistant bacterial pathogens as a potential result of antibiotic misuse. With this in mind, a 35-d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, enteric microbiota populations, and nonspecific immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing the commercial acidifier Vitoxal, based on acidic calcium sulfate in an indoor temperature-controlled, recirculating culture system without any natural productivity. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 0 (basal), 0.4, 1.2, 1.6, or 2.0% acidic calcium sulfate (ACS) by weight. Shrimp fed in excess, 15 times a day using automatic feeders. Weight gain and survival among treatments were excellent, but not significantly different (P > 0.05). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the enteric microbial community of shrimp fed the basal diet differed markedly from those fed the acidifier on the basis of 64.9% similarity coefficient. Shrimp fed the commercial acidifier at 1.2 and 2.0% responded significantly (P < 0.05) better to reduced stress and displayed enhanced immune responses including hemocyte phagocytic capacity, hemolymph protein concentration, hyaline cell counts, and hemolymph glucose, compared with shrimp fed the basal diet. These results point to an enhanced performance in terms of positive shifts in the composition of enteric microbial communities as well as improved immune performance, with no changes in growth or survival.

uanl.mx

Synthetic sources of methionine are commonly used to supplement plant protein-based aquaculture f... more Synthetic sources of methionine are commonly used to supplement plant protein-based aquaculture feeds. A study was conducted to identify requirement of methionine for juvenile (0.41 g ± 0.02) Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed low-protein (20% CP) diets formulated to be nutritionally-adequate in essential amino acids with the exception of methionine. Graded levels of methionine were prepared by supplementing a semi-purified basal diet with either soybean meal covalently enriched with methionine or with crystalline L-methionine. Covalent diets contained 0.298, 0.362, 0.473, 0.617, 0.766 and 0.958% methionine, whereas crystalline treatments contained 0.298, 0.384, 0.481, 0.576 and 0.748% methionine. Leaching trials with experimental feeds indicated increased, but minimal, leaching of methionine with increased dietary inclusion level and by time for both diet types. Leaching trials with requirement feeds indicated increased, but minimal, leaching of methionine over 60 min. Growth trials showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in survival of shrimp fed either type of diet during the 28-day feeding trial. Percentage weight gain of shrimp fed the covalently-attached methionine ranged from 541-643%. Growth of shrimp decreased when fed diets containing covalent methionine levels above 0.617%, suggesting possible inhibition (I m = 0.55% dietary methionine). Percentage weight gain of shrimp fed the crystalline diets ranged from 541-683%. Broken-line analysis estimated a methionine requirement level of 0.74% using crystalline methionine supplementation. Leaching trials with requirement feeds indicated increased, but minimal, leaching of methionine over 60 min.

Aquaculture Research, 2009

Removal or reduction of marine ingredients (MI) from feed formulations is critical to the sustain... more Removal or reduction of marine ingredients (MI) from feed formulations is critical to the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. By removing MI, diets may become limiting in several nutrients including highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA). To reduce reliance on MI in shrimp diets, two trials were conducted with Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles to determine the feasibility of using fermentation meals rich in DHA and ArA as the primary source for HUFA. A practical diet with no MI was formulated with/without DHA and ArA supplements and fed in the ¢rst trial. A diet with menhaden ¢sh oil or a combination of plant oil with/without DHA and ArA supplements was used in the second trial. To determine whether HUFA is only needed in the early growth stages, we also fed one group a HUFA-supplemented diet to 5 g and then switched them to a HUFA-supplement-free diet. In both trials, the weights were reduced when HUFA supplements were not provided either throughout the trial or from 5 g to harvest (o16 g). These results suggest that supplementation of plant oils with DHA-and ArA-rich oils from fermented products is a viable option to replace marine ¢sh oil for L. vannamei.

Aquaculture Nutrition, 2006

A 15-week growth trial was conducted with juvenile, Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to ... more A 15-week growth trial was conducted with juvenile, Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to study the efficacy of using algal meals as a source of highly unsaturated fatty acids in practical diets that are designed to contain no marine protein or oil sources. Based on previous study, a practical diet was designed containing co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal with egg supplement and soybean meal as the primary protein sources for formulations containing 350 g kg)1 crude protein and 100 g kg)1 lipid. To further refine the diets, the fish oil in two of the diets was completely substituted with plant oils and oil originating from microbial fermentation products rich in docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA). A commercial shrimp feed was also included in the trial for comparison. The mean values for shrimp final weight (17.8 g), yield (537.7 g m)2 or 703.2 g m)3), survival (98.5%) and feed conversion ratio (1.4 : 1) showed no statistically significant differences between diets. The results suggest that coextruded soybean poultry by-product meal and oil from heterotrophic microalgal fermentation sources can be potential candidates for fish meal and marine oil replacement in shrimp diets.

