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Papers by Tim Laarmann

Research paper thumbnail of Thomson Scattering at FLASH - Status Report

The basic idea is to implement Thomson scattering with free electron laser (FEL) radiation at nea... more The basic idea is to implement Thomson scattering with free electron laser (FEL) radiation at near-solid density plasmas as a diagnostic method which allows the determination of plasma temperatures and densities in the warm dense matter (WDM) regime (free electron density of n{sub e} = 10²¹-10² cm³ with temperatures of several eV). The WDM regime [1] at near-solid density (n{sub

Research paper thumbnail of Spatio-temporal coherence of free-electron laser radiation in the extreme ultraviolet determined by a Michelson interferometer

Applied Physics Letters, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Emission of electrons from rare gas clusters after irradiation with intense VUV pulses of wavelength 100 nm and 32 nm

New Journal of Physics, 2009

Kinetic Boltzmann equations are used to describe electron emission spectra obtained after irradia... more Kinetic Boltzmann equations are used to describe electron emission spectra obtained after irradiation of noble-gas clusters with intense vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation from a free-electron-laser (FEL). The experimental photoelectron spectra give a complementary and more detailed view of nonlinear processes within atoms and clusters in an intense laser field compared to mass spectroscopy data. Results from our model obtained in this study confirm the experimental and theoretical findings on the differing ionization scenarios at longer (100 nm) and shorter (32 nm) VUV radiation wavelengths. At the wavelength of 100 nm the thermoelectronic electron emission dominates the emission spectra. This indicates the plasma formation and the inverse bremsstrahlung (IB) heating of electrons inside the plasma. This effect is clearly visible for xenon (with the fitted temperature of 6-7 eV), and less visible for argon (with the fitted temperature of 2-3 eV). The two-photon-ionization rate for argon that initiates the cluster ionization, is much lower than the singlephotoionization rate for xenon. Also, more of the photoelectrons created within an argon cluster are able to leave it, as they are more energetic than those released from a xenon cluster. Therefore, the IB heating of plasma electrons in argon is

Research paper thumbnail of Excitation, Fragmentation and Control of Large Finite Systems: C60 in Moderately Strong Laser Fields

Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 2008

ABSTRACT Recent progress in the understanding of the primary excitation mechanisms of the C60 ful... more ABSTRACT Recent progress in the understanding of the primary excitation mechanisms of the C60 fullerene in intense laser pulses is reported. By analyzing mass spectra as a function of pulse duration, laser intensity and time delay between pump- and probe pulse insight into fundamental photoinduced processes such as ionization and fragmentation is obtained. Using ultrashort sub-10fs pulses excitation times are addressed which lie well below the characteristic time scales for electron–electron and electron–phonon coupling. The measured saturation intensities of multiply charged parent ions indicate that for higher charge states the well known C60 giant plasmon resonance is involved in creating ions and a significant amount of large fragments through a non-adiabatic multi-electron dynamics. To enhance the formation of large fragments femtosecond laser pulses tailored with closed-loop, optimal control feedback were used. A characteristic pulse sequence excites oscillations in C60 with large amplitude by coherent heating of nuclear motion. Again, the experimental findings can be understood by a laser-induced multi-electron excitation via the electronically excited resonance followed by efficient coupling to the radial symmetric breathing vibration of C60.

Research paper thumbnail of Moving the Frontier of Quantum Control into the Soft X-Ray Spectrum

International Journal of Optics, 2011

The femtosecond nature of X-ray free electron laser (FEL) pulses opens up exciting research possi... more The femtosecond nature of X-ray free electron laser (FEL) pulses opens up exciting research possibilities in time-resolved studies including femtosecond photoemission and diffraction. The recent developments of seeding X-ray FELs extend their capabilities by creating stable, temporally coherent, and repeatable pulses. This in turn opens the possibility of spectral engineering soft Xray pulses to use as a probe for the control of quantum dynamics. We propose a method for extending coherent control pulseshaping techniques to the soft X-ray spectral range by using a reflective geometry 4f pulse shaper. This method is based on recent developments in asymmetrically cut multilayer optic technology and piezoelectric substrates.

Research paper thumbnail of Ultrafast excitation, ionization, and fragmentation of C60

Advances In Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Photochemical reactions in free Argon clusters doped with molecular Oxygen

Research paper thumbnail of Experimental evidence for Frenkel-type excitations in small Argon clusters embedded in Neon clusters

Research paper thumbnail of Designing an Effusion Cell for Molecular Beam Experiments

Research paper thumbnail of Energy Transfer Processes in Rare Gas Clusters Studied by Infrared-Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Research paper thumbnail of Delayed emission of low-energy electrons from rare gas clusters irradiated with intense fs VUV-laser light

Research paper thumbnail of Design study for interferometric autocorrelator in the XUV

Research paper thumbnail of First Tests of a Hydrogen Pellet Source

Research paper thumbnail of Fluorescence of XemNe7500 and Xem (NF3) kNe7500 Multishell Clusters (m, k≤ 100)

Research paper thumbnail of Ionization Suppression in XemHeN Clusters

Research paper thumbnail of A Molecular Beam Experiment for Studying Non-Linear Processes of Atoms and Clusters with VUV-FEL Radiation

Free electron lasers (FEL) for generating intense vacuum ultra violet (VUV) or x-ray radiation wi... more Free electron lasers (FEL) for generating intense vacuum ultra violet (VUV) or x-ray radiation will become available in the near future. Experiments for the basic understanding of atomic physics are an important early task, since all applications of radiation from short-wavelength FELs ...

Research paper thumbnail of Coulomb explosion of argon clusters induced by resonant and non-resonant excitation with intense VUV photons from the TTF-FEL

Research paper thumbnail of Relaxation of Electronically Excited 3He and 4He Clusters

Research paper thumbnail of First Experiments on Molecules and Clusters at the VUV FEL

Research paper thumbnail of Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Ionic Centres in Xenon Clusters

Research paper thumbnail of Thomson Scattering at FLASH - Status Report

The basic idea is to implement Thomson scattering with free electron laser (FEL) radiation at nea... more The basic idea is to implement Thomson scattering with free electron laser (FEL) radiation at near-solid density plasmas as a diagnostic method which allows the determination of plasma temperatures and densities in the warm dense matter (WDM) regime (free electron density of n{sub e} = 10²¹-10² cm³ with temperatures of several eV). The WDM regime [1] at near-solid density (n{sub

Research paper thumbnail of Spatio-temporal coherence of free-electron laser radiation in the extreme ultraviolet determined by a Michelson interferometer

Applied Physics Letters, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Emission of electrons from rare gas clusters after irradiation with intense VUV pulses of wavelength 100 nm and 32 nm

New Journal of Physics, 2009

Kinetic Boltzmann equations are used to describe electron emission spectra obtained after irradia... more Kinetic Boltzmann equations are used to describe electron emission spectra obtained after irradiation of noble-gas clusters with intense vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation from a free-electron-laser (FEL). The experimental photoelectron spectra give a complementary and more detailed view of nonlinear processes within atoms and clusters in an intense laser field compared to mass spectroscopy data. Results from our model obtained in this study confirm the experimental and theoretical findings on the differing ionization scenarios at longer (100 nm) and shorter (32 nm) VUV radiation wavelengths. At the wavelength of 100 nm the thermoelectronic electron emission dominates the emission spectra. This indicates the plasma formation and the inverse bremsstrahlung (IB) heating of electrons inside the plasma. This effect is clearly visible for xenon (with the fitted temperature of 6-7 eV), and less visible for argon (with the fitted temperature of 2-3 eV). The two-photon-ionization rate for argon that initiates the cluster ionization, is much lower than the singlephotoionization rate for xenon. Also, more of the photoelectrons created within an argon cluster are able to leave it, as they are more energetic than those released from a xenon cluster. Therefore, the IB heating of plasma electrons in argon is

Research paper thumbnail of Excitation, Fragmentation and Control of Large Finite Systems: C60 in Moderately Strong Laser Fields

Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 2008

ABSTRACT Recent progress in the understanding of the primary excitation mechanisms of the C60 ful... more ABSTRACT Recent progress in the understanding of the primary excitation mechanisms of the C60 fullerene in intense laser pulses is reported. By analyzing mass spectra as a function of pulse duration, laser intensity and time delay between pump- and probe pulse insight into fundamental photoinduced processes such as ionization and fragmentation is obtained. Using ultrashort sub-10fs pulses excitation times are addressed which lie well below the characteristic time scales for electron–electron and electron–phonon coupling. The measured saturation intensities of multiply charged parent ions indicate that for higher charge states the well known C60 giant plasmon resonance is involved in creating ions and a significant amount of large fragments through a non-adiabatic multi-electron dynamics. To enhance the formation of large fragments femtosecond laser pulses tailored with closed-loop, optimal control feedback were used. A characteristic pulse sequence excites oscillations in C60 with large amplitude by coherent heating of nuclear motion. Again, the experimental findings can be understood by a laser-induced multi-electron excitation via the electronically excited resonance followed by efficient coupling to the radial symmetric breathing vibration of C60.

Research paper thumbnail of Moving the Frontier of Quantum Control into the Soft X-Ray Spectrum

International Journal of Optics, 2011

The femtosecond nature of X-ray free electron laser (FEL) pulses opens up exciting research possi... more The femtosecond nature of X-ray free electron laser (FEL) pulses opens up exciting research possibilities in time-resolved studies including femtosecond photoemission and diffraction. The recent developments of seeding X-ray FELs extend their capabilities by creating stable, temporally coherent, and repeatable pulses. This in turn opens the possibility of spectral engineering soft Xray pulses to use as a probe for the control of quantum dynamics. We propose a method for extending coherent control pulseshaping techniques to the soft X-ray spectral range by using a reflective geometry 4f pulse shaper. This method is based on recent developments in asymmetrically cut multilayer optic technology and piezoelectric substrates.

Research paper thumbnail of Ultrafast excitation, ionization, and fragmentation of C60

Advances In Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics, 2005

Research paper thumbnail of Photochemical reactions in free Argon clusters doped with molecular Oxygen

Research paper thumbnail of Experimental evidence for Frenkel-type excitations in small Argon clusters embedded in Neon clusters

Research paper thumbnail of Designing an Effusion Cell for Molecular Beam Experiments

Research paper thumbnail of Energy Transfer Processes in Rare Gas Clusters Studied by Infrared-Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Research paper thumbnail of Delayed emission of low-energy electrons from rare gas clusters irradiated with intense fs VUV-laser light

Research paper thumbnail of Design study for interferometric autocorrelator in the XUV

Research paper thumbnail of First Tests of a Hydrogen Pellet Source

Research paper thumbnail of Fluorescence of XemNe7500 and Xem (NF3) kNe7500 Multishell Clusters (m, k≤ 100)

Research paper thumbnail of Ionization Suppression in XemHeN Clusters

Research paper thumbnail of A Molecular Beam Experiment for Studying Non-Linear Processes of Atoms and Clusters with VUV-FEL Radiation

Free electron lasers (FEL) for generating intense vacuum ultra violet (VUV) or x-ray radiation wi... more Free electron lasers (FEL) for generating intense vacuum ultra violet (VUV) or x-ray radiation will become available in the near future. Experiments for the basic understanding of atomic physics are an important early task, since all applications of radiation from short-wavelength FELs ...

Research paper thumbnail of Coulomb explosion of argon clusters induced by resonant and non-resonant excitation with intense VUV photons from the TTF-FEL

Research paper thumbnail of Relaxation of Electronically Excited 3He and 4He Clusters

Research paper thumbnail of First Experiments on Molecules and Clusters at the VUV FEL

Research paper thumbnail of Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Ionic Centres in Xenon Clusters

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