The kamal Koirala - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by The kamal Koirala
Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society
Introduction: Most non-retractile foreskins have been diagnosed with phimosis and referred for ci... more Introduction: Most non-retractile foreskins have been diagnosed with phimosis and referred for circumcision. However, many patients can be managed with corticosteroid cream. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the topical application of corticosteroid cream and manual prepucial stretching in the treatment of phimosis. Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study carried out among children aged six months to 10 years with the diagnosis of phimosis between 1st September 2019 to 31st August 2020. The patients were advised to apply 1% Hydrocortisone cream together with manual prepucial stretching twice daily for four weeks. Patients were assessed at four weeks and six months at the outpatient clinic using Kirkos grading for retractability. Results: A total of 110 patients were diagnosed with phimosis during the study period. Fourteen patients had pathological phimosis out of which four had balanitis xerotica obliterans and were excluded from the analysis. Ninetysix patient...
Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal
Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has a low risk for postoperative infective compli... more Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has a low risk for postoperative infective complications. The incidence of iatrogenic gall bladder perforation leading to spillage of bile and stones seems to be higher ranging between 5 and 40%. Studies have also shown an increased incidence of complications like surgical site infection (SSIs) after bile spillage. This study aims to assess the prevalence and outcome in bile spillage during LC. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital. All the patients who underwent elective LC from February 2018 to March 2020 were studied. A total of 187 patients were enrolled. The required data was entered in the proforma by reviewing the patient’s medical records. The data was entered and analyzed using the SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were carried out. Results: The prevalence of bile spillage was 29.4%. The prevalence of SSIs among the bile spillage and non-bile spil...
Introduction: Appendectomy for acute appendicitis is one of the most common emergency operations.... more Introduction: Appendectomy for acute appendicitis is one of the most common emergency operations. Histopathological evaluation of surgically removed appendix is routinely performed which can occasionally reveal unusual findings. The objective of our study was to evaluate the spectrum of lesions in appendectomy specimens. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 682 appendectomy specimens conducted at KIST Medical College. Histopathological records of appendectomy specimens were reviewed and the findings were analyzed. Results: Most common diagnosis was acute appendicitis (43.3%) followed by acute appendicitis with periappendicitis (38.6%); both of which were common in male in the age group of 21-30 years. The rate of negative appendectomy was 4.7% which was significantly higher in female patients (Chi square=14.454, p<0.001). Incidental pathologies observed were granulomatous appendicitis (0.4%) and mucocele of appendix (0.3%). Conclusion: Routine histopathological examination ...
Introduction: Breast lump is a common problem seen in the Surgery Outpatient Department which is ... more Introduction: Breast lump is a common problem seen in the Surgery Outpatient Department which is caused by various benign or malignant conditions. Diagnosis depends upon the clinical examination, radiological examination and pathological examination called as triple assessment. However accurate diagnosis depends on pathological examination in the form of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or biopsy. The objective of this study was to find out the spectrum of conditions causing breast lump. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study of 95 cases of breast lump who presented to surgery department and undergone fine needle aspiration cytology from April 14, 2015 to April 13, 2019 at KIST Medical College Teaching Hospital and the findings were analyzed. Results: Among total of 95 cases of breast lump, majority of patients was below the age of 40 years (72.63%) showing benign lesions in 84 patients (88.42%). Among benign lesions, fibroadenoma (33.33%) was commonest diagnosis f...
Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences, 2015
Introductions: Guidelines on antibiotics use in surgical patients recommends a single dose prophy... more Introductions: Guidelines on antibiotics use in surgical patients recommends a single dose prophylaxis for clean-contaminated cases and therapeutic course for contaminated and dirty cases. Compliance to this guideline is poor among diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of single dose antibiotic prophylaxis on the occurrence of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) in clean-contaminated surgery in diabetic patients.Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from September 2008 to August 2012 involving 144 diabetic patients who underwent major clean-contaminated surgery. Forty eight patients received one gram of ceftriaxone intravenously as prophylactic antibiotic within 30 minutes prior to incision (group 1) and 96 patients received three doses of ceftriaxone (group 2). One dose was given within 30 minutes prior to incision and other two doses were given postoperatively. All patients wer...
Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, 2018
Background: Conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed using four ports. With increas... more Background: Conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed using four ports. With increasing surgeon experience, there is a trend towards performing it using three ports. The aim of this study was to compare the three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the conventional four-port technique in terms of safety, benefits and feasibility in a teaching hospital and private hospital setups.Materials & Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was performed on patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital and Om Hospital…
Journal of Pathology of Nepal, 2018
Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies, but the diagnosis ... more Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies, but the diagnosis is difficult even with the sophisticated diagnostic tools. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical and histopathological features of acute appendicitis and to see how reliable the clinical scoring system modified Alvarado score in our setup.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of patients who underwent appendectomy at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital during two years. The clinical characteristics of the patients in terms of modified Alvarado scoring were outlined. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis was confirmed by histopathological examination. The data were tabulated in MS-Excel and statistically analyzed using SPSS statistics software, version 21.Results: Among 118 patients, who underwent appendectomy, 69 were male and 49 were female with male to female ratio of 1.41:1 and mean age of 27.46±12.724 years.The clinical diagnosis of acute...
Siddhajyoti Interdisciplinary Journal
This paper focuses on the learning interventions that are traditionally classified as either obje... more This paper focuses on the learning interventions that are traditionally classified as either objectivist or constructivist and there has been an increased predisposition for practitioners to use elements of both paradigms as a blending theory. The previous thinking was that they are opposite to each other. But in the initial phase, the Cronje developed it as the mutual exclusive form. He developed a four-quadrant model and put constructivism and objectivism in a triangular vertex of four theories such as immersion, injection, construction and integration. But later he compared it with learning context such as chaos, complex, knowable and known form with the connecting methods and valuing that use of technology as the blending theory which was supported by wang's model for use of science teaching. Cronje's latest study found that the high use of objectivism/behaviourism and constructivism is an interaction point and is considered as the high study achievement in the present p...
International Education and Research Journal, 2019
The objective of this paper is to examine the social, cultural, spiritual as well as legal knowle... more The objective of this paper is to examine the social, cultural, spiritual as well as legal knowledge generation and their practices on environment conservation. It focuses on how religious beliefs as well as socio-cultural practices affect the way of conserving the natural resources and supporting for environment protection. Large number of animals and plants species has been found conserved and managed with the importance of religious/socio-cultural perspective in Nepal. This study is followed qualitative way to address the objectives designed in the study. Literature review is divided in 2 parts i.e., theoretical review and empirical review. Data analysis and interpretation is managed in thematic way. The study which explore the sociocultural knowledge and practice in environment conservation of Nepal would promote to the slogan of “Think globally, act locally” for environment conservation in the world.
This paper analyzed the teachers' qualification and its impact on students’ science achieveme... more This paper analyzed the teachers' qualification and its impact on students’ science achievement in Gorkha district. The purpose of this study was to find out the impact of teacher qualification on student achievement in science teaching and to compare the science achievement of the students taught by trained and untrained teachers. The nature of this study is a mixed-method approach with survey design. To fulfil the objectives of the study, the researchers selected 15 public schools from Gorkha district as a sample, where 5 schools have under Bachelor’s Graduates and 5 schools have Bachelor’s or above graduates but have not teachers’ professional development (TPD) training and 5 schools have Bachelor’s or above graduates having TPD training science teachers. For this study, 15 science teachers and 672 students were selected as a sample by random sampling method. The researchers reviewed the District Level Examination (DLE) result of Gorkha district in the academic year 2016/17. ...
Space and Culture, India, 2021
This paper focuses on the epistemological understanding of finding the science embedded within Sh... more This paper focuses on the epistemological understanding of finding the science embedded within Shad darsana and Buddhist philosophy. The primary rationale of this study is to dig out the scientific notion that consists of Shad darsana and Buddhist philosophy. Shad darsana or six systems of Hindu philosophy considered as the orthodox/astika philosophy and accept the authority of Vedas, which included Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankey, Yoga, Poorva Mimamsa and Uttar Mimamsa. Pratyaksa/Perception, Anuman/Inference, Upamana/Comparison, Sabda (word) or testimony are considered the achieving and transforming ways of valid knowledge of Shad darsana like modern science. Astanga yoga, introduced by seer Patanjali, is regarded as a pioneer scientific practice in the modern era for the connection of mind, body and soul; and is useful to control the COVID 19 pandemic. Buddhist philosophy is considered as the heterodox/nastic or materialist philosophy; that is, it does not believe in the authenticity of ...
Modern Applied Science, 2020
Women mostly involve in raring and caring natural resources in their daily life. This paper inten... more Women mostly involve in raring and caring natural resources in their daily life. This paper intends to explore the practices and perspectives of Nepali women on ecology conservation in relation to ecological, socio-cultural and religious perspectives. For environmental degradation, women's resource management plays a vital role in ecology conservation. As a qualitative research approach, field observation, focus group discussion, and in-depth interviews with women in the community were the methods of collecting necessary information. Nepali women involve in the collection and management of plant resources inappropriately. Therefore, their perspective and practice can play an important role to minimize the rapid degradation of the environment regarding with management of plant resources. The theoretical literature review consists of movements on environment conservation in the world and in Nepal. No doubt, the message of their contribution will be the lesson to the world for the ...
