Tareq Alshammari - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
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Papers by Tareq Alshammari
PLOS ONE, Apr 11, 2022
This study analyzes aggregate data on trade flows to examine the performance of bilateral free tr... more This study analyzes aggregate data on trade flows to examine the performance of bilateral free trade agreements (BFTAs) between the United States and 11 BFTA nations in a twodimensional approach. In line with the literature, this study applies the gravity model and analyzes the effect of the treatment using Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) panel data from 1992 to 2017. We use the PPML as an alternative methodology to an ordinary least squares model, as it can treat zero trade values and lead to unbiased estimates and different consistencies. We consider the trade in goods but excluded services because of the different nature of trade for services. Moreover, this study highlights the quantitative performance of BFTAs without considering the industry level to compare the overall benefits for the trade flows from the U.S. as an exporter to BFTA countries and vice versa. It thus adds to the debate on the effect of FTAs on trade flows and conducts pre-FTA and post-FTA analyses to compare the volumes of exports and imports during both periods. Findings vary according to the direction of trade; notably, some trading partners increased their trading volume to 388%. In sum, this paper provides a collective current state assessment to demonstrate the most plausible reasons for the effects of the 11 BFTAs, in addition to informing policymakers on the lessons learned from each BFTA.
PLOS ONE
This study analyzes aggregate data on trade flows to examine the performance of bilateral free tr... more This study analyzes aggregate data on trade flows to examine the performance of bilateral free trade agreements (BFTAs) between the United States and 11 BFTA nations in a two-dimensional approach. In line with the literature, this study applies the gravity model and analyzes the effect of the treatment using Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) panel data from 1992 to 2017. We use the PPML as an alternative methodology to an ordinary least squares model, as it can treat zero trade values and lead to unbiased estimates and different consistencies. We consider the trade in goods but excluded services because of the different nature of trade for services. Moreover, this study highlights the quantitative performance of BFTAs without considering the industry level to compare the overall benefits for the trade flows from the U.S. as an exporter to BFTA countries and vice versa. It thus adds to the debate on the effect of FTAs on trade flows and conducts pre-FTA and post-FTA analyses t...
Archives of Business Research, 2018
With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the ... more With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the globe have made the necessary interventions to ensure cyber-security. Saudi Arabia has been the worst victim of cyber-crimes in the Gulf region. This article investigates the preparedness of Saudi Arabia to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to combat against cyber-crimes, Saudi Arabia formed the anti-cybercrimes law in 2007. Global Cyber-security Index of 2017 has placed Saudi Arabia in the maturing stage behind the leading nations. Anti-cybercrimes law covers essential areas to fight against cyber-crimes and states their punishments. However, it is found to be deficient to protect against identity theft, invasion of privacy, cyber-bullying etc. This research finds Saudi Arabia semi-prepared to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to be among the leading nations of cyber-security; Saudi Arabia needs to strengthen its anticybercrimes law, cyber-security regulations and national cyber-security authority. It needs to develop cyber-security strategy, standards, metrics and R&D programs. It should promote home-grown cyber-security industry, incentivize cyber-security companies and enter into multilateral agreements.
Without witnesses there can be no effective criminal justice system. Yet despite this clear fact,... more Without witnesses there can be no effective criminal justice system. Yet despite this clear fact, many obstacles have stood in the way of these witnesses and of achieving the best evidence they can provide, particularly with vulnerable and intimidated witnesses. In recent decades, some jurisdictions have taken legislative and regulatory steps to lower or remove these barriers, but in other countries little or nothing has been done. This thesis examines one example of the former proactive jurisdictions (England & Wales), and one jurisdiction that has yet to take any significant steps towards protecting or helping witnesses (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). The principal theme of my argument relates to how Saudi courts can learn from the experiences of courts in England and Wales in terms of protecting witnesses and, specifically, (i) whether there exist fundamental justifications for the implementation of special measures for witnesses from English law into Saudi courts, and (ii) whether the Saudi government can transplant the special measures for witnesses seen in English laws in order to influence further developments in Saudi law. In determining whether III
Archives of Business Research, 2018
With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the ... more With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the globe have made the necessary interventions to ensure cyber-security. Saudi Arabia has been the worst victim of cyber-crimes in the Gulf region. This article investigates the preparedness of Saudi Arabia to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to combat against cyber-crimes, Saudi Arabia formed the anti-cybercrimes law in 2007. Global Cyber-security Index of 2017 has placed Saudi Arabia in the maturing stage behind the leading nations. Anti-cybercrimes law covers essential areas to fight against cyber-crimes and states their punishments. However, it is found to be deficient to protect against identity theft, invasion of privacy, cyber-bullying etc. This research finds Saudi Arabia semi-prepared to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to be among the leading nations of cyber-security; Saudi Arabia needs to strengthen its anti-cybercrimes law, cyber-security regulations and national cyber-security authority. It needs to develop cyber-security strategy, standards, metrics and R&D programs. It should promote home-grown cyber-security industry, incentivize cyber-security companies and enter into multilateral agreements.