Aquaculture, 2014

Copper is an essential trace element for shrimp and plays important roles in growth, immune funct... more Copper is an essential trace element for shrimp and plays important roles in growth, immune function, enzyme function, tissue integrity and as a component of the respiratory pigment hemocyanin. The presence of antagonists in feeds may result in reduced bioavailability and deficiency of copper which could compromise the growth and health of shrimp. A study was conducted to evaluate the response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to inorganic or chelated sources of dietary copper. A semi-purified basal diet composed principally of casein, gelatin, soy protein isolate, squid muscle meal and wheat starch was formulated to be deficient in copper (8 ppm). The diet contained 35% crude protein, and 8% lipid and supplied all other nutritional requirements of the shrimp. Two sets of diets were formulated from the basal diet, one supplemented with copper from copper sulfate (55, 80, 116, 168, 243 and 363 ppm copper respectively) and the other with copper from a chelated source of copper (chelated to hydroxy analog of methionine; 26, 39, 52, 65 and 83 ppm copper respectively). All experimental diets contained 1.2% phytic acid. Groups of juvenile shrimp (N = 8; 0.4 g initial weight) were fed the different diets for a period of 6 wk. At the end of 6 wk the average final weight of shrimp ranged from 8.75 g to 10.11 g and the growth rate ranged from 1.47 to 1.71 g/wk. In general shrimp required 3-4 times more dietary copper from copper sulfate than copper from a chelated copper source to promote comparable growth. Growth rates for treatment groups fed 168 and 243 ppm copper sulfate were significantly higher than the base group. Similarly, growth rates in shrimp fed 52 and 83 ppm copper from the chelated source were also significantly higher than that observed for the basal group. Whole body and hepatopancreas copper concentrations varied in relation to dietary copper supplementation. Tissue copper concentrations were significantly lower in shrimp fed the basal diets. Results from the study suggest that chelated copper is a safe, effective and highly available source of copper for the Pacific white shrimp.

Aquaculture, 2010

Under laboratory-scale conditions, two types of bioflocs were used as a feed ingredient for Pacif... more Under laboratory-scale conditions, two types of bioflocs were used as a feed ingredient for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). This feeding trial was conducted indoors in recirculating aquaculture systems with seawater renewal. Bioflocs were produced in sequencing batch reactors (SBR) using carbon supplementation (sucrose) and in a membrane biological reactor (MBR) without carbon supplementation. Both types of bioflocs were produced using tilapia farm effluent as a feed for the SBR and MBR systems. The bioflocs were dried and were used in shrimp feed as a replacement for fishmeal and/or soybean protein. A control diet (without bioflocs) was compared against four diets with MBR bioflocs (at 10, 15, 21, and 30% inclusion levels) and SBR bioflocs (at 10, 15, and 21% inclusion levels). At these biofloc inclusion rates, soy protein was replaced completely and fishmeal by as much as 67%. The control and biofloc diets were formulated to be equivalent for levels of crude protein, total fat, crude fiber, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. Seven juvenile shrimp were stocked per tank and each dietary treatment was tested using 8 replicates over a 35 day feeding trial. Dietary treatments had some impact on shrimp performance. Even though no differences (P N 0.05) were observed between means for final survival (92.9 to 100%) or harvest biomass (536 to 574 g/m 2), some evidence (P b 0.05) of faster growth rates was observed for diets with bioflocs inclusion compared to the control diet. Growth rates ranged from 1.44 to 1.66 g/week. Therefore, data indicate that bioflocs produced using either SBR or MBR systems could replace fishmeal and soybean protein. Furthermore, the SBR and MBR systems can be used to treat effluent from a tilapia farm thus reducing effluent waste into the environment.

Aquaculture, 2010

Two five-week growth trials were conducted using mixture methodology to optimize a reference diet... more Two five-week growth trials were conducted using mixture methodology to optimize a reference diet for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, (0.47 g and 0.41 g initial weight in Trial 1 and Trial 2, respectively) using krill meal (Trial 1 only), menhaden fishmeal, squid meal, and soy protein isolate (SPI). In Trial 1, the combination of ingredients yielding the highest final weight was fish:squid:SPI:krill 34.1:44.9:20.2:0.8. Because of its relative ineffectiveness, krill meal was removed in Trial 2. The optimum combination of ingredients was fish:squid:SPI 0.0:80.6:19.4%. Increasing SPI beyond 20% relative inclusion rapidly reduced final weight. Both trials indicated that a blend of marine ingredients and SPI base mixes at a ratio of approximately 4:1 optimized the final weight of the shrimp. In Trial 2, fishmeal was found to be marginally lower in nutritional quality than that of squid meal. These results indicate that mixture methodology is effective in optimizing diets for shrimp.