56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law, 2005
Meeting Information: 56th International Astronautical Congress(October 17th-21th, 2005), Fukuoka,... more Meeting Information: 56th International Astronautical Congress(October 17th-21th, 2005), Fukuoka, Japan
Journal of Nepalese Business Studies, 2012
Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences, Jan 18, 2006
To investigate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) in ... more To investigate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) in colon cancer cell lines and the effects of PPARgamma activation by its ligand troglitazone on cell growth in SW-480 cells. PPARgamma expression was detected in Lovo, HT-29 and SW-480 cells using western blot. The effects of PPARgamma activation by its ligand troglitazone (TGZ) and selective antagonist T0070907 on cell growth were assessed by MTT and cell count methods; apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry method. Western blot result revealed that PPARgamma protein was highly expressed in Lovo and HT-29 cells and there was relatively lower expression in SW-480 cells. Cell count method and MTT revealed that activation of SW-480 cells with TGZ resulted in inhibition of growth in a dose dependent manner. The effect of anti-proliferation increased with increasing doses of TGZ. Rates of growth inhibition were 3.3%, 8.3%, 25%, and 29% for different doses 5, 10, 20 and 25 micromol/L respecti...
Environmental Health Perspectives, 1987
The National Toxicology Program's pathology database on 2-year carcinogenicity studies was review... more The National Toxicology Program's pathology database on 2-year carcinogenicity studies was reviewed for nonneoplastic ovarian disease. Ovaries from 39,941 female Fischer rats and 41,444 female B6C3F1 mice were examined. A variety of inflammatory, degenerative, vascular, and proliferative lesions were documented and are described. The most common ovarian lesions in rats were cysts (6%). The most frequent ovarian lesions in mice were cysts (15%), acute inflammation (4%), degeneration (4%), vascular disease (2.5%), and atrophy (2%). There was no difference in incidence of ovarian disease between controls and treated animals. The frequency of ovarian disease in mice exceeded the frequency in rats in every category.
Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society
Introduction: Most non-retractile foreskins have been diagnosed with phimosis and referred for ci... more Introduction: Most non-retractile foreskins have been diagnosed with phimosis and referred for circumcision. However, many patients can be managed with corticosteroid cream. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the topical application of corticosteroid cream and manual prepucial stretching in the treatment of phimosis. Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study carried out among children aged six months to 10 years with the diagnosis of phimosis between 1st September 2019 to 31st August 2020. The patients were advised to apply 1% Hydrocortisone cream together with manual prepucial stretching twice daily for four weeks. Patients were assessed at four weeks and six months at the outpatient clinic using Kirkos grading for retractability. Results: A total of 110 patients were diagnosed with phimosis during the study period. Fourteen patients had pathological phimosis out of which four had balanitis xerotica obliterans and were excluded from the analysis. Ninetysix patient...
Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal
Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has a low risk for postoperative infective compli... more Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has a low risk for postoperative infective complications. The incidence of iatrogenic gall bladder perforation leading to spillage of bile and stones seems to be higher ranging between 5 and 40%. Studies have also shown an increased incidence of complications like surgical site infection (SSIs) after bile spillage. This study aims to assess the prevalence and outcome in bile spillage during LC. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital. All the patients who underwent elective LC from February 2018 to March 2020 were studied. A total of 187 patients were enrolled. The required data was entered in the proforma by reviewing the patient’s medical records. The data was entered and analyzed using the SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were carried out. Results: The prevalence of bile spillage was 29.4%. The prevalence of SSIs among the bile spillage and non-bile spil...
Introduction: Appendectomy for acute appendicitis is one of the most common emergency operations.... more Introduction: Appendectomy for acute appendicitis is one of the most common emergency operations. Histopathological evaluation of surgically removed appendix is routinely performed which can occasionally reveal unusual findings. The objective of our study was to evaluate the spectrum of lesions in appendectomy specimens. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 682 appendectomy specimens conducted at KIST Medical College. Histopathological records of appendectomy specimens were reviewed and the findings were analyzed. Results: Most common diagnosis was acute appendicitis (43.3%) followed by acute appendicitis with periappendicitis (38.6%); both of which were common in male in the age group of 21-30 years. The rate of negative appendectomy was 4.7% which was significantly higher in female patients (Chi square=14.454, p<0.001). Incidental pathologies observed were granulomatous appendicitis (0.4%) and mucocele of appendix (0.3%). Conclusion: Routine histopathological examination ...
