TL Singal - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Drafts by TL Singal

Recipient of Teachers' Excellence Award 2016-17 from the honourable Chancellor Chitkara University

Papers by TL Singal

Optical Fiber Communications

Optical Fiber Communications

Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Applications, 2016

An optical fiber is the core component of an optical fiber communication link. Popularly known as... more An optical fiber is the core component of an optical fiber communication link. Popularly known as optical fiber cables, they are the most promising type of guided transmission medium for virtually all forms of digital and data communications applications. With optical fibers, electromagnetic light waves propagate through the media composed of a transparent material without using electrical current flow. Optical fibers are mostly made of glass or plastic material having properties such that the phenomena of total internal reflection takes place that enables light waves to propagate within it in a properly guided manner similar to that of electromagnetic waves through a metallic transmission medium. This chapter begins with an easy-to-understand ray model of the propagation of light through optical fibers. It is followed by a discussion on the concept of modes and the modal analysis of step-index as well as the graded-index type of fibers. Finally, the type of losses and dispersions are explained to assess the limitation of optical fibers. Review of Optical Ray Theory In essence, an optical fiber communications system is one that uses light (optical signal) as the carrier of analog or digital information signal. Propagating light waves, carrying information, through the earth's atmosphere is difficult and often impractical. The optical energy in a light wave follows narrow paths, called light rays or beams. For most practical applications, the light rays are used to describe a number of optical phenomena geometrically. In fact, ray theory is known as geometric optics. It is these rays (geometrical paths traversed by light) which actually carry the optical energy. Velocity of Propagation Electromagnetic energy, such as light waves, travels at a velocity of c = 3 × 108 m/sec approximately in free space (a vacuum). Moreover, the velocity of propagation is the same for all light frequencies in free space. However, it has been demonstrated that • All light frequencies are not propagated with the same velocity. • Since materials are denser (possess higher refractive index) than free space, electromagnetic waves travel slower in materials than in free space. • When the velocity of an electromagnetic wave is reduced as it travels from one medium to another medium of denser material, the light ray refracts (i.e., bends or changes direction) toward the normal. • Likewise, when an electromagnetic wave travels from a denser material into a lighter one, it gets refracted away from the normal.

IEEE 43rd Vehicular Technology Conference, 1993

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the result of the standardization work done by the 3rd Generation Pa... more Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the result of the standardization work done by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to achieve a new high speed radio access in the mobile communications frame. Cell selection by a mobile UE is another issue in LTE. In particularly, an interesting challenge in the physical layer of LTE is how the mobile unit immediately after powering on, select a radio cell and locks on to it. More specifically, to understand how the mobile unit establishes the connection with the strongest cell station in surrounding region. To do this, the mobile unit has to overcome the challenges of estimating the channel to communicate with the cell site and frequency synchronization. To appropriately synchronize the mobile unit with the base station when multiple mobile unit are communicating with same receiver from various distances.

With continuous growth of wireless internet technology, the vast potential of Massive Open Online... more With continuous growth of wireless internet technology, the vast potential of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has opened up new vistas with thousands of motivated learners across the globe. This paper discusses the effectiveness of introducing an online open course titled `Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering-I’, conducted by Prof. Don Johnson of Rice University Houston Texas USA. The study pattern, assessment criterion, and the outcome are presented here for this course offered to second year students of 4-years BE (ECE) program of Chitkara University Punjab. The performance was evaluated; the results were analyzed periodically and have been summarized here. The effectiveness of MOOCs in engineering education is established as useful supplementary learning course. The study can be extended for more than one allied courses and the outcome be analyzed. Keywords—CGPA, Engineering Education, MOOC, Online Course, Performance Analysis

Several overlaid wireless networks such as 3G Cellular, Wireless LANs (WiFi), Wireless MANs (WiMA... more Several overlaid wireless networks such as 3G Cellular, Wireless LANs (WiFi), Wireless MANs (WiMAX), Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs), Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) may exist over the same geographical area. The requirement of interoperability among these heterogeneous wireless communication networks is of utmost importance. Spectrum conflict is the potential for competing technologies using the same frequency bands to interfere with each other to the extent that their performance degrades significantly when used within close operating range of each other. The interworking of these diverse wireless technologies for efficient delivery of value-added applications and services lead to several challenging issues, mainly related to architectures, resource allocations, mobility management, quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning, and security. The focus of this paper is to discuss various aspects of interoperability of heterogeneous wireless networks and to...

Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) technique maintains the original signaling ... more Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) technique maintains the original signaling interval while it spreads the signal over wide bandwidth like direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) technique. Low amount of delay spread reduces the guard interval in MC-CDMA and make it power efficient. MC-CDMA is sensitive to frequency offset and small Doppler spread is preferred which enable MC-CDMA scheme to work efficiently. MC-CDMA analyzes nearly all the scattered powers effectively using cyclic prefix insertion technique. Fequency domain equalizers are used for MC-CDMA which performs better than rake receivers used for DS-CDMA. This paper describes the functional requirements to implement MC-CDMA scheme and interleaved division multiple access (IDMA) in which the interleavers employ chip-level interleavers to distinguish different users. Multiple access interference (MAI) comprises of intracell interference and intercell interference. It causes a severe degrada...

The 4G wireless networks are being developed to make use of the latest developments in wireless t... more The 4G wireless networks are being developed to make use of the latest developments in wireless technology domain. These networks are envisioned to offer higher bandwidths, up to 100 Mbps, global roaming, and network scalability. Coded OFDM, a combination of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and code division multiple access (CDMA) has been considered as an efficient technique due to its bandwidth efficiency, frequency diversity, high throughput and immunity to channel dispersion. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are used for Coded OFDM transmission due to its simple iterative decoding and excellent performance which results in high throughput. Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) fulfils the design objectives of bandwidth and power efficiency, link adaptation with respect to data rate, data reliability, quality of service, and service provisioning, low-complexity transceivers, and ability to operate on frequency selective and fast-fading channels. In this...

In mobile radio communications, various phenomena such as multipath wave propagation, time disper... more In mobile radio communications, various phenomena such as multipath wave propagation, time dispersion, and fading introduce errors like Intersymbol interference (ISI), and other distortions into the signals that are transmitted over wireless channel in mobile radio communications. To combat errors, equalization (a sophisticated set of signal processing techniques), convolution coding and other schemes are employed. Equalization process compensates for channel-induced interference whereas convolution coding enable for detection and possible correction of errors in a digital mobile radio communication system. Technical computing is very powerful for simulation and evaluation of error-performance of digital data transmission. This paper gives a brief overview of adaptive equalization and the convolution coding used in mobile communication systems. Suitable algorithms for simulation of these techniques are presented here. The results are obtained using MATLAB functions and derived in th...

Cognitive radios have created an ability to transmit data to licensed users in several bands with... more Cognitive radios have created an ability to transmit data to licensed users in several bands without causing harmful interference. But this has also resulted in newer security threats along with the awareness of cognitive radios. Adversaries exploit vulnerabilities of this latest technology and cause significant degradation of the performance. The existing research on security issues in cognitive radio networks indicates that cognitive networks are very prone to multiple security threats on various protocol layers. Moreover, possible countermeasures are suggested to combat threats at different layers but which countermeasures are really capable of counteracting these threats are very difficult to identify. In this paper, a detailed analysis of globally identified security threats within a cognitive radio network (CRN) is presented. Upon careful review of the researches been done so far, graphical representation of potential countermeasures to combat security threats at each layer is...

2015 Fifth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, 2015

In the modern era due to increase in large number of users the issue of spectrum congestion arise... more In the modern era due to increase in large number of users the issue of spectrum congestion arises. This type of muddle can be resolve by various techniques but Cognitive radio is one of them. Cognitive Radio is a smart technique that can provide the efficient usage of spectrum. The spectrum sensing is the chief principle of cognitive radio networks. This paper covers the major contents of Cognitive Radio such as the need of CR and also its types and makes the useful analysis of SNR and Detection. The relationship between SNR and false alarm has also been analysed in this paper. Comparison on the basis of the theoretical value and the simulated result are also discussed.

