Timothy Allen - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Timothy Allen
Plant Ecol, 1983
A model of a 1/12th ha forest stand, FORET, generated l0 000 years of simulated species successio... more A model of a 1/12th ha forest stand, FORET, generated l0 000 years of simulated species succession. Approximately the first third of these results were analyzed by principal component analysis as if they were collected field data to give the trajectory of the community particle in a collapsed species space. The ordination axis orientation was performed on a dispersion matrix and correlation matrix between species. In both cases, however, the eigen vectors were applied to the data matrix which had not been transformed to unit species variance. This facilitated comparison of species dispersion and correlation structure; it emerged they were very different. Correlation structure gave large weights to understory species while dispersion emphasized the dominant overstory species. This implies a decomposition of simulated stand behavior into overstory and understory, even though such decomposition was not formally built into the model. This decomposition would seem to pertain to real vegetation.
Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Isss 2011 Hull Uk, Sep 23, 2011
Ecological Studies, 1991
RefDoc Bienvenue - Welcome. Refdoc est un service / is powered by. ...
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2002
To determine whether high systolic blood pressure (SBP) at the time of initial diagnosis of chron... more To determine whether high systolic blood pressure (SBP) at the time of initial diagnosis of chronic renal failure in dogs was associated with increased risk of uremic crisis, risk of dying, or rate of decline in renal function. Prospective cohort study. 45 dogs with spontaneous chronic renal failure. Dogs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups on the basis of initial SBP (high, intermediate, low); Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods were used to estimate the association between SBP and development of a uremic crisis and death. The reciprocal of serum creatinine concentration was used as an estimate of renal function. Dogs in the high SBP group were more likely to develop a uremic crisis and to die than were dogs in the other groups, and the risks of developing a uremic crisis and of dying increased significantly as SBP increased. A greater decrease in renal function was observed in dogs in the high SBP group. Retinopathy and hypertensive encephalopathy were detected in 3 of 14 dogs with SBP > or = 180 mm Hg. Systolic blood pressure remained high in 10 of 11 dogs treated with antihypertensive drugs. Results suggested that initial high SBP in dogs with chronic renal failure was associated with increased risk of developing a uremic crisis and of dying. Further studies are required to determine whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between high SBP and progressive renal injury and to identify the risks and benefits of antihypertensive drug treatment.
International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing, 2011
In today's society, highly accurate personal identification systems are required. Passwords or pi... more In today's society, highly accurate personal identification systems are required. Passwords or pin numbers can be forgotten or forged and are no longer considered to offer a high level of security. The use of biological features, biometrics, is becoming widely accepted as the next level for security systems. Biometric-based speaker identification is a method of identifying persons from their voice. Speaker-specific characteristics exist in speech signals due to different speakers having different resonances of the vocal tract. These differences can be exploited by extracting feature vectors such as Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) from the speech signal. A well-known statistical modelling process, the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), then models the distribution of each speaker's MFCCs in a multidimensional acoustic space. The GMM-based speaker identification system has features that make it promising for hardware acceleration. This paper describes the hardware implementation for classification of a text-independent GMM-based speaker identification system. The aim was to produce a system that can perform simultaneous identification of large numbers of voice streams in real time. This has important potential applications in security and in automated call centre applications. A speedup factor of ninety was achieved compared to a software implementation on a standard PC.
Two types of canine struvite uroliths have been recognized: infection-induced struvite is the mos... more Two types of canine struvite uroliths have been recognized: infection-induced struvite is the most common type; sterile struvite is uncommonly recognized. Infection-induced struvite is most commonly associated with urease-producing staphylococcal UTI. For dogs that qualify, medical dissolution is an effective method of treatment. Medical dissolution protocols encompass: (1) eradication or control of UTI; (2) use of calculolytic diets; and (3) administration of urease inhibitors to patients with persistent UTI caused by urease-producing microbes.