Introduction: Breast lump is a common problem seen in the Surgery Outpatient Department which is ... more Introduction: Breast lump is a common problem seen in the Surgery Outpatient Department which is caused by various benign or malignant conditions. Diagnosis depends upon the clinical examination, radiological examination and pathological examination called as triple assessment. However accurate diagnosis depends on pathological examination in the form of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or biopsy. The objective of this study was to find out the spectrum of conditions causing breast lump. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study of 95 cases of breast lump who presented to surgery department and undergone fine needle aspiration cytology from April 14, 2015 to April 13, 2019 at KIST Medical College Teaching Hospital and the findings were analyzed. Results: Among total of 95 cases of breast lump, majority of patients was below the age of 40 years (72.63%) showing benign lesions in 84 patients (88.42%). Among benign lesions, fibroadenoma (33.33%) was commonest diagnosis f...
Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences, 2015
Introductions: Guidelines on antibiotics use in surgical patients recommends a single dose prophy... more Introductions: Guidelines on antibiotics use in surgical patients recommends a single dose prophylaxis for clean-contaminated cases and therapeutic course for contaminated and dirty cases. Compliance to this guideline is poor among diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of single dose antibiotic prophylaxis on the occurrence of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) in clean-contaminated surgery in diabetic patients.Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from September 2008 to August 2012 involving 144 diabetic patients who underwent major clean-contaminated surgery. Forty eight patients received one gram of ceftriaxone intravenously as prophylactic antibiotic within 30 minutes prior to incision (group 1) and 96 patients received three doses of ceftriaxone (group 2). One dose was given within 30 minutes prior to incision and other two doses were given postoperatively. All patients wer...
Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences, 2018
Background: Conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed using four ports. With increas... more Background: Conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy is performed using four ports. With increasing surgeon experience, there is a trend towards performing it using three ports. The aim of this study was to compare the three-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the conventional four-port technique in terms of safety, benefits and feasibility in a teaching hospital and private hospital setups.Materials & Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was performed on patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital and Om Hospital…
Journal of Pathology of Nepal, 2018
Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies, but the diagnosis ... more Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies, but the diagnosis is difficult even with the sophisticated diagnostic tools. The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical and histopathological features of acute appendicitis and to see how reliable the clinical scoring system modified Alvarado score in our setup.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of patients who underwent appendectomy at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital during two years. The clinical characteristics of the patients in terms of modified Alvarado scoring were outlined. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis was confirmed by histopathological examination. The data were tabulated in MS-Excel and statistically analyzed using SPSS statistics software, version 21.Results: Among 118 patients, who underwent appendectomy, 69 were male and 49 were female with male to female ratio of 1.41:1 and mean age of 27.46±12.724 years.The clinical diagnosis of acute...
Siddhajyoti Interdisciplinary Journal
This paper focuses on the learning interventions that are traditionally classified as either obje... more This paper focuses on the learning interventions that are traditionally classified as either objectivist or constructivist and there has been an increased predisposition for practitioners to use elements of both paradigms as a blending theory. The previous thinking was that they are opposite to each other. But in the initial phase, the Cronje developed it as the mutual exclusive form. He developed a four-quadrant model and put constructivism and objectivism in a triangular vertex of four theories such as immersion, injection, construction and integration. But later he compared it with learning context such as chaos, complex, knowable and known form with the connecting methods and valuing that use of technology as the blending theory which was supported by wang's model for use of science teaching. Cronje's latest study found that the high use of objectivism/behaviourism and constructivism is an interaction point and is considered as the high study achievement in the present p...
International Education and Research Journal, 2019
The objective of this paper is to examine the social, cultural, spiritual as well as legal knowle... more The objective of this paper is to examine the social, cultural, spiritual as well as legal knowledge generation and their practices on environment conservation. It focuses on how religious beliefs as well as socio-cultural practices affect the way of conserving the natural resources and supporting for environment protection. Large number of animals and plants species has been found conserved and managed with the importance of religious/socio-cultural perspective in Nepal. This study is followed qualitative way to address the objectives designed in the study. Literature review is divided in 2 parts i.e., theoretical review and empirical review. Data analysis and interpretation is managed in thematic way. The study which explore the sociocultural knowledge and practice in environment conservation of Nepal would promote to the slogan of “Think globally, act locally” for environment conservation in the world.
This paper analyzed the teachers' qualification and its impact on students’ science achieveme... more This paper analyzed the teachers' qualification and its impact on students’ science achievement in Gorkha district. The purpose of this study was to find out the impact of teacher qualification on student achievement in science teaching and to compare the science achievement of the students taught by trained and untrained teachers. The nature of this study is a mixed-method approach with survey design. To fulfil the objectives of the study, the researchers selected 15 public schools from Gorkha district as a sample, where 5 schools have under Bachelor’s Graduates and 5 schools have Bachelor’s or above graduates but have not teachers’ professional development (TPD) training and 5 schools have Bachelor’s or above graduates having TPD training science teachers. For this study, 15 science teachers and 672 students were selected as a sample by random sampling method. The researchers reviewed the District Level Examination (DLE) result of Gorkha district in the academic year 2016/17. ...
Space and Culture, India, 2021
This paper focuses on the epistemological understanding of finding the science embedded within Sh... more This paper focuses on the epistemological understanding of finding the science embedded within Shad darsana and Buddhist philosophy. The primary rationale of this study is to dig out the scientific notion that consists of Shad darsana and Buddhist philosophy. Shad darsana or six systems of Hindu philosophy considered as the orthodox/astika philosophy and accept the authority of Vedas, which included Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankey, Yoga, Poorva Mimamsa and Uttar Mimamsa. Pratyaksa/Perception, Anuman/Inference, Upamana/Comparison, Sabda (word) or testimony are considered the achieving and transforming ways of valid knowledge of Shad darsana like modern science. Astanga yoga, introduced by seer Patanjali, is regarded as a pioneer scientific practice in the modern era for the connection of mind, body and soul; and is useful to control the COVID 19 pandemic. Buddhist philosophy is considered as the heterodox/nastic or materialist philosophy; that is, it does not believe in the authenticity of ...
Modern Applied Science, 2020
Women mostly involve in raring and caring natural resources in their daily life. This paper inten... more Women mostly involve in raring and caring natural resources in their daily life. This paper intends to explore the practices and perspectives of Nepali women on ecology conservation in relation to ecological, socio-cultural and religious perspectives. For environmental degradation, women's resource management plays a vital role in ecology conservation. As a qualitative research approach, field observation, focus group discussion, and in-depth interviews with women in the community were the methods of collecting necessary information. Nepali women involve in the collection and management of plant resources inappropriately. Therefore, their perspective and practice can play an important role to minimize the rapid degradation of the environment regarding with management of plant resources. The theoretical literature review consists of movements on environment conservation in the world and in Nepal. No doubt, the message of their contribution will be the lesson to the world for the ...
56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law, 2005
Meeting Information: 56th International Astronautical Congress(October 17th-21th, 2005), Fukuoka,... more Meeting Information: 56th International Astronautical Congress(October 17th-21th, 2005), Fukuoka, Japan
Journal of Nepalese Business Studies, 2012
Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences, Jan 18, 2006
To investigate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) in ... more To investigate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) in colon cancer cell lines and the effects of PPARgamma activation by its ligand troglitazone on cell growth in SW-480 cells. PPARgamma expression was detected in Lovo, HT-29 and SW-480 cells using western blot. The effects of PPARgamma activation by its ligand troglitazone (TGZ) and selective antagonist T0070907 on cell growth were assessed by MTT and cell count methods; apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry method. Western blot result revealed that PPARgamma protein was highly expressed in Lovo and HT-29 cells and there was relatively lower expression in SW-480 cells. Cell count method and MTT revealed that activation of SW-480 cells with TGZ resulted in inhibition of growth in a dose dependent manner. The effect of anti-proliferation increased with increasing doses of TGZ. Rates of growth inhibition were 3.3%, 8.3%, 25%, and 29% for different doses 5, 10, 20 and 25 micromol/L respecti...
Environmental Health Perspectives, 1987
The National Toxicology Program's pathology database on 2-year carcinogenicity studies was review... more The National Toxicology Program's pathology database on 2-year carcinogenicity studies was reviewed for nonneoplastic ovarian disease. Ovaries from 39,941 female Fischer rats and 41,444 female B6C3F1 mice were examined. A variety of inflammatory, degenerative, vascular, and proliferative lesions were documented and are described. The most common ovarian lesions in rats were cysts (6%). The most frequent ovarian lesions in mice were cysts (15%), acute inflammation (4%), degeneration (4%), vascular disease (2.5%), and atrophy (2%). There was no difference in incidence of ovarian disease between controls and treated animals. The frequency of ovarian disease in mice exceeded the frequency in rats in every category.