Optical Fiber Communications

Deep Learning and IoT in Healthcare Systems

Recipient of Teachers' Excellence Award 2016-17 from the honourable Chancellor Chitkara University

Optical Fiber Communications

Optical Fiber Communications

Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Applications, 2016

An optical fiber is the core component of an optical fiber communication link. Popularly known as... more An optical fiber is the core component of an optical fiber communication link. Popularly known as optical fiber cables, they are the most promising type of guided transmission medium for virtually all forms of digital and data communications applications. With optical fibers, electromagnetic light waves propagate through the media composed of a transparent material without using electrical current flow. Optical fibers are mostly made of glass or plastic material having properties such that the phenomena of total internal reflection takes place that enables light waves to propagate within it in a properly guided manner similar to that of electromagnetic waves through a metallic transmission medium. This chapter begins with an easy-to-understand ray model of the propagation of light through optical fibers. It is followed by a discussion on the concept of modes and the modal analysis of step-index as well as the graded-index type of fibers. Finally, the type of losses and dispersions are explained to assess the limitation of optical fibers. Review of Optical Ray Theory In essence, an optical fiber communications system is one that uses light (optical signal) as the carrier of analog or digital information signal. Propagating light waves, carrying information, through the earth's atmosphere is difficult and often impractical. The optical energy in a light wave follows narrow paths, called light rays or beams. For most practical applications, the light rays are used to describe a number of optical phenomena geometrically. In fact, ray theory is known as geometric optics. It is these rays (geometrical paths traversed by light) which actually carry the optical energy. Velocity of Propagation Electromagnetic energy, such as light waves, travels at a velocity of c = 3 × 108 m/sec approximately in free space (a vacuum). Moreover, the velocity of propagation is the same for all light frequencies in free space. However, it has been demonstrated that • All light frequencies are not propagated with the same velocity. • Since materials are denser (possess higher refractive index) than free space, electromagnetic waves travel slower in materials than in free space. • When the velocity of an electromagnetic wave is reduced as it travels from one medium to another medium of denser material, the light ray refracts (i.e., bends or changes direction) toward the normal. • Likewise, when an electromagnetic wave travels from a denser material into a lighter one, it gets refracted away from the normal.

IEEE 43rd Vehicular Technology Conference, 1993

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the result of the standardization work done by the 3rd Generation Pa... more Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the result of the standardization work done by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to achieve a new high speed radio access in the mobile communications frame. Cell selection by a mobile UE is another issue in LTE. In particularly, an interesting challenge in the physical layer of LTE is how the mobile unit immediately after powering on, select a radio cell and locks on to it. More specifically, to understand how the mobile unit establishes the connection with the strongest cell station in surrounding region. To do this, the mobile unit has to overcome the challenges of estimating the channel to communicate with the cell site and frequency synchronization. To appropriately synchronize the mobile unit with the base station when multiple mobile unit are communicating with same receiver from various distances.

With continuous growth of wireless internet technology, the vast potential of Massive Open Online... more With continuous growth of wireless internet technology, the vast potential of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) has opened up new vistas with thousands of motivated learners across the globe. This paper discusses the effectiveness of introducing an online open course titled `Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering-I’, conducted by Prof. Don Johnson of Rice University Houston Texas USA. The study pattern, assessment criterion, and the outcome are presented here for this course offered to second year students of 4-years BE (ECE) program of Chitkara University Punjab. The performance was evaluated; the results were analyzed periodically and have been summarized here. The effectiveness of MOOCs in engineering education is established as useful supplementary learning course. The study can be extended for more than one allied courses and the outcome be analyzed. Keywords—CGPA, Engineering Education, MOOC, Online Course, Performance Analysis

Several overlaid wireless networks such as 3G Cellular, Wireless LANs (WiFi), Wireless MANs (WiMA... more Several overlaid wireless networks such as 3G Cellular, Wireless LANs (WiFi), Wireless MANs (WiMAX), Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs), Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) may exist over the same geographical area. The requirement of interoperability among these heterogeneous wireless communication networks is of utmost importance. Spectrum conflict is the potential for competing technologies using the same frequency bands to interfere with each other to the extent that their performance degrades significantly when used within close operating range of each other. The interworking of these diverse wireless technologies for efficient delivery of value-added applications and services lead to several challenging issues, mainly related to architectures, resource allocations, mobility management, quality-of-service (QoS) provisioning, and security. The focus of this paper is to discuss various aspects of interoperability of heterogeneous wireless networks and to...

Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) technique maintains the original signaling ... more Multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) technique maintains the original signaling interval while it spreads the signal over wide bandwidth like direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) technique. Low amount of delay spread reduces the guard interval in MC-CDMA and make it power efficient. MC-CDMA is sensitive to frequency offset and small Doppler spread is preferred which enable MC-CDMA scheme to work efficiently. MC-CDMA analyzes nearly all the scattered powers effectively using cyclic prefix insertion technique. Fequency domain equalizers are used for MC-CDMA which performs better than rake receivers used for DS-CDMA. This paper describes the functional requirements to implement MC-CDMA scheme and interleaved division multiple access (IDMA) in which the interleavers employ chip-level interleavers to distinguish different users. Multiple access interference (MAI) comprises of intracell interference and intercell interference. It causes a severe degrada...

The 4G wireless networks are being developed to make use of the latest developments in wireless t... more The 4G wireless networks are being developed to make use of the latest developments in wireless technology domain. These networks are envisioned to offer higher bandwidths, up to 100 Mbps, global roaming, and network scalability. Coded OFDM, a combination of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and code division multiple access (CDMA) has been considered as an efficient technique due to its bandwidth efficiency, frequency diversity, high throughput and immunity to channel dispersion. Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are used for Coded OFDM transmission due to its simple iterative decoding and excellent performance which results in high throughput. Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) fulfils the design objectives of bandwidth and power efficiency, link adaptation with respect to data rate, data reliability, quality of service, and service provisioning, low-complexity transceivers, and ability to operate on frequency selective and fast-fading channels. In this...

In mobile radio communications, various phenomena such as multipath wave propagation, time disper... more In mobile radio communications, various phenomena such as multipath wave propagation, time dispersion, and fading introduce errors like Intersymbol interference (ISI), and other distortions into the signals that are transmitted over wireless channel in mobile radio communications. To combat errors, equalization (a sophisticated set of signal processing techniques), convolution coding and other schemes are employed. Equalization process compensates for channel-induced interference whereas convolution coding enable for detection and possible correction of errors in a digital mobile radio communication system. Technical computing is very powerful for simulation and evaluation of error-performance of digital data transmission. This paper gives a brief overview of adaptive equalization and the convolution coding used in mobile communication systems. Suitable algorithms for simulation of these techniques are presented here. The results are obtained using MATLAB functions and derived in th...

Cognitive radios have created an ability to transmit data to licensed users in several bands with... more Cognitive radios have created an ability to transmit data to licensed users in several bands without causing harmful interference. But this has also resulted in newer security threats along with the awareness of cognitive radios. Adversaries exploit vulnerabilities of this latest technology and cause significant degradation of the performance. The existing research on security issues in cognitive radio networks indicates that cognitive networks are very prone to multiple security threats on various protocol layers. Moreover, possible countermeasures are suggested to combat threats at different layers but which countermeasures are really capable of counteracting these threats are very difficult to identify. In this paper, a detailed analysis of globally identified security threats within a cognitive radio network (CRN) is presented. Upon careful review of the researches been done so far, graphical representation of potential countermeasures to combat security threats at each layer is...

2015 Fifth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, 2015

In the modern era due to increase in large number of users the issue of spectrum congestion arise... more In the modern era due to increase in large number of users the issue of spectrum congestion arises. This type of muddle can be resolve by various techniques but Cognitive radio is one of them. Cognitive Radio is a smart technique that can provide the efficient usage of spectrum. The spectrum sensing is the chief principle of cognitive radio networks. This paper covers the major contents of Cognitive Radio such as the need of CR and also its types and makes the useful analysis of SNR and Detection. The relationship between SNR and false alarm has also been analysed in this paper. Comparison on the basis of the theoretical value and the simulated result are also discussed.

Optical Fiber Communications

Deep Learning and IoT in Healthcare Systems

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology

A microstrip patch antenna is a type of radio antenna that can be mounted on a lower surface. The... more A microstrip patch antenna is a type of radio antenna that can be mounted on a lower surface. The microstrip patch antennas are widely used in low cost wireless communication applications because they have distinct several benefits as compared to the traditional antennas. In this paper, the design and development methodology of microstrip patch antenna having Hshaped and using the FR4 substrate with 1 mm thickness has been discussed. The antenna parameters such as gain, bandwidth, return loss, and radiation pattern has been analysed on LED3 software. Other types of microstrip patch antennas can be designed using this methodology and the performance can be evaluated as required for a specific application.