Tomasz Gabryś - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Tomasz Gabryś

Background: Skateboarding is gaining popularity worldwide. Surprisingly, there is still a lack of... more Background: Skateboarding is gaining popularity worldwide. Surprisingly, there is still a lack of research into the various forms of enhancing training and starting capabilities among athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of floss band applications on changes in parameters measured during the squat jump test. Methods: Fifteen professional skateboarders between the ages of 15 and 20 were included in the study. After obtaining parental consent, the participants completed a questionnaire and were instructed to apply the floss bands and perform test on the EZE JUMP platform, which recorded flight time, power and jump height. Each athlete performed three attempts at the squat jump test separated by 1 minute breaks. Then according to their own protocol the athletes had the floss tapes tied on their thighs they performed 15 squats and jogged a distance of 20m, the whole activity was repeated in three series. At the end of the protocol the tapes were remov...

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sprint, COD, CODD and functio... more The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sprint, COD, CODD and functional status in polish women’s national teams: volleyball and basketball 3x3. A total of 23 athletes: 12 volleyball players (age:18 ± 0years; body height:183 ± 7cm; body weight:70 ± 8kg) and 11 basketball players (age:26 ± 4 years; body height:180 ± 6cm; body weight:73 ± 10kg) participated in the study. Athletes were tested for the following measures: FMS test, Y-Balance test, joints range of motion measurements, maximal sprint test (14m) and modified COD test (14m). COD deficit was calculated by subtracting COD speed time from sprint speed time. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between sprint and CODD results in basketball team. In volleyball team there was a positive and significant correlation between COD, sprint and CODD. There was a negative and significant correlation between Y-Balance scores and sprint test results...

Frontiers in Psychology

Performance is judged using a variety of methods to ensure uniformity between competitions. Uchik... more Performance is judged using a variety of methods to ensure uniformity between competitions. Uchikomi Fitness Test (UFT) could accomplished between morning qualifying and evening finals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of different warm-up protocols on UFT at different times of the day in female judokas. Ten volunteer women who had been practising judo on a regular basis for more than 5 years and actively competed in international tournaments took part in this study. Judokas completed UFT, either after no-warm-up (NWU), specific warm-up (SWU), and linear+lateral warm-up (FWU) protocols for two times a day in the morning: 09:00–11:00 and in the evening: 16:00–18:00, on non-consecutive days. In conclusion, there was a significant increase in UFT scores (F = 9.89; p = 0.002), a + b (F = 4.42; p = 0.04) and heart rate (F = 28.99; p < 0.001) in the early evening compared to the morning. Increases in UFT performance were observed in the SWU protocol compared to th...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a sport that demands grace, strength, and flexibility, leading to a b... more Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a sport that demands grace, strength, and flexibility, leading to a broad spectrum of injuries. The dowel grip (DG) is widely used by gymnasts to securely hold onto the high bar or uneven bars. However, incorrect usage of the DG can result in grip lock (GL) injuries. This systematic review aims to (1) identify studies that have investigated the risk factors related to GL injuries among gymnasts and (2) synthesize the key evidence. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar, covering the period from their inception until November 2022. The data extraction and analysis were independently completed by two investigators. A total of 90 relevant studies were initially identified, out of which seven clinical trials met the eligibility criteria. For the quantitative synthesis, five studies were included. The details extracted from each article include: the sample cha...

Frontiers in Nutrition

Biological maturation status can affect individual differences, sex, height, body fat, and body w... more Biological maturation status can affect individual differences, sex, height, body fat, and body weight in adolescents and thus may be associated with obesity. The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between biological maturation and obesity. Overall, 1,328 adolescents (792 boys and 536 girls) aged 12.00 ± 0.94–12.21 ± 0.99 years, respectively (measured for body mass, body stature, sitting stature). Body weights were deter-mined with Tanita body analysis system and adolescent obesity status was calculated according to the WHO classification. Biological maturation was determined according to the somatic maturation method. Our results showed that boys mature 3.077-fold later than girls. Obesity was an increasing effect on early maturation. It was determined that being obese, overweight and healthy-weight increased the risk of early maturation 9.80, 6.99 and 1.81-fold, respectively. The equation of the model predicting maturation is: Logit (P) = 1/(1 + exp. (− (−31...