American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology, Aug 1, 2009
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy a... more Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. Also known as CCN2, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is implicated in the fibrosis; however, whether it contributes to cardiomyocytes changes and adverse effects of high glucose and lipids on these cells remains unknown. Hearts from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats had elevated CTGF and changes of pathological myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes were then treated with recombinant human (rh)CTGF, high glucose, or the saturated free fatty acid palmitate. Each reagent induced cell hypertrophy, as indicated by the ratio of total protein to cell number, cell size, and gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy marker genes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and alpha-skeletal actin. Each treatment also caused apoptosis measured by increased caspase3/7 activity, apoptotic cells by transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and lower viable cell number. Further studies showed CTGF mRNA was rapidly induced by high glucose and palmitate in H9c2 cells and in mouse neonatal cardiomyocyte primary cultures. small interfering RNA against CTGF blocked the high glucose and palmitate induction of hypertrophy and apoptosis. In addition, these CTGF effects were through the tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor with tyrosine kinase activity, which has previously been implicated in CTGF signaling: TrkA was phosphorylated by CTGF, and a specific TrkA blocker abrogated CTGF-induced effects on hypertrophy and apoptosis. For the first time in any system, fatty acid is newly identified as a regulator of CTGF, and this work implicates autocrine CTGF as a mediator of adverse effects of high glucose and fatty acids in cardiomyocytes.
Bioscience, 1991
... Thomas W. Hoekstra is an assistant direc-tor of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimen... more ... Thomas W. Hoekstra is an assistant direc-tor of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO 80526. Timothy FH Allen is a professor in the Botany Department at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715. ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 2460 Javma 2001 218 1583, Dec 23, 2005
To determine whether hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) reduces urinary calcium excretion in dogs with ca... more To determine whether hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) reduces urinary calcium excretion in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Original study. 8 dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. 4 treatment protocols were evaluated in each dog (a low calcium, low protein diet designed to prevent calcium oxalate urolith formation with and without administration of HCTZ [2 mg/kg (0.9 mg/lb) of body weight, PO, q 12 h] and a maintenance diet with higher quantities of protein and calcium with and without administration of HCTZ). At the end of each 2-week treatment period, 24-hour urine samples were collected. Blood samples were collected during the midpoint of each urine collection period. Analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effects of HCTZ and diet on urine and serum analytes. Hydrochlorothiazide significantly decreased urine calcium and potassium concentration and excretion. Hydrochlorothiazide also significantly decreased serum potassium concentration. Compared with the maintenance diet, the urolith prevention diet significantly decreased urine calcium and oxalic acid concentration and excretion. Dogs consuming the urolith prevention diet had significantly lower serum concentrations of albumin and urea nitrogen. Administration of HCTZ decreased urine calcium excretion in dogs with a history of calcium oxalate urolith formation. The greatest reduction in urine calcium concentration and excretion was achieved when dogs received HCTZ and the urolith prevention diet. Results of this study suggest that the hypocalciuric effect of HCTZ will minimize recurrence of calcium oxalate urolith formation in dogs; however, long-term controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of HCTZ.
