Svetlana Golocorbin-kon - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Svetlana Golocorbin-kon

Journal of microencapsulation, Jan 20, 2015

We previously designed, developed and characterized a novel microencapsulated formulation as a pl... more We previously designed, developed and characterized a novel microencapsulated formulation as a platform for the targeted delivery of Probucol (PB) in an animal model of Type 2 Diabetes. The objective of this study is to optimize this platform by incorporating Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a bile acid with good permeation-enhancing properties, and examine its effect in vitro. Using sodium alginate (SA), we prepared PB-SA (control) and PB-CDCA-SA (test) microcapsules. CDCA resulted in better structural and surface characteristics, uniform morphology, and stable chemical and thermal profiles, while size and rheological parameters remained unchanged. PB-CDCA-SA microcapsules showed good excipients' compatibilities, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies. CDCA reduced microcapsule swelling at pH 7.8 at both 37 °C and 25 °C and improved PB-release. C...

Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2014

Abstract Introduction: In previous studies, we have shown that a gliclazide-cholic acid derivativ... more Abstract Introduction: In previous studies, we have shown that a gliclazide-cholic acid derivative (G-CA) mixture resulted in an enhanced ileal permeation of G (ex vivo). When administered orally to diabetic rats, it brought about a significant hypoglycaemic effect. In this study, we aim to create a novel microencapsulated-formulation of G-CA with uniform and coherent structure that can be further tested in our rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We also aim to examine the effect of CA addition to G microcapsules in the morphology, structure and excipients' compatibility of the newly designed microcapsules. Method: Microencapsulation was carried out using our Buchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our laboratory. Using sodium alginate (SA) polymer, both formulations were prepared: G-SA (control) and G-CA-SA (test) at a constant ratio (1:3:30), respectively. Complete characterizations of microcapsules were carried out. Results: The new G-CA-SA formulation is further optimized by the addition of CA exhibiting pseudoplastic-thixotropic rheological characteristics. Bead size remains similar after CA addition, the new microcapsules show no chemical interactions between the excipients and this was supported further by the spectral studies suggesting bead stability. Conclusion: The new microencapsulated-formulation has good and uniform structural properties and may be suitable for oral delivery of antidiabetic-bile acid formulations.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Objective: To develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the deter... more Objective: To develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of cefotaxime sodium (NaCTX) concentration in rat plasma.Methods: The method used direct injection of the plasma supernatant after deproteinization with perchloric acid. Degradation of NaCTX in acidic medium during sample treatment was retarded by reducing the strength of perchloric acid to 30%, followed by adding 0.55M of aqueous disodium hydrogen orthophosphate buffer before centrifuging the sample. The mobile phase used was consisted of 0.04M aqueous ammonium acetate: acetonitrile: tetrahydrofurane (90:7:3, v/v) with pH adjusted to 5.7 using glacial acetic acid. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/min, UV detector set at 254 nm and samples were quantified using peak areaResults: A well-resolved NaCTX peak and free of interference from endogenous compounds in rat plasma were achieved. Recovery of NaCTX was satisfactory over the concentration range tested 0.125-10 µg/ml. limit of quantifi...

Type 1 Diabetes - Complications, Pathogenesis, and Alternative Treatments, 2011

Frontiers in Life Science, 2013

ABSTRACT Bile acids are naturally produced in humans and are known to provide human health benefi... more ABSTRACT Bile acids are naturally produced in humans and are known to provide human health benefits through their endocrinological, microfloral, metabolic and other effects that are still to be elucidated. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using bile acids as absorption enhancers for drug delivery. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules with a unique ability to facilitate and promote drug permeation through biological membranes. The role of bile acids in promoting drug permeation has been experimentally illustrated in various pharmaceutical formulations including oral, nasal, ocular, buccal, pulmonary and rectal delivery as well as through the blood–brain barrier. Recently, bile acids have drawn attention in the field of drug delivery due to their ability to act as a drug carrier system in the form of mixed micelles, bilosomes and chemical conjugates with drug molecules. Bile acids have demonstrated a unique ability to enhance the epithelial transport of hydrophilic drugs through the paracellular route and that of hydrophobic compounds through both paracellular and transcellular routes. The aim of this review is to discuss various chemical and pharmaceutical aspects of BAs and their potential applications in drug formulation and delivery.