Aquacultural Engineering, 2007

Increased environmental regulations and loss of crops due to viral disease outbreaks have created... more Increased environmental regulations and loss of crops due to viral disease outbreaks have created a demand for productive, pathogen-free, efficient and sustainable shrimp production practices. These methods, for the most part, call for raising shrimp under limited, minimal, water exchange with careful monitoring of water quality. Two studies were conducted using the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to evaluate the effect of carbon supplementation on selected water quality indicators and shrimp performance in the nursery and the grow-out phases using the limited water discharge practice with molasses as carbon addition. A preliminary nursery study was conducted in four 40 m 3 greenhouse-enclosed raceways stocked with 12-day old postlarvae at a density of 1800 m À3 and were fed 45% crude protein feed. Molasses (24% carbon, w/w) was used for carbon supplementation to provide 6 g of carbon for each 1 g of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) as measured in the water, and started 32 d after stocking, shortly after the TAN level has risen over 3 mg L À1. The data suggest that molasses addition resulted in rapid reduction of TAN and nitritenitrogen and could be used to prevent buildup of these compounds. The grow-out study was carried out using twenty 7.8 m 3 tanks stocked with juvenile shrimp at a density of 81 m À3. Shrimp were fed a commercial diet (30% crude protein, Rangen Inc., Buhl, ID). Feed rations were determined based on assumed growth of 1 g week À1 , FCR of 1.5 and weekly mortality rate of 0.5%. Molasses additions, at five levels, were started 26 days post stocking, to provide 0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of the theoretical carbon level needed for bacteria to assimilate the TAN provided in the feed. The fifth treatment was based on the actual level of TAN in the tanks and was adjusted daily on as needed basis. The data suggest that under the condition of this study, addition of molasses did not result in a significant effect on water quality or on shrimp performance.

Aquacultural Engineering, 2008

The considerable impact of disease outbreaks on commercial shrimp farming during the last two dec... more The considerable impact of disease outbreaks on commercial shrimp farming during the last two decades has significantly affected the operational management of shrimp farms worldwide. Crop losses forced shrimp producers to look for more sustainable culture practices and facility designs to minimize the risk associated with exposure to viral pathogens. Shrimp culture under limited discharge can increase biosecurity and minimize losses to disease outbreaks while reducing negative environmental impact. A 71day nursery study was conducted in greenhouse-enclosed raceways to evaluate the effect of two water exchange regimes and the use of foam fractionators on selected water quality indicators, growth, survival, and health of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL). Four 40 m 3 raceways were stocked with 4-5-day-old PL at a density of 4050 PL m À3. All raceways were equipped with high pressure rapid sand filter, a pump, a center longitudinal partition over a 5.1 cm PVC pipe with nozzles, eighteen 5.1 cm airlift pumps, six 1 m long air diffusers and a 5.1 cm Venturi injector. Two out of the four raceways were each equipped with a home-made foam fractionator (FF). Average water usage in the two raceways operated with FF was 3.35% d À1 compared to the 9.37% d À1 used in the other two. Shrimp in the raceways operated with FF and the lower water exchange had greater mean final weight (1.91 and 2.0 g vs. 1.73 and 1.43 g), survival (100 and 92.4% vs. 55.9 and 81.8%), yield (7.64 and 6.89 kg m À3 vs. 3.92 and 4.74 kg m À3) and FCR (0.97 and 1.06 vs. 1.36 and 1.64) values than those operated without FF and with higher water exchange rate. Disease diagnostic results showed no signs of viral pathogen infection. Histological observations of samples collected at the study termination suggest that the shrimp raised in the higher water exchange raceways had greater external fouling and higher intestinal bacterial load than those maintained at lower water exchange. Nitrite-nitrogen was significantly lower in the reduced water exchange than the higher exchange raceways, whereas reactive phosphorus, turbidity, and algal density were significantly higher. No other differences in water quality were found between treatments. This study demonstrated the feasibility of producing healthy juveniles of the Pacific white shrimp under limited discharge conditions in tanks operated with foam fractionators with good growth, survival, yield and FCR results.