Psychopharmacologia, Mar 1, 2004
Rationale: There is evidence from research in animals and humans that the g-aminobutyric acid B r... more Rationale: There is evidence from research in animals and humans that the g-aminobutyric acid B receptor subtype (GABA B ) agonist baclofen may have promise as a pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction. Objectives: In the present study, the ability of baclofen to modify the reinforcing, subject-rated and cardiovascular effects of intranasal cocaine in humans was determined. Methods: Non-treatment-seeking volunteers (n=7) with recent histories of cocaine use were recruited to participate in this placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Baclofen (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg) was administered orally, followed approximately 1.5 h later by intranasal cocaine (4 mg [placebo] and 45 mg). Subject-rated and cardiovascular measures were taken prior to baclofen administration and then at regular intervals after cocaine was administered. The reinforcing effects of cocaine and cocaine-baclofen combinations were assessed using the Multiple-Choice Procedure. Results: Intranasal cocaine significantly increased the crossover point on the Multiple-Choice Procedure relative to placebo, suggesting that this cocaine dose functioned as a reinforcer. This dose of intranasal cocaine also produced increases in subjectrated effects typical of psychostimulants and elevated cardiovascular measures. The time course for the effects of cocaine was consistent with its pharmacokinetic profile following intranasal administration; increases in subjectrated and cardiovascular effects were observed almost immediately following administration and peaked at approximately 30 min. Pretreatment with baclofen had no significant effect alone, nor in combination with cocaine, on any outcome. Conclusions: These data demonstrated that acute administration of three clinically relevant baclofen doses did not influence the acute behavioral effects of intranasal cocaine in humans.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Apr 15, 2002
To determine whether a diet used for dogs with renal failure (renal food [RF]) was superior to an... more To determine whether a diet used for dogs with renal failure (renal food [RF]) was superior to an adult maintenance food (MF) in minimizing uremic crises and mortality rate in dogs with spontaneous chronic renal failure. Double-masked, randomized, controlled clinical trial. 38 dogs with spontaneous chronic renal failure. Dogs were randomly assigned to a group fed adult MF or a group fed RF and evaluated for up to 24 months. The 2 groups were of similar clinical, biochemical, and hematologic status. The effects of diets on uremic crises and mortality rate were compared. Changes in renal function were evaluated by use of serial evaluation of serum creatinine concentrations and reciprocal of serum creatinine concentrations. Compared with the MF, the RF had a beneficial effect regarding uremic crises and mortality rate in dogs with mild and moderate renal failure. Dogs fed the RF had a slower decline in renal function, compared with dogs fed the MF. Dietary modifications are beneficial in minimizing extrarenal manifestations of uremia and mortality rate in dogs with mild and moderate spontaneous chronic renal failure. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that delay in development of uremic crises and associated mortality rate in dogs fed RF was associated, at least in part, with reduction in rate of progression of renal failure.
Page 1. 5 - Levels of organisation in ecology - The confusion between scale-defined levels and co... more Page 1. 5 - Levels of organisation in ecology - The confusion between scale-defined levels and conventional levels of organization in ecology Allen, TFH1 & Hoekstra, TW2 1Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 2460 Javma 2000 217 515, Dec 6, 2005
ABSTRACT To test the hypothesis that breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment are risk fa... more ABSTRACT To test the hypothesis that breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment are risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs. Case-control study. 1,074 dogs that formed calcium oxalate uroliths and 1,724 control dogs that did not have uroliths. A validated multiple-choice questionnaire was designed to collect information from veterinarians and owners within 1 year of the date of urolith detection concerning signalment and environment of the dogs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios to assess whether breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment were risk factors for calcium oxalate urolith formation. Middle-aged (8- to 12-year-old) castrated male dogs had increased risk for formation of calcium oxalate uroliths. Urolith formation was also associated with increasing age. Dogs of certain breeds, including Miniature and Standard Schnauzer, Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Bichon Frise, Shih Tzu, and Miniature and Toy Poodle, had increased risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths. Overweight dogs also had increased risk. Knowledge of patient and environmental risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of this disease. Modification of environmental factors and body weight may minimize calcium oxalate urolith formation and recurrence.