Biology

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between adolescents’ biological mat... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between adolescents’ biological maturation level and their muscle power, as well as their overall muscle strength. Overall, 691 adolescents (414 boys and 277 girls) aged 12.01–11.96 (measured for body mass, body height as well as vertical jump, muscle power, and muscle strength). There was a statistically significant difference in terms of average right and left grip strength, vertical jump, and power in the late maturation group. For the body height and vertical jump averages in male adolescents, it was observed that the body height and vertical jump averages in the late group were significantly lower than in the early and on-time maturation groups. For female adolescents’ chronological age, sitting height, body mass, BMI, left and right grip strength, and power averages were found to be significantly higher compared with the on-time group (p < 0.05). It was established that biological maturation has a substantial lin...

Nutrients

A short-term (e.g., 6 days) basketball tournament is a shorter version of international tournamen... more A short-term (e.g., 6 days) basketball tournament is a shorter version of international tournaments, and qualification in it enables participation in international tournaments such as the Olympics and World championships or preparation before major tournaments. Time for recovery between matches is shorter compared with major tournaments, resulting in an accentuated load on players, which can be repeated up to four times within the 6-day competition period. Therefore, nutritional strategies need to focus on faster and adequate recovery after each match as well as optimum fuelling and hydration before and during matches. Travelling can also create additional challenges when preparing and/or applying those nutritional strategies. There are some particular evidence-based sport foods and ergogenic aids that can improve intermittent activity and/or the execution of motor skills, which may facilitate basketball players’ recovery and performance. The present review provides practical nutrit...

Biology

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion... more The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion via caffeinated coffee on repeated sprint test (RST) and plasma catecholamine concentration in trained female team-sport athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 female team-sport athletes (VO2max: 48.7 ± 4 mL·kg·min−1) completed three RST trials, separated by 4-day, 60 min post-ingestion of either 3 mg·kg−1 (LCOF) or 6 mg·kg−1 (MCOF) or placebo (PLA). The RST consisted of 12 × 4 s sprints on a cycle ergometer interspersed with 20 s of active recovery. Blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (GLU) and epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were collected before and 60 min after coffee ingestion, and after RST. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the beginning of RST, and after the 6th and 12th sprints. Average peak power score during RST was significantly improved after LCOF (p = 0.016) and MCOF (p = 0.041) compared to PLA, but pe...

Tato studie hodnotí somatické profily, skok, sprint, výkony, vytrvalost a maximální hladinu laktá... more Tato studie hodnotí somatické profily, skok, sprint, výkony, vytrvalost a maximální hladinu laktátu v krvi ([LA] (vrchol)) hráčů házené dvou věkových skupin - U17 (n = 77) a U19 (n = 46) -a analyzuje roli tréninku v jejich fyzických schopnostech. Výkon vertikálního skoku byl určen testy proti pohybu pohybu (CMJ) a proti pohybu pohybu s volnými rameny (CMJFA). Běžecký anaerobní sprinterský test (RAST) určil relativní výkon (watty / kg tělesné hmotnosti) a absolutní výkon (watty) hráčů. Byl vyhodnocen výkon sprintu na vzdálenosti 5 m, 10 ma 30 m. Ke stanovení aerobního prahu (AeT), anaerobního prahu (AnT) a [LA] (vrchol), byl navržen inkrementální test člunkového běhu (40 m) Všechny parametry byly měřeny u spojek, křídel, pivotů a brankářů každé skupiny. Hráči U19 byli výrazně těžší než skupina U17, ale obě skupiny byly téměř stejné výšky. Skupina U19 vyskočila výše než členové U17, i když jediný významný rozdíl (p = 0,032) byl pozorován mezi křídly skupin v CMJ. Výkon sprintu se mezi...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The relationship between an athlete’s somatotype three-numeral rating and his or her athletic per... more The relationship between an athlete’s somatotype three-numeral rating and his or her athletic performance is well known. However, a direct effect of the different dominant somatotype on jumping and sprinting variables has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dominant somatotype on sport-specific explosive variables. One hundred and twelve physically active young adults (mean ± standard deviation age: 21.82 ± 3.18 years) were somatotype-rated using the Heath–Carter method. Participants were classified as balanced ectomorph, balanced mesomorph, central, mesomorph-endomorph, and mesomorphic ectomorph. Vertical jump and linear sprint tests were performed to measure peak lower body performance and sprint variables (time, speed, and momentum), respectively. The analysis revealed that balanced mesomorph had significantly higher vertical jump (effect size (ES) = 1.10, p = 0.005) and power to body mass (ES = 1.04, p = 0.023) than mesomorph-endomorph....