Avances en …, 2004

As shrimp prices become more competitive and the profit margins declining, producers are looking ... more As shrimp prices become more competitive and the profit margins declining, producers are looking to high value markets for their products. Shrimp produced using organic or environmentally friendly production conditions have the potential to bring in higher prices through market differentiation. However, if one is to develop production schemes for such markets, one must also produce an organic feed or one that has minimal levels of marine proteins and oils. In previous research we developed a practical diet formulation without fish meal but containing marine fish oil. Since supplies of fish oil are also limited, this work concentrated on replacement of the marine oil source as well as the testing of an experimental organic diet. In the first experiment, fish oil in two of the diets was substituted by oil originating from commercially produced algae containing approximately 50% oil. These diets as well as a commercial feed were offered to juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) over a 15 week growth trial. At the conclusion of the growth trial, survival, final weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly different among treatments. In the second experiment, the diet previously tested using plant and algae oils was tested against a diet using only plant oils. To examine the potential of an organic diet, a practical diet using primarily organic ingredients was also tested. The three diets were tested in conjunction with a commercial control diet over a 12-week growth period. At the conclusion of this trial, shrimp reared on the organic diet and the diet without algae oil supplements were significantly smaller than those offered the commercial control. This result is presumably due to a lack of HUFA in the diets without algae oils high in DHA and AA. To further test the potential of a feed without fish meal, a commercial version of one of the test diets was produced at a feed mill and tested under pond production conditions. As this was only a demonstration, statistical differences cannot be determined but the feed did appear to produce acceptable results under commercial pond production conditions. Based on the results of these studies, it would appear that both fish meal and marine oil sources can be removed from shrimp feeds if suitable alternative sources of protein and lipids are provided to meet essential amino acid and fatty acid requirements of the shrimp. Although this study confirms the biological feasibility of fish meal and fish oil replacement at the densities tested, commercial application will require further analysis of relative costs and marketing benefits of these technologies.

Evaluation of defatted and whole algae as feed ingredients for the marine shrimp, litopenaeus van... more Evaluation of defatted and whole algae as feed ingredients for the marine shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei

Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 2011

International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture, 2017

A study was conducted to evaluate the response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to in... more A study was conducted to evaluate the response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to inorganicor chelated sources of dietary zinc. Two sets of diets, one supplemented with zinc from zinc sulfate(55, 80, 116, 168, 243 and 363 ppm zinc) and the other with zinc from a chelated source (methioninehydroxy analog chelate; 39, 52, 65, 78 and 104 ppm zinc) were fed to replicate groups of juvenile shrimp(N = 8; 0.4 g initial weight) for 6 wk. All experimental diets contained 1.38% phytic acid reflectinglevels in typical commercial feeds. Final weight, growth rate and biomass of shrimp fed zinc sulfate supplementeddiets (243 and 363 ppm total zinc) were significantly higher (p < 0:05) than that in shrimpfed the base diet. In contrast, performance of shrimp fed the chelated source of zinc was significantlyhigher than shrimp in the control group at much lower levels of supplementation (65 and 78 ppm totalzinc). Results indicate that shrimp required 3-4 times more dietary zinc from z...

The Journal of nutrition, 2007

Supplementation of prebiotic compounds, including short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) has ... more Supplementation of prebiotic compounds, including short-chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) has been shown to confer benefits on nutrient utilization, growth, and disease resistance of various animal species through improved gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota. However, potential uses of prebiotics for shrimp have not been defined. A 6-wk feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system to determine the effects of scFOS supplementation on growth performance, immune functions, and GI microbiota composition of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). scFOS was supplemented in a nutritionally complete diet (35% crude protein) at 0.025, 0.0500, 0.075, 0.100, 0.200, 0.400, and 0.800% by weight. After 6 wk of feeding, shrimp fed 0, 0.1, and 0.8% scFOS were sampled for assays of immune function and GI microbiota. Dietary supplementation of scFOS did not improve weight gain, feed conversion ratio, or survival of shrimp. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis suggested the i...