Neuropharmacology, Jul 1, 1992
It has previously been shown that the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, caused discrete changes in cereb... more It has previously been shown that the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, caused discrete changes in cerebral glucose utilization in the rat, as assessed by quantitative 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. Here, the effect of the putative 5-HT1A antagonist, BMY 7378, on regional cerebral glucose utilization was examined, when injected alone and in rats treated with 8-OH-DPAT. In control rats, BMY 7378 (5 mg/kg, s.c.) markedly increased glucose utilization in the lateral habenular nucleus and moderately reduced glucose utilization in the hippocampal formation. Pretreatment with BMY 7378 (5 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the reductions in glucose utilization in the hippocampus, entorhinal, piriform and cingulate cortex, induced by 8-OH-DPAT (0.25 mg/kg). The 8-OH-DPAT-induced increase in glucose utilization in the copula pyramis, that is putatively associated with the appearance of the 5-HT behavioural syndrome, was also blocked by BMY 7378, as was the behavioural syndrome. In summary, BMY 7378 produced few of the discrete changes in cerebral glucose utilization that are seen with 8-OH-DPAT. However, many of the changes induced by 8-OH-DPAT were reversed by BMY 7378. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on regional cerebral glucose utilization are mediated by 5-HT1A receptors.
Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Jvir, Sep 1, 2003
Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 2012
The aim of this paper is to develop an explicit protocol for gaining the use of new concepts from... more The aim of this paper is to develop an explicit protocol for gaining the use of new concepts from external and transdisciplinary sources during the theory construction process. We are concerned with Churchman's 'sweeping in' of alternative perspectives and with inductive research. The potential for innovation that concepts from external disciplines bring is balanced by the risks of working outside a researcher's area of expertise. There is potential for researcher bias when gathering new ideas as well as when filtering possible new theory, and a protocol might help minimize such problems. For example, few business researchers are fully versed in ecology, and vice versa. This applies to the authors here, but we look at the issue from our respective sides and bring our respective expertise. Hierarchy theory is fundamentally a theory of observation. Here it helps us to define how the perspective of the researcher affects theory construction and the use of transdisciplinary concepts. It introduces a precision about the use of levels and brings out the dualism that arises in movement between levels. We use this to develop a theoretical model of the theory-building process that avoids bias whilst making best use of the researcher's preconceptions. We illustrate our protocol using the business ecosystem metaphor, which is common in the business literature. Our special case that straddles business and ecology might offer guidance in other transdisciplinary efforts.
Plant Ecol, 1983
A model of a 1/12th ha forest stand, FORET, generated l0 000 years of simulated species successio... more A model of a 1/12th ha forest stand, FORET, generated l0 000 years of simulated species succession. Approximately the first third of these results were analyzed by principal component analysis as if they were collected field data to give the trajectory of the community particle in a collapsed species space. The ordination axis orientation was performed on a dispersion matrix and correlation matrix between species. In both cases, however, the eigen vectors were applied to the data matrix which had not been transformed to unit species variance. This facilitated comparison of species dispersion and correlation structure; it emerged they were very different. Correlation structure gave large weights to understory species while dispersion emphasized the dominant overstory species. This implies a decomposition of simulated stand behavior into overstory and understory, even though such decomposition was not formally built into the model. This decomposition would seem to pertain to real vegetation.
Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Isss 2011 Hull Uk, Sep 23, 2011
Ecological Studies, 1991
RefDoc Bienvenue - Welcome. Refdoc est un service / is powered by. ...
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2002
To determine whether high systolic blood pressure (SBP) at the time of initial diagnosis of chron... more To determine whether high systolic blood pressure (SBP) at the time of initial diagnosis of chronic renal failure in dogs was associated with increased risk of uremic crisis, risk of dying, or rate of decline in renal function. Prospective cohort study. 45 dogs with spontaneous chronic renal failure. Dogs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups on the basis of initial SBP (high, intermediate, low); Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods were used to estimate the association between SBP and development of a uremic crisis and death. The reciprocal of serum creatinine concentration was used as an estimate of renal function. Dogs in the high SBP group were more likely to develop a uremic crisis and to die than were dogs in the other groups, and the risks of developing a uremic crisis and of dying increased significantly as SBP increased. A greater decrease in renal function was observed in dogs in the high SBP group. Retinopathy and hypertensive encephalopathy were detected in 3 of 14 dogs with SBP > or = 180 mm Hg. Systolic blood pressure remained high in 10 of 11 dogs treated with antihypertensive drugs. Results suggested that initial high SBP in dogs with chronic renal failure was associated with increased risk of developing a uremic crisis and of dying. Further studies are required to determine whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between high SBP and progressive renal injury and to identify the risks and benefits of antihypertensive drug treatment.