Applied Sciences

It is well known that the quadriceps muscle group is involved in activity during dynamic balance ... more It is well known that the quadriceps muscle group is involved in activity during dynamic balance and that dynamic balance tests are an important feedback tool for predicting lower limb injuries. However, the relationship between maximum leg extension strength and performance in the Y Balance Test is not fully known. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between unilateral leg extension strength and dynamic balance in healthy young men. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study. A total of 33 healthy men (mean age ± standard deviation = 21.21 ± 1.24 years) volunteered for this study. The participants’ dynamic balance was determined with the Y Balance Test and unilateral one repetition maximum strength was determined by the leg extension machine. The same side was preferred for strength and dynamic balance measurements. Normalized reach, composite score, and absolute and relative strength values were analyzed for correlations. Linear regression analysis wa...

Nutrients

The effect of nitrate (NO3−) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) responses during large muscle... more The effect of nitrate (NO3−) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) responses during large muscle mass isometric and ischaemic exercise in healthy young adults is unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 5-day supplementation of NO3− on BP responses during a short isometric contraction and a sustained ischaemic contraction. In a randomised, double-blinded, crossover design, 14 healthy active young adults underwent BP measurements after 5 days of either NO3− (NIT) or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Beat-by-beat BP was measured at pre- and post-exercise rest, and during a short (20 s) isometric contraction at 25% maximal strength and throughout a sustained ischaemic contraction. Plasma nitrite (NO2−) concentration increased significantly after NO3− supplementation compared to placebo (475 ± 93 nmol·L−1 vs. 198 ± 46 nmol·L−1, p < 0.001, d = 3.37). Systolic BP was significantly lower at pre- (p = 0.051) and post-exercise rest (p = 0.006), during a short isomet...

Applied Sciences

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees ... more The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees the chance to review their critical decisions. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the VAR system in international football organizations on the game over the years. The sample of the study consists of 115 football matches, specifically 64 matches played in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 51 matches played in the 2020 European Football Championship. In the competitions handled, the number of goals, the number of yellow cards, the number of red cards, the first half time, the second half time, the total match time, the number of penalties and the number of offsides were examined. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups. As a result, in the 2020 European Football Championship, there was a decrease in the second half time (p = 0.01) and total match time (p = 0.01), and a significant increase in the number of offsides (p = 0.03) compared to the 2018 FIFA...

Nutrients, 2022

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CMR) has been shown to enhance exercise performance. However, the inf... more Carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CMR) has been shown to enhance exercise performance. However, the influence of CMR on repetitions to failure with different intensities (40% or 80% of 1 RM) is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 6% CMR solution on muscular endurance assessed at 40% and 80% of 1 RM in resistance-trained males. Sixteen resistance-trained males (age: 25 ± 3 years, height: 182 ± 6 cm, body mass: 86 ± 3 kg, body fat: 16 ± 3%, bench press 1 RM: 106 ± 16 kg, resistance training experience: 5 ± 1 years) completed four conditions in random order. The four conditions consisted of ten seconds of mouth rinsing with 25 mL solutions containing either maltodextrin or placebo (sweetened water) prior to performing a bench press muscular endurance test at either 40% of 1 RM or 80% of 1 RM. Total repetitions, heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), glucose (GLU) and felt arousal (FA) were recorded for each condition. There was a signi...