Without witnesses there can be no effective criminal justice system. Yet despite this clear fact,... more Without witnesses there can be no effective criminal justice system. Yet despite this clear fact, many obstacles have stood in the way of these witnesses and of achieving the best evidence they can provide, particularly with vulnerable and intimidated witnesses. In recent decades, some jurisdictions have taken legislative and regulatory steps to lower or remove these barriers, but in other countries little or nothing has been done. This thesis examines one example of the former proactive jurisdictions (England & Wales), and one jurisdiction that has yet to take any significant steps towards protecting or helping witnesses (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). The principal theme of my argument relates to how Saudi courts can learn from the experiences of courts in England and Wales in terms of protecting witnesses and, specifically, (i) whether there exist fundamental justifications for the implementation of special measures for witnesses from English law into Saudi courts, and (ii) whether th...
Archives of Business Research, 2018
With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the ... more With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the globe have made the necessary interventions to ensure cyber-security. Saudi Arabia has been the worst victim of cyber-crimes in the Gulf region. This article investigates the preparedness of Saudi Arabia to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to combat against cyber-crimes, Saudi Arabia formed the anti-cybercrimes law in 2007. Global Cyber-security Index of 2017 has placed Saudi Arabia in the maturing stage behind the leading nations. Anti-cybercrimes law covers essential areas to fight against cyber-crimes and states their punishments. However, it is found to be deficient to protect against identity theft, invasion of privacy, cyber-bullying etc. This research finds Saudi Arabia semi-prepared to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to be among the leading nations of cyber-security; Saudi Arabia needs to strengthen its anti-cybercrimes law, cyber-security regulations and...
PLOS ONE, Apr 11, 2022
This study analyzes aggregate data on trade flows to examine the performance of bilateral free tr... more This study analyzes aggregate data on trade flows to examine the performance of bilateral free trade agreements (BFTAs) between the United States and 11 BFTA nations in a twodimensional approach. In line with the literature, this study applies the gravity model and analyzes the effect of the treatment using Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) panel data from 1992 to 2017. We use the PPML as an alternative methodology to an ordinary least squares model, as it can treat zero trade values and lead to unbiased estimates and different consistencies. We consider the trade in goods but excluded services because of the different nature of trade for services. Moreover, this study highlights the quantitative performance of BFTAs without considering the industry level to compare the overall benefits for the trade flows from the U.S. as an exporter to BFTA countries and vice versa. It thus adds to the debate on the effect of FTAs on trade flows and conducts pre-FTA and post-FTA analyses to compare the volumes of exports and imports during both periods. Findings vary according to the direction of trade; notably, some trading partners increased their trading volume to 388%. In sum, this paper provides a collective current state assessment to demonstrate the most plausible reasons for the effects of the 11 BFTAs, in addition to informing policymakers on the lessons learned from each BFTA.
PLOS ONE
This study analyzes aggregate data on trade flows to examine the performance of bilateral free tr... more This study analyzes aggregate data on trade flows to examine the performance of bilateral free trade agreements (BFTAs) between the United States and 11 BFTA nations in a two-dimensional approach. In line with the literature, this study applies the gravity model and analyzes the effect of the treatment using Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) panel data from 1992 to 2017. We use the PPML as an alternative methodology to an ordinary least squares model, as it can treat zero trade values and lead to unbiased estimates and different consistencies. We consider the trade in goods but excluded services because of the different nature of trade for services. Moreover, this study highlights the quantitative performance of BFTAs without considering the industry level to compare the overall benefits for the trade flows from the U.S. as an exporter to BFTA countries and vice versa. It thus adds to the debate on the effect of FTAs on trade flows and conducts pre-FTA and post-FTA analyses t...