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010

European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

The aim of ths study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime sodium (CEF) pharmacok... more The aim of ths study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime sodium (CEF) pharmacokinetics after oral application in the form of sodium 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-keto-5beta-cholanate (MKC) microvesicles (MV) in rat. Thirty Male Wister rats were divided into six groups (n=5 per group). Groups were treated orally with: (i) CEF (15 mg/kg) saline solution (15 mg/kg); (ii) CEF (15 mg/kg) saline solution with MKC (2 mg/kg); (iii) CEF saline solution mixed with blank microvesicles; (iv) CEF (15 mg/kg) encapsulated in microvesicles with saline solution; (v) CEF saline solution (15 mg/kg) mixed with blank MKC microvesicules; (vi) CEF (15 mg/kg) encapsulated in MKC microvesicules with saline solution. Data were analyzed using noncompartmental model. CEF oral bioavailability was increased twofold when coadministered with MKC and when encapsulated in microvesicles and ninefold when encapsulated in MKC microvesicles compared to the same CEF dose administered orally as saline solution. The increased bioavailability of CEF resulting from CEF encapsulation in microvesicules with MKC suggests that this formulation can extend the application of CEF from parenteral only to oral application.

European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

Clinical pharmacology and clinical pharmacy bring together professionals who have fi rm grounding... more Clinical pharmacology and clinical pharmacy bring together professionals who have fi rm grounding in the principles of drug therapy and who aim to improve the safety and effi cacy of treat- ments for the benefi ts of patients. However, there are clear diff erences, typically in the undergraduate and less prominent in postgraduate education. Clinical pharmacologists and clinical pharmacists are

Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, Jan 26, 2015

We have demonstrated a permeation-enhancing effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA), the bile acid, in d... more We have demonstrated a permeation-enhancing effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA), the bile acid, in diabetic rats. In this study, we designed DCA-based microcapsules for the oral delivery of the antilipidemic drug probucol (PB), which has potential antidiabetic effects. We aimed to further characterize these microcapsules and examine their pH-dependent release properties, as well as the effects of DCA on their stability and mechanical strength at various pH and temperature values. Using the polymer sodium alginate (SA), we prepared PB-SA (control) and PB-DCA-SA (test) microcapsules. The microcapsules were examined for drug content, size, surface composition, release, Micro-CT cross-sectional imaging, stability, Zeta potential, mechanical strength, and swelling characteristics at different pH and temperature values. The microencapsulation efficiency and production yield were also examined. The addition of DCA resulted in microcapsules with a greater density and with reduced swelling at a...

Journal of diabetes, Jan 20, 2015

This study investigated the transcellular and placental permeation of cefuroxime, as antibiotic u... more This study investigated the transcellular and placental permeation of cefuroxime, as antibiotic used in caesarean section, in pregnant women with diabetes and hypertension. A total of 53 women scheduled for cesarean section were divided into three groups: healthy women (n=18), women with arterial hypertension (n=21) and women with gestational diabetes (n=14). All mothers received intravenously 1.5g of cefuroxime. Concentrations were measured in maternal venous plasma before, during and after delivery, and in the fetal umbilical cord vein and artery plasma during delivery. The effect of diabetes and hypertension on cefuroxime placental-permeation was assessed by the feto:maternal plasma concentrations ratios. Pharmacokinetic non-compartmental model analyses were done and results were compared using ANOVA test (p<0.05). Pharmacokinetic non-compartmental model analyses were done and results were compared using ANOVA test (p<0.05). The group with diabetes showed lower ratio of fet...

Journal of microencapsulation, Jan 29, 2014

In previous studies carried out in our laboratory, a bile acid formulation exerted a hypoglycaemi... more In previous studies carried out in our laboratory, a bile acid formulation exerted a hypoglycaemic effect in a rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). When the antidiabetic drug gliclazide was added to the bile acid, it augmented the hypoglycaemic effect. In a recent study, we designed a new formulation of gliclazide-deoxycholic acid (G-DCA), with good structural properties, excipient compatibility and which exhibited pseudoplastic-thixotropic characteristics. The aim of this study is to test the slow release and pH controlled properties of this new formulation. The aim is also to examine the effect of DCA on G release kinetics at various pH values and different temperatures. Microencapsulation was carried out using our Buchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our laboratory. Using sodium alginate (SA) polymer, both formulations were prepared including: G-SA (control) and G-DCA-SA (test) at a constant ratio (1:3:30), respectively. Microcapsules were examined for efficiency, si...