International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing, 2011
In today's society, highly accurate personal identification systems are required. Passwords or pi... more In today's society, highly accurate personal identification systems are required. Passwords or pin numbers can be forgotten or forged and are no longer considered to offer a high level of security. The use of biological features, biometrics, is becoming widely accepted as the next level for security systems. Biometric-based speaker identification is a method of identifying persons from their voice. Speaker-specific characteristics exist in speech signals due to different speakers having different resonances of the vocal tract. These differences can be exploited by extracting feature vectors such as Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) from the speech signal. A well-known statistical modelling process, the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), then models the distribution of each speaker's MFCCs in a multidimensional acoustic space. The GMM-based speaker identification system has features that make it promising for hardware acceleration. This paper describes the hardware implementation for classification of a text-independent GMM-based speaker identification system. The aim was to produce a system that can perform simultaneous identification of large numbers of voice streams in real time. This has important potential applications in security and in automated call centre applications. A speedup factor of ninety was achieved compared to a software implementation on a standard PC.
Two types of canine struvite uroliths have been recognized: infection-induced struvite is the mos... more Two types of canine struvite uroliths have been recognized: infection-induced struvite is the most common type; sterile struvite is uncommonly recognized. Infection-induced struvite is most commonly associated with urease-producing staphylococcal UTI. For dogs that qualify, medical dissolution is an effective method of treatment. Medical dissolution protocols encompass: (1) eradication or control of UTI; (2) use of calculolytic diets; and (3) administration of urease inhibitors to patients with persistent UTI caused by urease-producing microbes.
American Journal of Physiology Cell Physiology, Aug 1, 2009
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy a... more Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. Also known as CCN2, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is implicated in the fibrosis; however, whether it contributes to cardiomyocytes changes and adverse effects of high glucose and lipids on these cells remains unknown. Hearts from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats had elevated CTGF and changes of pathological myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes were then treated with recombinant human (rh)CTGF, high glucose, or the saturated free fatty acid palmitate. Each reagent induced cell hypertrophy, as indicated by the ratio of total protein to cell number, cell size, and gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy marker genes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and alpha-skeletal actin. Each treatment also caused apoptosis measured by increased caspase3/7 activity, apoptotic cells by transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and lower viable cell number. Further studies showed CTGF mRNA was rapidly induced by high glucose and palmitate in H9c2 cells and in mouse neonatal cardiomyocyte primary cultures. small interfering RNA against CTGF blocked the high glucose and palmitate induction of hypertrophy and apoptosis. In addition, these CTGF effects were through the tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor with tyrosine kinase activity, which has previously been implicated in CTGF signaling: TrkA was phosphorylated by CTGF, and a specific TrkA blocker abrogated CTGF-induced effects on hypertrophy and apoptosis. For the first time in any system, fatty acid is newly identified as a regulator of CTGF, and this work implicates autocrine CTGF as a mediator of adverse effects of high glucose and fatty acids in cardiomyocytes.