Aquaculture Nutrition, 2014

A 35-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, bacterial populations of the gastrointes... more A 35-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, bacterial populations of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing the commercial prebiotic Previda â. Diets were formulated to contain Previda â at 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.6 g kg À1 by weight. At the end of the study, differences in weight gain and survival among treatments were not significant (P > 0.05), but denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the microbial communities in the GIT changed significantly with the inclusion of dietary Previda â at different levels. Previda â was therefore able to selectively modify the microbial communities in the shrimp's GIT. Although individual bacterial species were not identified, enteric populations in shrimp fed the prebiotic at similar levels of inclusion were genetically similar. In addition, shrimp fed Previda â at 1.6 g kg À1 responded significantly (P < 0.05) better immunologically with respect to hemocyte phagocytic capacity, haemolymph protein, hyaline cell counts and haemolymph glucose compared with shrimp fed the basal diet. Although shrimp were not exposed to virulent pathogens in this study, the observed upregulation of some of immune responses upon prebiotic supplementation indicates that an improved outcome of such challenges may be anticipated in Previda â-fed shrimp under commercial conditions.

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2014

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine if relatively high dietary levels of aluminum and ... more ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine if relatively high dietary levels of aluminum and iron might affect growth, mortality, and mineral content of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, because algae coproduct may have rather high aluminum and iron levels due to the algae harvesting and extracting processes. Experimental diets were prepared by supplementing different levels of aluminum (1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, and 3000 mg/kg diet) from aluminum sulfate, or iron (1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg/kg diet) from ferric sulfate, or a combination of aluminum and iron (4000 mg Al/kg and 4000 mg Fe/kg) to a basal diet which was formulated from practical ingredients and analyzed to contain an average of 526 mg Fe/kg and 1940 mg Al/kg diet. The feeding trial was conducted in a recirculating system consisting of 38-L aquaria maintained at 7 ppt salinity with synthetic seawater and sodium chloride. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 12 juvenile red drum initially averaging 4.5 g/fish for 7 wk. At the end of the feeding period, there were no significant differences in average weight gain, feed efficiency, or hepatosomatic index of fish fed the various diets. Significant differences were found in liver iron concentration (P = 0.045) but not iron concentration of whole body or muscle tissues. In regard to aluminum content of the liver, whole body, and muscle tissues, detectable levels were not recorded. Based on these results, it does not appear that extremely high levels of aluminum or iron adversely affect juvenile red drum, and thus elevated levels of these minerals should not limit the use of algal coproducts in diet formulations.

Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2011

Dietary acidifiers have been recognized as beneficial in animal production including aquacultural... more Dietary acidifiers have been recognized as beneficial in animal production including aquacultural production of fish where they confer such benefits as improved feed utilization, growth, and resistance to bacterial pathogens. If improvements in growth and immune responses by acidifier supplementation can be confirmed in shrimp, then mortalities due to diseases could be minimized, limiting the emergence of disease-resistant bacterial pathogens as a potential result of antibiotic misuse. With this in mind, a 35-d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, enteric microbiota populations, and nonspecific immune responses of Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing the commercial acidifier Vitoxal, based on acidic calcium sulfate in an indoor temperature-controlled, recirculating culture system without any natural productivity. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 0 (basal), 0.4, 1.2, 1.6, or 2.0% acidic calcium sulfate (ACS) by weight. Shrimp fed in excess, 15 times a day using automatic feeders. Weight gain and survival among treatments were excellent, but not significantly different (P > 0.05). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the enteric microbial community of shrimp fed the basal diet differed markedly from those fed the acidifier on the basis of 64.9% similarity coefficient. Shrimp fed the commercial acidifier at 1.2 and 2.0% responded significantly (P < 0.05) better to reduced stress and displayed enhanced immune responses including hemocyte phagocytic capacity, hemolymph protein concentration, hyaline cell counts, and hemolymph glucose, compared with shrimp fed the basal diet. These results point to an enhanced performance in terms of positive shifts in the composition of enteric microbial communities as well as improved immune performance, with no changes in growth or survival.

uanl.mx

Synthetic sources of methionine are commonly used to supplement plant protein-based aquaculture f... more Synthetic sources of methionine are commonly used to supplement plant protein-based aquaculture feeds. A study was conducted to identify requirement of methionine for juvenile (0.41 g ± 0.02) Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed low-protein (20% CP) diets formulated to be nutritionally-adequate in essential amino acids with the exception of methionine. Graded levels of methionine were prepared by supplementing a semi-purified basal diet with either soybean meal covalently enriched with methionine or with crystalline L-methionine. Covalent diets contained 0.298, 0.362, 0.473, 0.617, 0.766 and 0.958% methionine, whereas crystalline treatments contained 0.298, 0.384, 0.481, 0.576 and 0.748% methionine. Leaching trials with experimental feeds indicated increased, but minimal, leaching of methionine with increased dietary inclusion level and by time for both diet types. Leaching trials with requirement feeds indicated increased, but minimal, leaching of methionine over 60 min. Growth trials showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in survival of shrimp fed either type of diet during the 28-day feeding trial. Percentage weight gain of shrimp fed the covalently-attached methionine ranged from 541-643%. Growth of shrimp decreased when fed diets containing covalent methionine levels above 0.617%, suggesting possible inhibition (I m = 0.55% dietary methionine). Percentage weight gain of shrimp fed the crystalline diets ranged from 541-683%. Broken-line analysis estimated a methionine requirement level of 0.74% using crystalline methionine supplementation. Leaching trials with requirement feeds indicated increased, but minimal, leaching of methionine over 60 min.