Natural product communications, 2014

Recognition of the adverse effects of medicinal herbs is not routine and the reports on such effe... more Recognition of the adverse effects of medicinal herbs is not routine and the reports on such effects are even less frequent in clinical practice. Potential herb-drug interactions are of a major safety concern, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like warfarin, which can lead to severe adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening. The interactions between warfarin and medicinal herbs described in the literature have been summarized in this paper relying on Medline database (via PubMed) using the key words: warfarin, herbal supplements and interactions. The references on the analyzed literature have been investigated in order to collect the existing data. The case reports with severe adverse effects such as spontaneous postoperative bleeding, formation of hematomas, hematemesis, melena, thrombosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage and/or subdural hematomas after concomitant use of warfarin and the medicinal herbs: Panax ginseng, Hypericum perforatum, Salvia milthioriz...

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2012

AAPS PharmSciTech, 2014

In previous studies, we developed and characterised multicompartmental microcapsules as a platfor... more In previous studies, we developed and characterised multicompartmental microcapsules as a platform for the targeted oral delivery of lipophilic drugs in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We also designed a new microencapsulated formulation of probucol-sodium alginate (PB-SA), with good structural properties and excipient compatibility. The aim of this study was to examine the stability and pH-dependent targeted release of the microcapsules at various pH values and different temperatures. Microencapsulation was carried out using a Büchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our laboratory. Using SA polymer, two formulations were prepared: empty SA microcapsules (SA, control) and loaded SA microcapsules (PB-SA, test), at a constant ratio (1:30), respectively. Microcapsules were examined for drug content, zeta potential, size, morphology and swelling characteristics and PB release characteristics at pH 1.5, 3, 6 and 7.8. The production yield and microencapsulation efficiency were also determined. PB-SA microcapsules had 2.6 ± 0.25% PB content, and zeta potential of -66 ± 1.6%, suggesting good stability. They showed spherical and uniform morphology and significantly higher swelling at pH 7.8 at both 25 and 37°C (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). The microcapsules showed multiphasic release properties at pH 7.8. The production yield and microencapsulation efficiency were high (85 ± 5 and 92 ± 2%, respectively). The PB-SA microcapsules exhibited distal gastrointestinal tract targeted delivery with a multiphasic release pattern and with good stability and uniformity. However, the release of PB from the microcapsules was not controlled, suggesting uneven distribution of the drug within the microcapsules.

Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2014

Journal of microencapsulation, Jan 20, 2015

We previously designed, developed and characterized a novel microencapsulated formulation as a pl... more We previously designed, developed and characterized a novel microencapsulated formulation as a platform for the targeted delivery of Probucol (PB) in an animal model of Type 2 Diabetes. The objective of this study is to optimize this platform by incorporating Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a bile acid with good permeation-enhancing properties, and examine its effect in vitro. Using sodium alginate (SA), we prepared PB-SA (control) and PB-CDCA-SA (test) microcapsules. CDCA resulted in better structural and surface characteristics, uniform morphology, and stable chemical and thermal profiles, while size and rheological parameters remained unchanged. PB-CDCA-SA microcapsules showed good excipients' compatibilities, as evidenced by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies. CDCA reduced microcapsule swelling at pH 7.8 at both 37 °C and 25 °C and improved PB-release. C...

Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2014

Abstract Introduction: In previous studies, we have shown that a gliclazide-cholic acid derivativ... more Abstract Introduction: In previous studies, we have shown that a gliclazide-cholic acid derivative (G-CA) mixture resulted in an enhanced ileal permeation of G (ex vivo). When administered orally to diabetic rats, it brought about a significant hypoglycaemic effect. In this study, we aim to create a novel microencapsulated-formulation of G-CA with uniform and coherent structure that can be further tested in our rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). We also aim to examine the effect of CA addition to G microcapsules in the morphology, structure and excipients&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; compatibility of the newly designed microcapsules. Method: Microencapsulation was carried out using our Buchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our laboratory. Using sodium alginate (SA) polymer, both formulations were prepared: G-SA (control) and G-CA-SA (test) at a constant ratio (1:3:30), respectively. Complete characterizations of microcapsules were carried out. Results: The new G-CA-SA formulation is further optimized by the addition of CA exhibiting pseudoplastic-thixotropic rheological characteristics. Bead size remains similar after CA addition, the new microcapsules show no chemical interactions between the excipients and this was supported further by the spectral studies suggesting bead stability. Conclusion: The new microencapsulated-formulation has good and uniform structural properties and may be suitable for oral delivery of antidiabetic-bile acid formulations.