Applied Sciences, 2022

Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which can improve force performance executed a... more Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which can improve force performance executed after a previous conditioning activity. PAP is usually evoked through heavy resistance, but many new methods are being suggested that acutely improve performance in post-activation potentiation protocols. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of simultaneous application of Smith machine back squats (BS) with electromyostimulation (EMS) on sprint performance. Sixteen male (age = 22.9 ± 2.3 years, body mass = 79.9 ± 13.8 kg, BS one-repetition maximum (1 RM) = 120.5 ± 17.3) amateur football and rugby players volunteered for this study. Participants randomly performed PAP protocols (CON = no load, BS = 3 × 85% of 1 RM BS, EMS = 3 × weightless squat with electric current and BS + EMS = 3 × 85% 1 RM BS with electric current) on four different days with at least 48 h intervals. Participants rested passively for 7 min after preloads and performed the 30 m sprint test. Sprint times f...

The aim of the research was determining the differences, similarities and relations between time,... more The aim of the research was determining the differences, similarities and relations between time, distance and maximum speed occurring in the structure of exercises – small games. While selecting exercises, the assumption was to maintain similar internal load with various technical-tactical assumptions assessed with the help of parameters generated with the use of GPS and IMU technologies. Twelve basketball players took part in the research (age 24 ± 4.7 years; height 187.9 ± 5.2 cm; weight 83.9 ± 8.7 kg). 3 exercises simulating match conditions, and intervals between them lasted 5 minutes. The players played as long as one of the teams scored 25 points. The ranges of IMU like acceleration or deceleration were divided into I-VIII zones from the value of -8 to 8 m/s/s. To examine differences in total distance and total effort among three exercises, we performed repeated ANOVA measures. This test was statistically significant at alpha (ρ ≤ 0.05). The maximum speed and the longest dist...

Human Movement

Purpose. The main goal of this study was to determine the predictive value of the indexes of aero... more Purpose. The main goal of this study was to determine the predictive value of the indexes of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in relation to specific on-ice tests performed by hockey players that focus on strength, power, speed as well as speed and strength endurance. Methods. Ice hockey players, who were members of the U20 (under 20 years of age) Polish National Ice Hockey Team, were selected from the Athletic School in Sosnowiec, Poland. Parameters that determine anaerobic and aerobic capacity were evaluated and a special physical fitness assessment was made based on a battery of ice-hockey specific tests. The degree and direction of correlations between the individual parameters of anaerobic and aerobic endurance and the special physical fitness test were calculated. Results. The obtained results found significant correlations between maximal power obtained from the Wingate test and certain aspects of the special physical fitness test, specifically the 6 × 9 turns, 6 × 9 stops and...

The investigation aimed to find similarities and differences between parameter values correspondi... more The investigation aimed to find similarities and differences between parameter values corresponding to exercise intensity at the anaerobic threshold determined using a 4MmAT method analysing the lactate curve and a method analysing ventilation changes. The VO2, HR, PAT, and LA values at the anaerobic threshold were found to be statistically different at the level of p ≤ 0.001. Parameter values at the anaerobic threshold as found using the 4MmAT method are lower than those provided by the VT. method, i.e. 47.13 ± 2.54 and 49.88 ± 2.37 ml×kg−1×min−1 for VO2AT, 161 ± 4.4 and 169 ± 5.1 bp×min−1 for HRAT and 3.16 ± 0.12 and 3.41 ± 0.14 W×kg−1 for PAT, respectively. All parameters recorded for exercise intensity at the AT level were determined to be statistically significantly related. Regardless of the method applied, power parameters at the AT level were found to be very similar, while HR values turned out to be the least similar.