Archives of Business Research, 2018
With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the ... more With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the globe have made the necessary interventions to ensure cyber-security. Saudi Arabia has been the worst victim of cyber-crimes in the Gulf region. This article investigates the preparedness of Saudi Arabia to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to combat against cyber-crimes, Saudi Arabia formed the anti-cybercrimes law in 2007. Global Cyber-security Index of 2017 has placed Saudi Arabia in the maturing stage behind the leading nations. Anti-cybercrimes law covers essential areas to fight against cyber-crimes and states their punishments. However, it is found to be deficient to protect against identity theft, invasion of privacy, cyber-bullying etc. This research finds Saudi Arabia semi-prepared to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to be among the leading nations of cyber-security; Saudi Arabia needs to strengthen its anticybercrimes law, cyber-security regulations and national cyber-security authority. It needs to develop cyber-security strategy, standards, metrics and R&D programs. It should promote home-grown cyber-security industry, incentivize cyber-security companies and enter into multilateral agreements.
Without witnesses there can be no effective criminal justice system. Yet despite this clear fact,... more Without witnesses there can be no effective criminal justice system. Yet despite this clear fact, many obstacles have stood in the way of these witnesses and of achieving the best evidence they can provide, particularly with vulnerable and intimidated witnesses. In recent decades, some jurisdictions have taken legislative and regulatory steps to lower or remove these barriers, but in other countries little or nothing has been done. This thesis examines one example of the former proactive jurisdictions (England & Wales), and one jurisdiction that has yet to take any significant steps towards protecting or helping witnesses (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). The principal theme of my argument relates to how Saudi courts can learn from the experiences of courts in England and Wales in terms of protecting witnesses and, specifically, (i) whether there exist fundamental justifications for the implementation of special measures for witnesses from English law into Saudi courts, and (ii) whether the Saudi government can transplant the special measures for witnesses seen in English laws in order to influence further developments in Saudi law. In determining whether III
Archives of Business Research, 2018
With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the ... more With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the globe have made the necessary interventions to ensure cyber-security. Saudi Arabia has been the worst victim of cyber-crimes in the Gulf region. This article investigates the preparedness of Saudi Arabia to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to combat against cyber-crimes, Saudi Arabia formed the anti-cybercrimes law in 2007. Global Cyber-security Index of 2017 has placed Saudi Arabia in the maturing stage behind the leading nations. Anti-cybercrimes law covers essential areas to fight against cyber-crimes and states their punishments. However, it is found to be deficient to protect against identity theft, invasion of privacy, cyber-bullying etc. This research finds Saudi Arabia semi-prepared to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to be among the leading nations of cyber-security; Saudi Arabia needs to strengthen its anti-cybercrimes law, cyber-security regulations and national cyber-security authority. It needs to develop cyber-security strategy, standards, metrics and R&D programs. It should promote home-grown cyber-security industry, incentivize cyber-security companies and enter into multilateral agreements.
Without witnesses there can be no effective criminal justice system. Yet despite this clear fact,... more Without witnesses there can be no effective criminal justice system. Yet despite this clear fact, many obstacles have stood in the way of these witnesses and of achieving the best evidence they can provide, particularly with vulnerable and intimidated witnesses. In recent decades, some jurisdictions have taken legislative and regulatory steps to lower or remove these barriers, but in other countries little or nothing has been done. This thesis examines one example of the former proactive jurisdictions (England & Wales), and one jurisdiction that has yet to take any significant steps towards protecting or helping witnesses (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). The principal theme of my argument relates to how Saudi courts can learn from the experiences of courts in England and Wales in terms of protecting witnesses and, specifically, (i) whether there exist fundamental justifications for the implementation of special measures for witnesses from English law into Saudi courts, and (ii) whether th...
Archives of Business Research, 2018
With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the ... more With the increasing popularity of ICT, cyber-crimes have increased rapidly. Countries across the globe have made the necessary interventions to ensure cyber-security. Saudi Arabia has been the worst victim of cyber-crimes in the Gulf region. This article investigates the preparedness of Saudi Arabia to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to combat against cyber-crimes, Saudi Arabia formed the anti-cybercrimes law in 2007. Global Cyber-security Index of 2017 has placed Saudi Arabia in the maturing stage behind the leading nations. Anti-cybercrimes law covers essential areas to fight against cyber-crimes and states their punishments. However, it is found to be deficient to protect against identity theft, invasion of privacy, cyber-bullying etc. This research finds Saudi Arabia semi-prepared to defend itself against cyber-crimes. In order to be among the leading nations of cyber-security; Saudi Arabia needs to strengthen its anti-cybercrimes law, cyber-security regulations and...