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Objective: To develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the deter... more Objective: To develop and validate a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of cefotaxime sodium (NaCTX) concentration in rat plasma.Methods: The method used direct injection of the plasma supernatant after deproteinization with perchloric acid. Degradation of NaCTX in acidic medium during sample treatment was retarded by reducing the strength of perchloric acid to 30%, followed by adding 0.55M of aqueous disodium hydrogen orthophosphate buffer before centrifuging the sample. The mobile phase used was consisted of 0.04M aqueous ammonium acetate: acetonitrile: tetrahydrofurane (90:7:3, v/v) with pH adjusted to 5.7 using glacial acetic acid. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/min, UV detector set at 254 nm and samples were quantified using peak areaResults: A well-resolved NaCTX peak and free of interference from endogenous compounds in rat plasma were achieved. Recovery of NaCTX was satisfactory over the concentration range tested 0.125-10 µg/ml. limit of quantifi...

Type 1 Diabetes - Complications, Pathogenesis, and Alternative Treatments, 2011

Frontiers in Life Science, 2013

ABSTRACT Bile acids are naturally produced in humans and are known to provide human health benefi... more ABSTRACT Bile acids are naturally produced in humans and are known to provide human health benefits through their endocrinological, microfloral, metabolic and other effects that are still to be elucidated. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using bile acids as absorption enhancers for drug delivery. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules with a unique ability to facilitate and promote drug permeation through biological membranes. The role of bile acids in promoting drug permeation has been experimentally illustrated in various pharmaceutical formulations including oral, nasal, ocular, buccal, pulmonary and rectal delivery as well as through the blood–brain barrier. Recently, bile acids have drawn attention in the field of drug delivery due to their ability to act as a drug carrier system in the form of mixed micelles, bilosomes and chemical conjugates with drug molecules. Bile acids have demonstrated a unique ability to enhance the epithelial transport of hydrophilic drugs through the paracellular route and that of hydrophobic compounds through both paracellular and transcellular routes. The aim of this review is to discuss various chemical and pharmaceutical aspects of BAs and their potential applications in drug formulation and delivery.

Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2010

European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

The aim of ths study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime sodium (CEF) pharmacok... more The aim of ths study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime sodium (CEF) pharmacokinetics after oral application in the form of sodium 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-keto-5beta-cholanate (MKC) microvesicles (MV) in rat. Thirty Male Wister rats were divided into six groups (n=5 per group). Groups were treated orally with: (i) CEF (15 mg/kg) saline solution (15 mg/kg); (ii) CEF (15 mg/kg) saline solution with MKC (2 mg/kg); (iii) CEF saline solution mixed with blank microvesicles; (iv) CEF (15 mg/kg) encapsulated in microvesicles with saline solution; (v) CEF saline solution (15 mg/kg) mixed with blank MKC microvesicules; (vi) CEF (15 mg/kg) encapsulated in MKC microvesicules with saline solution. Data were analyzed using noncompartmental model. CEF oral bioavailability was increased twofold when coadministered with MKC and when encapsulated in microvesicles and ninefold when encapsulated in MKC microvesicles compared to the same CEF dose administered orally as saline solution. The increased bioavailability of CEF resulting from CEF encapsulation in microvesicules with MKC suggests that this formulation can extend the application of CEF from parenteral only to oral application.

European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

Clinical pharmacology and clinical pharmacy bring together professionals who have fi rm grounding... more Clinical pharmacology and clinical pharmacy bring together professionals who have fi rm grounding in the principles of drug therapy and who aim to improve the safety and effi cacy of treat- ments for the benefi ts of patients. However, there are clear diff erences, typically in the undergraduate and less prominent in postgraduate education. Clinical pharmacologists and clinical pharmacists are

Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology, Jan 26, 2015

We have demonstrated a permeation-enhancing effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA), the bile acid, in d... more We have demonstrated a permeation-enhancing effect of deoxycholic acid (DCA), the bile acid, in diabetic rats. In this study, we designed DCA-based microcapsules for the oral delivery of the antilipidemic drug probucol (PB), which has potential antidiabetic effects. We aimed to further characterize these microcapsules and examine their pH-dependent release properties, as well as the effects of DCA on their stability and mechanical strength at various pH and temperature values. Using the polymer sodium alginate (SA), we prepared PB-SA (control) and PB-DCA-SA (test) microcapsules. The microcapsules were examined for drug content, size, surface composition, release, Micro-CT cross-sectional imaging, stability, Zeta potential, mechanical strength, and swelling characteristics at different pH and temperature values. The microencapsulation efficiency and production yield were also examined. The addition of DCA resulted in microcapsules with a greater density and with reduced swelling at a...