Background: Skateboarding is gaining popularity worldwide. Surprisingly, there is still a lack of... more Background: Skateboarding is gaining popularity worldwide. Surprisingly, there is still a lack of research into the various forms of enhancing training and starting capabilities among athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of floss band applications on changes in parameters measured during the squat jump test. Methods: Fifteen professional skateboarders between the ages of 15 and 20 were included in the study. After obtaining parental consent, the participants completed a questionnaire and were instructed to apply the floss bands and perform test on the EZE JUMP platform, which recorded flight time, power and jump height. Each athlete performed three attempts at the squat jump test separated by 1 minute breaks. Then according to their own protocol the athletes had the floss tapes tied on their thighs they performed 15 squats and jogged a distance of 20m, the whole activity was repeated in three series. At the end of the protocol the tapes were remov...

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sprint, COD, CODD and functio... more The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sprint, COD, CODD and functional status in polish women’s national teams: volleyball and basketball 3x3. A total of 23 athletes: 12 volleyball players (age:18 ± 0years; body height:183 ± 7cm; body weight:70 ± 8kg) and 11 basketball players (age:26 ± 4 years; body height:180 ± 6cm; body weight:73 ± 10kg) participated in the study. Athletes were tested for the following measures: FMS test, Y-Balance test, joints range of motion measurements, maximal sprint test (14m) and modified COD test (14m). COD deficit was calculated by subtracting COD speed time from sprint speed time. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was no significant correlation between sprint and CODD results in basketball team. In volleyball team there was a positive and significant correlation between COD, sprint and CODD. There was a negative and significant correlation between Y-Balance scores and sprint test results...

Frontiers in Psychology

Performance is judged using a variety of methods to ensure uniformity between competitions. Uchik... more Performance is judged using a variety of methods to ensure uniformity between competitions. Uchikomi Fitness Test (UFT) could accomplished between morning qualifying and evening finals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of different warm-up protocols on UFT at different times of the day in female judokas. Ten volunteer women who had been practising judo on a regular basis for more than 5 years and actively competed in international tournaments took part in this study. Judokas completed UFT, either after no-warm-up (NWU), specific warm-up (SWU), and linear+lateral warm-up (FWU) protocols for two times a day in the morning: 09:00–11:00 and in the evening: 16:00–18:00, on non-consecutive days. In conclusion, there was a significant increase in UFT scores (F = 9.89; p = 0.002), a + b (F = 4.42; p = 0.04) and heart rate (F = 28.99; p < 0.001) in the early evening compared to the morning. Increases in UFT performance were observed in the SWU protocol compared to th...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a sport that demands grace, strength, and flexibility, leading to a b... more Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a sport that demands grace, strength, and flexibility, leading to a broad spectrum of injuries. The dowel grip (DG) is widely used by gymnasts to securely hold onto the high bar or uneven bars. However, incorrect usage of the DG can result in grip lock (GL) injuries. This systematic review aims to (1) identify studies that have investigated the risk factors related to GL injuries among gymnasts and (2) synthesize the key evidence. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar, covering the period from their inception until November 2022. The data extraction and analysis were independently completed by two investigators. A total of 90 relevant studies were initially identified, out of which seven clinical trials met the eligibility criteria. For the quantitative synthesis, five studies were included. The details extracted from each article include: the sample cha...

Frontiers in Nutrition

Biological maturation status can affect individual differences, sex, height, body fat, and body w... more Biological maturation status can affect individual differences, sex, height, body fat, and body weight in adolescents and thus may be associated with obesity. The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between biological maturation and obesity. Overall, 1,328 adolescents (792 boys and 536 girls) aged 12.00 ± 0.94–12.21 ± 0.99 years, respectively (measured for body mass, body stature, sitting stature). Body weights were deter-mined with Tanita body analysis system and adolescent obesity status was calculated according to the WHO classification. Biological maturation was determined according to the somatic maturation method. Our results showed that boys mature 3.077-fold later than girls. Obesity was an increasing effect on early maturation. It was determined that being obese, overweight and healthy-weight increased the risk of early maturation 9.80, 6.99 and 1.81-fold, respectively. The equation of the model predicting maturation is: Logit (P) = 1/(1 + exp. (− (−31...

