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Papers by Takenori Horimoto

The Journal of Indian and Asian Studies, 2021

The Indo-Pacific region is said to be the center of the 21st century, unlike the Asia-Pacific in ... more The Indo-Pacific region is said to be the center of the 21st century, unlike the Asia-Pacific in the 20th century. In the region, China is emerging rapidly in terms of economic strength, defense capability, and international presence. The US and other concerned countries are striving to cope with the new development. It looks that the US manages to somehow retain its Pax Americana as in the latter half of the last century. China which dreams to head for Pax Sinica has been implementing various measures including removing unfavorable circumstances to promote its dream. At the moment, it is hard to make prompt predictions on how these two Pax would be going. The key question would be ways to deal with China. Typical policies now under implementation are engaging policy represented by the RCEP and balancing policy by the Quad. These two policies have a timeline of short-term policy and middle-term policy. Perhaps, contents of the policies would be finalized depending upon China’s econo...

New Regional Geopolitics in the Indo-Pacific

Originally published as 堀本武功「第3章緊密化する日印関係と今後の課題」『インド第三の大国へ—〈戦略的自律〉外交の追求』、岩波書店、2015年、99-126

Northeast India and Japan, 2021

Senri ethnological studies, 2017

insufficient in isolation. Non-Alignment carried another important implication: joining in some d... more insufficient in isolation. Non-Alignment carried another important implication: joining in some degree of common cause with other Non-Alignment-espousing countries, such as Egypt and the former Yugoslavia. Cooperation among Non-Aligned countries was somehow successful in maintaining their independence through collective protests against various unfavorable policies and situations. In this sense, Non-Alignment differs completely from NonAlignment 2.0 (Khilnani et al. 2012), which advocates a new Non-Alignment policy under the present circumstances, without allied partners. Nonetheless, this Non-Alignment has contributed to the pursuit of strategic autonomy in terms of strategic thinking, propounded among the Indian strategic community from the 1990s onward. Most recently, with the advent of the Modi government, the goal of transforming India into a major world power has been particularly emphasized. 1.2 Alliance with the Soviet Union It might be inferred that non-alignment was a useful and effective foreign policy during the sustained, antagonistic rivalry between the two camps during the 1950s and 1960s. Paradoxically sounds though, it was only possible to pursue non-alignment in the context of the Cold War rivalry that India tried continually to diffuse. India shifted its foreign policy to an alliance with the Soviet Union in 1971. In fact, India has never jettisoned its pro forma adherence to the Non-Alignment facade. India was nevertheless compelled to adopt an alliance policy due to the emergence of two international alliances involving important international actors: the US-Pakistan-China and India-the Soviet Union. India and the Soviet Union concluded the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in August 1971. Article 9 stipulates that in the event of "either being subjected to an attack or a threat thereof, the High Contracting Parties shall immediately enter into mutual consultations to remove such threat and to take appropriate effective measures to ensure peace and the security of their countries" (emphasis added). If alliances are defined for these purposes as "formal associations of states for the use (or non-use) of military force, in specified circumstances, against states outside their own membership," (Snyder 1997: 7), then Article 9 of the treaty signifies that the two countries entered into a formal alliance. On August 10, 1971, The Times reported that "India today entered into a formal alliance with the Soviet Union"; meanwhile, The Guardian clarified the move as a "departure from the Indian policy of non-alignment." The alliance was successful in counterbalancing the US-China-Pakistan combination. However, this was achieved at the cost of India's valuable strategic autonomy. A typical case in point occurred in 1979, when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. India, which had consistently criticized interference in other countries' domestic matters, was unable to assert a single critical word against the invasion. 1.3 Conspicuous Features of India's Foreign Policy during the Cold War Through its early Cold War experiences, India might have learned the effectiveness of

Journal of Asian Economic Integration

Because of the USA’s relative decline of national power and the rapid emergence of China, the Ind... more Because of the USA’s relative decline of national power and the rapid emergence of China, the Indo-Pacific lacks a regional order as existed during the latter half of the twentieth century. The USA and China have had strained relations since the 2010s as economic and hegemonic rivals. Furthermore, at the cusp of the 2020s, a blame game is unfolding over COVID-19. Neither nation can be expected to serve a role as an order manager of peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific. Under such international situations, Japan and India should cooperate to initiate consideration of the regional order now. To establish such an order for the future, ends and means carry an importance. The ends should be the creation of a free, open, inclusive and democratic Indo-Pacific. The means should be some mechanisms based on principles of multilateralism, for example, Quad-Plus, not only involving the four countries: like-minded countries should also be included. In this way, we can find a silver lining bey...

Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies

The bilateral relations of India and China deteriorated for many years after the border clash of ... more The bilateral relations of India and China deteriorated for many years after the border clash of 1962. From the 1990s to the present day, relations have improved gradually between two countries. An important turning point was the agreement for border peace and tranquility concluded in 1993, the essence of which included efforts to boost bilateral economic relations while shelving the border issue. Today, China stands as one of the top three major trading partners of India's bilateral trade. The two countries cooperate in the fields of global warming, formation of multilateral world system through SCO and BRICS summit, while confrontation persists in terms of their border issue: the Indian Ocean. Moreover, India casts a wary eye over China's policies in relation to South Asian countries. Today, India pursues its China policy with both engagement and hedging. Bilateral relations could be characterized as ambivalent, particularly from the Indian side and more or less from the Chinese side as well.

International Relations of the Asia-Pacific

A power transformation appears to be taking place in Asia, brought about by the rapid emergence o... more A power transformation appears to be taking place in Asia, brought about by the rapid emergence of China and the relative decline of US influence. India has sought a way to cope with this new situation. India itself has been rising to prominence since the 1990s, particularly its nuclear weapon tests in 1998 onward. Since the start of the twenty-first century, India has been perceived as the next country to follow China in seeking a major power status. Although India has previously tended to conceal its power aspirations, in 2015 it declared its intention to be a leading power. This article elucidates this transformation through India's policy orientation on a local, regional, and global level and its key partnerships with Russia and Japan. India's metamorphosis holds great implications for the transformation of power in Asia.