Journal of diabetes, Jan 20, 2015

This study investigated the transcellular and placental permeation of cefuroxime, as antibiotic u... more This study investigated the transcellular and placental permeation of cefuroxime, as antibiotic used in caesarean section, in pregnant women with diabetes and hypertension. A total of 53 women scheduled for cesarean section were divided into three groups: healthy women (n=18), women with arterial hypertension (n=21) and women with gestational diabetes (n=14). All mothers received intravenously 1.5g of cefuroxime. Concentrations were measured in maternal venous plasma before, during and after delivery, and in the fetal umbilical cord vein and artery plasma during delivery. The effect of diabetes and hypertension on cefuroxime placental-permeation was assessed by the feto:maternal plasma concentrations ratios. Pharmacokinetic non-compartmental model analyses were done and results were compared using ANOVA test (p<0.05). Pharmacokinetic non-compartmental model analyses were done and results were compared using ANOVA test (p<0.05). The group with diabetes showed lower ratio of fet...

Journal of microencapsulation, Jan 29, 2014

In previous studies carried out in our laboratory, a bile acid formulation exerted a hypoglycaemi... more In previous studies carried out in our laboratory, a bile acid formulation exerted a hypoglycaemic effect in a rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). When the antidiabetic drug gliclazide was added to the bile acid, it augmented the hypoglycaemic effect. In a recent study, we designed a new formulation of gliclazide-deoxycholic acid (G-DCA), with good structural properties, excipient compatibility and which exhibited pseudoplastic-thixotropic characteristics. The aim of this study is to test the slow release and pH controlled properties of this new formulation. The aim is also to examine the effect of DCA on G release kinetics at various pH values and different temperatures. Microencapsulation was carried out using our Buchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our laboratory. Using sodium alginate (SA) polymer, both formulations were prepared including: G-SA (control) and G-DCA-SA (test) at a constant ratio (1:3:30), respectively. Microcapsules were examined for efficiency, si...

Natural product communications, 2014

Recognition of the adverse effects of medicinal herbs is not routine and the reports on such effe... more Recognition of the adverse effects of medicinal herbs is not routine and the reports on such effects are even less frequent in clinical practice. Potential herb-drug interactions are of a major safety concern, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like warfarin, which can lead to severe adverse reactions that are sometimes life-threatening. The interactions between warfarin and medicinal herbs described in the literature have been summarized in this paper relying on Medline database (via PubMed) using the key words: warfarin, herbal supplements and interactions. The references on the analyzed literature have been investigated in order to collect the existing data. The case reports with severe adverse effects such as spontaneous postoperative bleeding, formation of hematomas, hematemesis, melena, thrombosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage and/or subdural hematomas after concomitant use of warfarin and the medicinal herbs: Panax ginseng, Hypericum perforatum, Salvia milthioriz...

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2012

AAPS PharmSciTech, 2014

In previous studies, we developed and characterised multicompartmental microcapsules as a platfor... more In previous studies, we developed and characterised multicompartmental microcapsules as a platform for the targeted oral delivery of lipophilic drugs in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We also designed a new microencapsulated formulation of probucol-sodium alginate (PB-SA), with good structural properties and excipient compatibility. The aim of this study was to examine the stability and pH-dependent targeted release of the microcapsules at various pH values and different temperatures. Microencapsulation was carried out using a Büchi-based microencapsulating system developed in our laboratory. Using SA polymer, two formulations were prepared: empty SA microcapsules (SA, control) and loaded SA microcapsules (PB-SA, test), at a constant ratio (1:30), respectively. Microcapsules were examined for drug content, zeta potential, size, morphology and swelling characteristics and PB release characteristics at pH 1.5, 3, 6 and 7.8. The production yield and microencapsulation efficiency were also determined. PB-SA microcapsules had 2.6 ± 0.25% PB content, and zeta potential of -66 ± 1.6%, suggesting good stability. They showed spherical and uniform morphology and significantly higher swelling at pH 7.8 at both 25 and 37°C (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). The microcapsules showed multiphasic release properties at pH 7.8. The production yield and microencapsulation efficiency were high (85 ± 5 and 92 ± 2%, respectively). The PB-SA microcapsules exhibited distal gastrointestinal tract targeted delivery with a multiphasic release pattern and with good stability and uniformity. However, the release of PB from the microcapsules was not controlled, suggesting uneven distribution of the drug within the microcapsules.

Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2014