Aquaculture Research, 2009

Removal or reduction of marine ingredients (MI) from feed formulations is critical to the sustain... more Removal or reduction of marine ingredients (MI) from feed formulations is critical to the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. By removing MI, diets may become limiting in several nutrients including highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA). To reduce reliance on MI in shrimp diets, two trials were conducted with Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles to determine the feasibility of using fermentation meals rich in DHA and ArA as the primary source for HUFA. A practical diet with no MI was formulated with/without DHA and ArA supplements and fed in the ¢rst trial. A diet with menhaden ¢sh oil or a combination of plant oil with/without DHA and ArA supplements was used in the second trial. To determine whether HUFA is only needed in the early growth stages, we also fed one group a HUFA-supplemented diet to 5 g and then switched them to a HUFA-supplement-free diet. In both trials, the weights were reduced when HUFA supplements were not provided either throughout the trial or from 5 g to harvest (o16 g). These results suggest that supplementation of plant oils with DHA-and ArA-rich oils from fermented products is a viable option to replace marine ¢sh oil for L. vannamei.

Aquaculture Nutrition, 2006

A 15-week growth trial was conducted with juvenile, Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to ... more A 15-week growth trial was conducted with juvenile, Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to study the efficacy of using algal meals as a source of highly unsaturated fatty acids in practical diets that are designed to contain no marine protein or oil sources. Based on previous study, a practical diet was designed containing co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal with egg supplement and soybean meal as the primary protein sources for formulations containing 350 g kg)1 crude protein and 100 g kg)1 lipid. To further refine the diets, the fish oil in two of the diets was completely substituted with plant oils and oil originating from microbial fermentation products rich in docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ArA). A commercial shrimp feed was also included in the trial for comparison. The mean values for shrimp final weight (17.8 g), yield (537.7 g m)2 or 703.2 g m)3), survival (98.5%) and feed conversion ratio (1.4 : 1) showed no statistically significant differences between diets. The results suggest that coextruded soybean poultry by-product meal and oil from heterotrophic microalgal fermentation sources can be potential candidates for fish meal and marine oil replacement in shrimp diets.

Aquaculture, 2014

Copper is an essential trace element for shrimp and plays important roles in growth, immune funct... more Copper is an essential trace element for shrimp and plays important roles in growth, immune function, enzyme function, tissue integrity and as a component of the respiratory pigment hemocyanin. The presence of antagonists in feeds may result in reduced bioavailability and deficiency of copper which could compromise the growth and health of shrimp. A study was conducted to evaluate the response of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to inorganic or chelated sources of dietary copper. A semi-purified basal diet composed principally of casein, gelatin, soy protein isolate, squid muscle meal and wheat starch was formulated to be deficient in copper (8 ppm). The diet contained 35% crude protein, and 8% lipid and supplied all other nutritional requirements of the shrimp. Two sets of diets were formulated from the basal diet, one supplemented with copper from copper sulfate (55, 80, 116, 168, 243 and 363 ppm copper respectively) and the other with copper from a chelated source of copper (chelated to hydroxy analog of methionine; 26, 39, 52, 65 and 83 ppm copper respectively). All experimental diets contained 1.2% phytic acid. Groups of juvenile shrimp (N = 8; 0.4 g initial weight) were fed the different diets for a period of 6 wk. At the end of 6 wk the average final weight of shrimp ranged from 8.75 g to 10.11 g and the growth rate ranged from 1.47 to 1.71 g/wk. In general shrimp required 3-4 times more dietary copper from copper sulfate than copper from a chelated copper source to promote comparable growth. Growth rates for treatment groups fed 168 and 243 ppm copper sulfate were significantly higher than the base group. Similarly, growth rates in shrimp fed 52 and 83 ppm copper from the chelated source were also significantly higher than that observed for the basal group. Whole body and hepatopancreas copper concentrations varied in relation to dietary copper supplementation. Tissue copper concentrations were significantly lower in shrimp fed the basal diets. Results from the study suggest that chelated copper is a safe, effective and highly available source of copper for the Pacific white shrimp.