Bioscience, 1991
... Thomas W. Hoekstra is an assistant direc-tor of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experimen... more ... Thomas W. Hoekstra is an assistant direc-tor of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO 80526. Timothy FH Allen is a professor in the Botany Department at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715. ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 2460 Javma 2001 218 1583, Dec 23, 2005
To determine whether hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) reduces urinary calcium excretion in dogs with ca... more To determine whether hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) reduces urinary calcium excretion in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Original study. 8 dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. 4 treatment protocols were evaluated in each dog (a low calcium, low protein diet designed to prevent calcium oxalate urolith formation with and without administration of HCTZ [2 mg/kg (0.9 mg/lb) of body weight, PO, q 12 h] and a maintenance diet with higher quantities of protein and calcium with and without administration of HCTZ). At the end of each 2-week treatment period, 24-hour urine samples were collected. Blood samples were collected during the midpoint of each urine collection period. Analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effects of HCTZ and diet on urine and serum analytes. Hydrochlorothiazide significantly decreased urine calcium and potassium concentration and excretion. Hydrochlorothiazide also significantly decreased serum potassium concentration. Compared with the maintenance diet, the urolith prevention diet significantly decreased urine calcium and oxalic acid concentration and excretion. Dogs consuming the urolith prevention diet had significantly lower serum concentrations of albumin and urea nitrogen. Administration of HCTZ decreased urine calcium excretion in dogs with a history of calcium oxalate urolith formation. The greatest reduction in urine calcium concentration and excretion was achieved when dogs received HCTZ and the urolith prevention diet. Results of this study suggest that the hypocalciuric effect of HCTZ will minimize recurrence of calcium oxalate urolith formation in dogs; however, long-term controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of HCTZ.
Psychopharmacologia, Mar 1, 2004
Rationale: There is evidence from research in animals and humans that the g-aminobutyric acid B r... more Rationale: There is evidence from research in animals and humans that the g-aminobutyric acid B receptor subtype (GABA B ) agonist baclofen may have promise as a pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction. Objectives: In the present study, the ability of baclofen to modify the reinforcing, subject-rated and cardiovascular effects of intranasal cocaine in humans was determined. Methods: Non-treatment-seeking volunteers (n=7) with recent histories of cocaine use were recruited to participate in this placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Baclofen (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg) was administered orally, followed approximately 1.5 h later by intranasal cocaine (4 mg [placebo] and 45 mg). Subject-rated and cardiovascular measures were taken prior to baclofen administration and then at regular intervals after cocaine was administered. The reinforcing effects of cocaine and cocaine-baclofen combinations were assessed using the Multiple-Choice Procedure. Results: Intranasal cocaine significantly increased the crossover point on the Multiple-Choice Procedure relative to placebo, suggesting that this cocaine dose functioned as a reinforcer. This dose of intranasal cocaine also produced increases in subjectrated effects typical of psychostimulants and elevated cardiovascular measures. The time course for the effects of cocaine was consistent with its pharmacokinetic profile following intranasal administration; increases in subjectrated and cardiovascular effects were observed almost immediately following administration and peaked at approximately 30 min. Pretreatment with baclofen had no significant effect alone, nor in combination with cocaine, on any outcome. Conclusions: These data demonstrated that acute administration of three clinically relevant baclofen doses did not influence the acute behavioral effects of intranasal cocaine in humans.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Apr 15, 2002
To determine whether a diet used for dogs with renal failure (renal food [RF]) was superior to an... more To determine whether a diet used for dogs with renal failure (renal food [RF]) was superior to an adult maintenance food (MF) in minimizing uremic crises and mortality rate in dogs with spontaneous chronic renal failure. Double-masked, randomized, controlled clinical trial. 38 dogs with spontaneous chronic renal failure. Dogs were randomly assigned to a group fed adult MF or a group fed RF and evaluated for up to 24 months. The 2 groups were of similar clinical, biochemical, and hematologic status. The effects of diets on uremic crises and mortality rate were compared. Changes in renal function were evaluated by use of serial evaluation of serum creatinine concentrations and reciprocal of serum creatinine concentrations. Compared with the MF, the RF had a beneficial effect regarding uremic crises and mortality rate in dogs with mild and moderate renal failure. Dogs fed the RF had a slower decline in renal function, compared with dogs fed the MF. Dietary modifications are beneficial in minimizing extrarenal manifestations of uremia and mortality rate in dogs with mild and moderate spontaneous chronic renal failure. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that delay in development of uremic crises and associated mortality rate in dogs fed RF was associated, at least in part, with reduction in rate of progression of renal failure.