Biology

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between adolescents’ biological mat... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between adolescents’ biological maturation level and their muscle power, as well as their overall muscle strength. Overall, 691 adolescents (414 boys and 277 girls) aged 12.01–11.96 (measured for body mass, body height as well as vertical jump, muscle power, and muscle strength). There was a statistically significant difference in terms of average right and left grip strength, vertical jump, and power in the late maturation group. For the body height and vertical jump averages in male adolescents, it was observed that the body height and vertical jump averages in the late group were significantly lower than in the early and on-time maturation groups. For female adolescents’ chronological age, sitting height, body mass, BMI, left and right grip strength, and power averages were found to be significantly higher compared with the on-time group (p < 0.05). It was established that biological maturation has a substantial lin...

Nutrients

A short-term (e.g., 6 days) basketball tournament is a shorter version of international tournamen... more A short-term (e.g., 6 days) basketball tournament is a shorter version of international tournaments, and qualification in it enables participation in international tournaments such as the Olympics and World championships or preparation before major tournaments. Time for recovery between matches is shorter compared with major tournaments, resulting in an accentuated load on players, which can be repeated up to four times within the 6-day competition period. Therefore, nutritional strategies need to focus on faster and adequate recovery after each match as well as optimum fuelling and hydration before and during matches. Travelling can also create additional challenges when preparing and/or applying those nutritional strategies. There are some particular evidence-based sport foods and ergogenic aids that can improve intermittent activity and/or the execution of motor skills, which may facilitate basketball players’ recovery and performance. The present review provides practical nutrit...

Biology

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion... more The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion via caffeinated coffee on repeated sprint test (RST) and plasma catecholamine concentration in trained female team-sport athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 female team-sport athletes (VO2max: 48.7 ± 4 mL·kg·min−1) completed three RST trials, separated by 4-day, 60 min post-ingestion of either 3 mg·kg−1 (LCOF) or 6 mg·kg−1 (MCOF) or placebo (PLA). The RST consisted of 12 × 4 s sprints on a cycle ergometer interspersed with 20 s of active recovery. Blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (GLU) and epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were collected before and 60 min after coffee ingestion, and after RST. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the beginning of RST, and after the 6th and 12th sprints. Average peak power score during RST was significantly improved after LCOF (p = 0.016) and MCOF (p = 0.041) compared to PLA, but pe...

Tato studie hodnotí somatické profily, skok, sprint, výkony, vytrvalost a maximální hladinu laktá... more Tato studie hodnotí somatické profily, skok, sprint, výkony, vytrvalost a maximální hladinu laktátu v krvi ([LA] (vrchol)) hráčů házené dvou věkových skupin - U17 (n = 77) a U19 (n = 46) -a analyzuje roli tréninku v jejich fyzických schopnostech. Výkon vertikálního skoku byl určen testy proti pohybu pohybu (CMJ) a proti pohybu pohybu s volnými rameny (CMJFA). Běžecký anaerobní sprinterský test (RAST) určil relativní výkon (watty / kg tělesné hmotnosti) a absolutní výkon (watty) hráčů. Byl vyhodnocen výkon sprintu na vzdálenosti 5 m, 10 ma 30 m. Ke stanovení aerobního prahu (AeT), anaerobního prahu (AnT) a [LA] (vrchol), byl navržen inkrementální test člunkového běhu (40 m) Všechny parametry byly měřeny u spojek, křídel, pivotů a brankářů každé skupiny. Hráči U19 byli výrazně těžší než skupina U17, ale obě skupiny byly téměř stejné výšky. Skupina U19 vyskočila výše než členové U17, i když jediný významný rozdíl (p = 0,032) byl pozorován mezi křídly skupin v CMJ. Výkon sprintu se mezi...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The relationship between an athlete’s somatotype three-numeral rating and his or her athletic per... more The relationship between an athlete’s somatotype three-numeral rating and his or her athletic performance is well known. However, a direct effect of the different dominant somatotype on jumping and sprinting variables has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dominant somatotype on sport-specific explosive variables. One hundred and twelve physically active young adults (mean ± standard deviation age: 21.82 ± 3.18 years) were somatotype-rated using the Heath–Carter method. Participants were classified as balanced ectomorph, balanced mesomorph, central, mesomorph-endomorph, and mesomorphic ectomorph. Vertical jump and linear sprint tests were performed to measure peak lower body performance and sprint variables (time, speed, and momentum), respectively. The analysis revealed that balanced mesomorph had significantly higher vertical jump (effect size (ES) = 1.10, p = 0.005) and power to body mass (ES = 1.04, p = 0.023) than mesomorph-endomorph....

Applied Sciences

It is well known that the quadriceps muscle group is involved in activity during dynamic balance ... more It is well known that the quadriceps muscle group is involved in activity during dynamic balance and that dynamic balance tests are an important feedback tool for predicting lower limb injuries. However, the relationship between maximum leg extension strength and performance in the Y Balance Test is not fully known. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between unilateral leg extension strength and dynamic balance in healthy young men. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study. A total of 33 healthy men (mean age ± standard deviation = 21.21 ± 1.24 years) volunteered for this study. The participants’ dynamic balance was determined with the Y Balance Test and unilateral one repetition maximum strength was determined by the leg extension machine. The same side was preferred for strength and dynamic balance measurements. Normalized reach, composite score, and absolute and relative strength values were analyzed for correlations. Linear regression analysis wa...

Nutrients

The effect of nitrate (NO3−) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) responses during large muscle... more The effect of nitrate (NO3−) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) responses during large muscle mass isometric and ischaemic exercise in healthy young adults is unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 5-day supplementation of NO3− on BP responses during a short isometric contraction and a sustained ischaemic contraction. In a randomised, double-blinded, crossover design, 14 healthy active young adults underwent BP measurements after 5 days of either NO3− (NIT) or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Beat-by-beat BP was measured at pre- and post-exercise rest, and during a short (20 s) isometric contraction at 25% maximal strength and throughout a sustained ischaemic contraction. Plasma nitrite (NO2−) concentration increased significantly after NO3− supplementation compared to placebo (475 ± 93 nmol·L−1 vs. 198 ± 46 nmol·L−1, p < 0.001, d = 3.37). Systolic BP was significantly lower at pre- (p = 0.051) and post-exercise rest (p = 0.006), during a short isomet...

Applied Sciences

The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees ... more The Video Assistant Referee (VAR) application is a technological development that gives referees the chance to review their critical decisions. The current study aimed to determine the effect of the VAR system in international football organizations on the game over the years. The sample of the study consists of 115 football matches, specifically 64 matches played in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 51 matches played in the 2020 European Football Championship. In the competitions handled, the number of goals, the number of yellow cards, the number of red cards, the first half time, the second half time, the total match time, the number of penalties and the number of offsides were examined. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups. As a result, in the 2020 European Football Championship, there was a decrease in the second half time (p = 0.01) and total match time (p = 0.01), and a significant increase in the number of offsides (p = 0.03) compared to the 2018 FIFA...

Nutrients, 2022

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CMR) has been shown to enhance exercise performance. However, the inf... more Carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CMR) has been shown to enhance exercise performance. However, the influence of CMR on repetitions to failure with different intensities (40% or 80% of 1 RM) is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 6% CMR solution on muscular endurance assessed at 40% and 80% of 1 RM in resistance-trained males. Sixteen resistance-trained males (age: 25 ± 3 years, height: 182 ± 6 cm, body mass: 86 ± 3 kg, body fat: 16 ± 3%, bench press 1 RM: 106 ± 16 kg, resistance training experience: 5 ± 1 years) completed four conditions in random order. The four conditions consisted of ten seconds of mouth rinsing with 25 mL solutions containing either maltodextrin or placebo (sweetened water) prior to performing a bench press muscular endurance test at either 40% of 1 RM or 80% of 1 RM. Total repetitions, heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), glucose (GLU) and felt arousal (FA) were recorded for each condition. There was a signi...

Applied Sciences, 2022

Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which can improve force performance executed a... more Post-activation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which can improve force performance executed after a previous conditioning activity. PAP is usually evoked through heavy resistance, but many new methods are being suggested that acutely improve performance in post-activation potentiation protocols. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of simultaneous application of Smith machine back squats (BS) with electromyostimulation (EMS) on sprint performance. Sixteen male (age = 22.9 ± 2.3 years, body mass = 79.9 ± 13.8 kg, BS one-repetition maximum (1 RM) = 120.5 ± 17.3) amateur football and rugby players volunteered for this study. Participants randomly performed PAP protocols (CON = no load, BS = 3 × 85% of 1 RM BS, EMS = 3 × weightless squat with electric current and BS + EMS = 3 × 85% 1 RM BS with electric current) on four different days with at least 48 h intervals. Participants rested passively for 7 min after preloads and performed the 30 m sprint test. Sprint times f...

The aim of the research was determining the differences, similarities and relations between time,... more The aim of the research was determining the differences, similarities and relations between time, distance and maximum speed occurring in the structure of exercises – small games. While selecting exercises, the assumption was to maintain similar internal load with various technical-tactical assumptions assessed with the help of parameters generated with the use of GPS and IMU technologies. Twelve basketball players took part in the research (age 24 ± 4.7 years; height 187.9 ± 5.2 cm; weight 83.9 ± 8.7 kg). 3 exercises simulating match conditions, and intervals between them lasted 5 minutes. The players played as long as one of the teams scored 25 points. The ranges of IMU like acceleration or deceleration were divided into I-VIII zones from the value of -8 to 8 m/s/s. To examine differences in total distance and total effort among three exercises, we performed repeated ANOVA measures. This test was statistically significant at alpha (ρ ≤ 0.05). The maximum speed and the longest dist...

Human Movement

Purpose. The main goal of this study was to determine the predictive value of the indexes of aero... more Purpose. The main goal of this study was to determine the predictive value of the indexes of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in relation to specific on-ice tests performed by hockey players that focus on strength, power, speed as well as speed and strength endurance. Methods. Ice hockey players, who were members of the U20 (under 20 years of age) Polish National Ice Hockey Team, were selected from the Athletic School in Sosnowiec, Poland. Parameters that determine anaerobic and aerobic capacity were evaluated and a special physical fitness assessment was made based on a battery of ice-hockey specific tests. The degree and direction of correlations between the individual parameters of anaerobic and aerobic endurance and the special physical fitness test were calculated. Results. The obtained results found significant correlations between maximal power obtained from the Wingate test and certain aspects of the special physical fitness test, specifically the 6 × 9 turns, 6 × 9 stops and...

The investigation aimed to find similarities and differences between parameter values correspondi... more The investigation aimed to find similarities and differences between parameter values corresponding to exercise intensity at the anaerobic threshold determined using a 4MmAT method analysing the lactate curve and a method analysing ventilation changes. The VO2, HR, PAT, and LA values at the anaerobic threshold were found to be statistically different at the level of p ≤ 0.001. Parameter values at the anaerobic threshold as found using the 4MmAT method are lower than those provided by the VT. method, i.e. 47.13 ± 2.54 and 49.88 ± 2.37 ml×kg−1×min−1 for VO2AT, 161 ± 4.4 and 169 ± 5.1 bp×min−1 for HRAT and 3.16 ± 0.12 and 3.41 ± 0.14 W×kg−1 for PAT, respectively. All parameters recorded for exercise intensity at the AT level were determined to be statistically significantly related. Regardless of the method applied, power parameters at the AT level were found to be very similar, while HR values turned out to be the least similar.