Aquaculture, 2010

Under laboratory-scale conditions, two types of bioflocs were used as a feed ingredient for Pacif... more Under laboratory-scale conditions, two types of bioflocs were used as a feed ingredient for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). This feeding trial was conducted indoors in recirculating aquaculture systems with seawater renewal. Bioflocs were produced in sequencing batch reactors (SBR) using carbon supplementation (sucrose) and in a membrane biological reactor (MBR) without carbon supplementation. Both types of bioflocs were produced using tilapia farm effluent as a feed for the SBR and MBR systems. The bioflocs were dried and were used in shrimp feed as a replacement for fishmeal and/or soybean protein. A control diet (without bioflocs) was compared against four diets with MBR bioflocs (at 10, 15, 21, and 30% inclusion levels) and SBR bioflocs (at 10, 15, and 21% inclusion levels). At these biofloc inclusion rates, soy protein was replaced completely and fishmeal by as much as 67%. The control and biofloc diets were formulated to be equivalent for levels of crude protein, total fat, crude fiber, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. Seven juvenile shrimp were stocked per tank and each dietary treatment was tested using 8 replicates over a 35 day feeding trial. Dietary treatments had some impact on shrimp performance. Even though no differences (P N 0.05) were observed between means for final survival (92.9 to 100%) or harvest biomass (536 to 574 g/m 2), some evidence (P b 0.05) of faster growth rates was observed for diets with bioflocs inclusion compared to the control diet. Growth rates ranged from 1.44 to 1.66 g/week. Therefore, data indicate that bioflocs produced using either SBR or MBR systems could replace fishmeal and soybean protein. Furthermore, the SBR and MBR systems can be used to treat effluent from a tilapia farm thus reducing effluent waste into the environment.

Aquaculture, 2010

Two five-week growth trials were conducted using mixture methodology to optimize a reference diet... more Two five-week growth trials were conducted using mixture methodology to optimize a reference diet for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, (0.47 g and 0.41 g initial weight in Trial 1 and Trial 2, respectively) using krill meal (Trial 1 only), menhaden fishmeal, squid meal, and soy protein isolate (SPI). In Trial 1, the combination of ingredients yielding the highest final weight was fish:squid:SPI:krill 34.1:44.9:20.2:0.8. Because of its relative ineffectiveness, krill meal was removed in Trial 2. The optimum combination of ingredients was fish:squid:SPI 0.0:80.6:19.4%. Increasing SPI beyond 20% relative inclusion rapidly reduced final weight. Both trials indicated that a blend of marine ingredients and SPI base mixes at a ratio of approximately 4:1 optimized the final weight of the shrimp. In Trial 2, fishmeal was found to be marginally lower in nutritional quality than that of squid meal. These results indicate that mixture methodology is effective in optimizing diets for shrimp.

Aquacultural Engineering, 2007

Increased environmental regulations and loss of crops due to viral disease outbreaks have created... more Increased environmental regulations and loss of crops due to viral disease outbreaks have created a demand for productive, pathogen-free, efficient and sustainable shrimp production practices. These methods, for the most part, call for raising shrimp under limited, minimal, water exchange with careful monitoring of water quality. Two studies were conducted using the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei to evaluate the effect of carbon supplementation on selected water quality indicators and shrimp performance in the nursery and the grow-out phases using the limited water discharge practice with molasses as carbon addition. A preliminary nursery study was conducted in four 40 m 3 greenhouse-enclosed raceways stocked with 12-day old postlarvae at a density of 1800 m À3 and were fed 45% crude protein feed. Molasses (24% carbon, w/w) was used for carbon supplementation to provide 6 g of carbon for each 1 g of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) as measured in the water, and started 32 d after stocking, shortly after the TAN level has risen over 3 mg L À1. The data suggest that molasses addition resulted in rapid reduction of TAN and nitritenitrogen and could be used to prevent buildup of these compounds. The grow-out study was carried out using twenty 7.8 m 3 tanks stocked with juvenile shrimp at a density of 81 m À3. Shrimp were fed a commercial diet (30% crude protein, Rangen Inc., Buhl, ID). Feed rations were determined based on assumed growth of 1 g week À1 , FCR of 1.5 and weekly mortality rate of 0.5%. Molasses additions, at five levels, were started 26 days post stocking, to provide 0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of the theoretical carbon level needed for bacteria to assimilate the TAN provided in the feed. The fifth treatment was based on the actual level of TAN in the tanks and was adjusted daily on as needed basis. The data suggest that under the condition of this study, addition of molasses did not result in a significant effect on water quality or on shrimp performance.