Page 1. 5 - Levels of organisation in ecology - The confusion between scale-defined levels and co... more Page 1. 5 - Levels of organisation in ecology - The confusion between scale-defined levels and conventional levels of organization in ecology Allen, TFH1 & Hoekstra, TW2 1Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 2460 Javma 2000 217 515, Dec 6, 2005
ABSTRACT To test the hypothesis that breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment are risk fa... more ABSTRACT To test the hypothesis that breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment are risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs. Case-control study. 1,074 dogs that formed calcium oxalate uroliths and 1,724 control dogs that did not have uroliths. A validated multiple-choice questionnaire was designed to collect information from veterinarians and owners within 1 year of the date of urolith detection concerning signalment and environment of the dogs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios to assess whether breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment were risk factors for calcium oxalate urolith formation. Middle-aged (8- to 12-year-old) castrated male dogs had increased risk for formation of calcium oxalate uroliths. Urolith formation was also associated with increasing age. Dogs of certain breeds, including Miniature and Standard Schnauzer, Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Bichon Frise, Shih Tzu, and Miniature and Toy Poodle, had increased risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths. Overweight dogs also had increased risk. Knowledge of patient and environmental risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of this disease. Modification of environmental factors and body weight may minimize calcium oxalate urolith formation and recurrence.
Neuropharmacology, Jul 1, 1992
It has previously been shown that the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, caused discrete changes in cereb... more It has previously been shown that the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, caused discrete changes in cerebral glucose utilization in the rat, as assessed by quantitative 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. Here, the effect of the putative 5-HT1A antagonist, BMY 7378, on regional cerebral glucose utilization was examined, when injected alone and in rats treated with 8-OH-DPAT. In control rats, BMY 7378 (5 mg/kg, s.c.) markedly increased glucose utilization in the lateral habenular nucleus and moderately reduced glucose utilization in the hippocampal formation. Pretreatment with BMY 7378 (5 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the reductions in glucose utilization in the hippocampus, entorhinal, piriform and cingulate cortex, induced by 8-OH-DPAT (0.25 mg/kg). The 8-OH-DPAT-induced increase in glucose utilization in the copula pyramis, that is putatively associated with the appearance of the 5-HT behavioural syndrome, was also blocked by BMY 7378, as was the behavioural syndrome. In summary, BMY 7378 produced few of the discrete changes in cerebral glucose utilization that are seen with 8-OH-DPAT. However, many of the changes induced by 8-OH-DPAT were reversed by BMY 7378. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on regional cerebral glucose utilization are mediated by 5-HT1A receptors.
Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Jvir, Sep 1, 2003
Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 2012
The aim of this paper is to develop an explicit protocol for gaining the use of new concepts from... more The aim of this paper is to develop an explicit protocol for gaining the use of new concepts from external and transdisciplinary sources during the theory construction process. We are concerned with Churchman's 'sweeping in' of alternative perspectives and with inductive research. The potential for innovation that concepts from external disciplines bring is balanced by the risks of working outside a researcher's area of expertise. There is potential for researcher bias when gathering new ideas as well as when filtering possible new theory, and a protocol might help minimize such problems. For example, few business researchers are fully versed in ecology, and vice versa. This applies to the authors here, but we look at the issue from our respective sides and bring our respective expertise. Hierarchy theory is fundamentally a theory of observation. Here it helps us to define how the perspective of the researcher affects theory construction and the use of transdisciplinary concepts. It introduces a precision about the use of levels and brings out the dualism that arises in movement between levels. We use this to develop a theoretical model of the theory-building process that avoids bias whilst making best use of the researcher's preconceptions. We illustrate our protocol using the business ecosystem metaphor, which is common in the business literature. Our special case that straddles business and ecology might offer guidance in other transdisciplinary efforts.