Aquacultural Engineering, 2008

The considerable impact of disease outbreaks on commercial shrimp farming during the last two dec... more The considerable impact of disease outbreaks on commercial shrimp farming during the last two decades has significantly affected the operational management of shrimp farms worldwide. Crop losses forced shrimp producers to look for more sustainable culture practices and facility designs to minimize the risk associated with exposure to viral pathogens. Shrimp culture under limited discharge can increase biosecurity and minimize losses to disease outbreaks while reducing negative environmental impact. A 71day nursery study was conducted in greenhouse-enclosed raceways to evaluate the effect of two water exchange regimes and the use of foam fractionators on selected water quality indicators, growth, survival, and health of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL). Four 40 m 3 raceways were stocked with 4-5-day-old PL at a density of 4050 PL m À3. All raceways were equipped with high pressure rapid sand filter, a pump, a center longitudinal partition over a 5.1 cm PVC pipe with nozzles, eighteen 5.1 cm airlift pumps, six 1 m long air diffusers and a 5.1 cm Venturi injector. Two out of the four raceways were each equipped with a home-made foam fractionator (FF). Average water usage in the two raceways operated with FF was 3.35% d À1 compared to the 9.37% d À1 used in the other two. Shrimp in the raceways operated with FF and the lower water exchange had greater mean final weight (1.91 and 2.0 g vs. 1.73 and 1.43 g), survival (100 and 92.4% vs. 55.9 and 81.8%), yield (7.64 and 6.89 kg m À3 vs. 3.92 and 4.74 kg m À3) and FCR (0.97 and 1.06 vs. 1.36 and 1.64) values than those operated without FF and with higher water exchange rate. Disease diagnostic results showed no signs of viral pathogen infection. Histological observations of samples collected at the study termination suggest that the shrimp raised in the higher water exchange raceways had greater external fouling and higher intestinal bacterial load than those maintained at lower water exchange. Nitrite-nitrogen was significantly lower in the reduced water exchange than the higher exchange raceways, whereas reactive phosphorus, turbidity, and algal density were significantly higher. No other differences in water quality were found between treatments. This study demonstrated the feasibility of producing healthy juveniles of the Pacific white shrimp under limited discharge conditions in tanks operated with foam fractionators with good growth, survival, yield and FCR results.

Avances en …, 2004

As shrimp prices become more competitive and the profit margins declining, producers are looking ... more As shrimp prices become more competitive and the profit margins declining, producers are looking to high value markets for their products. Shrimp produced using organic or environmentally friendly production conditions have the potential to bring in higher prices through market differentiation. However, if one is to develop production schemes for such markets, one must also produce an organic feed or one that has minimal levels of marine proteins and oils. In previous research we developed a practical diet formulation without fish meal but containing marine fish oil. Since supplies of fish oil are also limited, this work concentrated on replacement of the marine oil source as well as the testing of an experimental organic diet. In the first experiment, fish oil in two of the diets was substituted by oil originating from commercially produced algae containing approximately 50% oil. These diets as well as a commercial feed were offered to juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) over a 15 week growth trial. At the conclusion of the growth trial, survival, final weight, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly different among treatments. In the second experiment, the diet previously tested using plant and algae oils was tested against a diet using only plant oils. To examine the potential of an organic diet, a practical diet using primarily organic ingredients was also tested. The three diets were tested in conjunction with a commercial control diet over a 12-week growth period. At the conclusion of this trial, shrimp reared on the organic diet and the diet without algae oil supplements were significantly smaller than those offered the commercial control. This result is presumably due to a lack of HUFA in the diets without algae oils high in DHA and AA. To further test the potential of a feed without fish meal, a commercial version of one of the test diets was produced at a feed mill and tested under pond production conditions. As this was only a demonstration, statistical differences cannot be determined but the feed did appear to produce acceptable results under commercial pond production conditions. Based on the results of these studies, it would appear that both fish meal and marine oil sources can be removed from shrimp feeds if suitable alternative sources of protein and lipids are provided to meet essential amino acid and fatty acid requirements of the shrimp. Although this study confirms the biological feasibility of fish meal and fish oil replacement at the densities tested, commercial application will require further analysis of relative costs and marketing benefits of these technologies.

Evaluation of defatted and whole algae as feed ingredients for the marine shrimp, litopenaeus van... more Evaluation of defatted and whole algae as feed ingredients for the marine shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei