Timothy LIPMAN - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Timothy LIPMAN

Research paper thumbnail of Strategy for Overcoming Cost Hurdles of Plug-In-Hybrid Battery in California

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2010

Page 1. to 1990 levels by 2020, the Pavley law focusing on transportation greenhouse gas emission... more Page 1. to 1990 levels by 2020, the Pavley law focusing on transportation greenhouse gas emissions, and the low carbon fuel standard. • Electric drive technology has advanced in performance and reduced in cost, with much ...

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrogen Energy Stations: Poly-Production of Electricity, Hydrogen, and Thermal Energy

The "hydrogen energy station" is one method of hydrogen production at small and medium scales. Un... more The "hydrogen energy station" is one method of hydrogen production at small and medium scales. Unlike more conventional hydrogen station designs where hydrogen is simply delivered or produced on-site with a fuel "reformer" or water electrolyzer and then compressed and dispensed, energy stations would provide multiple functions in the same facility. They would integrate systems for production of electricity for 1) local uses and/or the utility grid, 2) re-use of thermal energy "waste heat" for building heating/cooling needs, and 3) purified hydrogen for refueling vehicles. eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide.

Research paper thumbnail of Optimizing fermentation process miscanthus-to-ethanol biorefinery scale under uncertain conditions

Environmental Research Letters, 2014

ABSTRACT Ethanol produced from cellulosic feedstocks has garnered significant interest for greenh... more ABSTRACT Ethanol produced from cellulosic feedstocks has garnered significant interest for greenhouse gas abatement and energy security promotion. One outstanding question in the development of a mature cellulosic ethanol industry is the optimal scale of biorefining activities. This question is important for companies and entrepreneurs seeking to construct and operate cellulosic ethanol biorefineries as it determines the size of investment needed and the amount of feedstock for which they must contract. The question also has important implications for the nature and location of lifecycle environmental impacts from cellulosic ethanol. We use an optimization framework similar to previous studies, but add richer details by treating many of these critical parameters as random variables and incorporating a stochastic sub-model for land conversion. We then use Monte Carlo simulation to obtain a probability distribution for the optimal scale of a biorefinery using a fermentation process and miscanthus feedstock. We find a bimodal distribution with a high peak at around 10–30 MMgal yr−1 (representing circumstances where a relatively low percentage of farmers elect to participate in miscanthus cultivation) and a lower and flatter peak between 150 and 250 MMgal yr−1 (representing more typically assumed land-conversion conditions). This distribution leads to useful insights; in particular, the asymmetry of the distribution—with significantly more mass on the low side—indicates that developers of cellulosic ethanol biorefineries may wish to exercise caution in scale-up.

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable Hydrogen: Technology Review and Policy Recommendations for State-Level Sustainable Energy Futures

Hydrogen is emerging beyond its conventional role as an additive component for gasoline productio... more Hydrogen is emerging beyond its conventional role as an additive component for gasoline production, chemical and fertilizer manufacture, and food production to become a promising fuel for transportation and stationary power. Hydrogen offers a potentially unmatched ability to deliver a de-carbonized energy system, thereby addressing global climate change concerns, while simultaneously improving local air quality and reducing dependence on imported

Research paper thumbnail of Business Model for Subscription Service for Electric Vehicles Including Battery Swapping, for San Francisco Bay Area, California

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2011

ABSTRACT A proposed strategy for facilitating the introduction of electric-drive vehicles calls f... more ABSTRACT A proposed strategy for facilitating the introduction of electric-drive vehicles calls for vehicle purchasers to own the vehicle but to lease the battery from a third party to help reduce the first-cost hurdle to consumers. A further extension of this concept for all-battery electric vehicles (EVs) would include the ability for consumers to exchange their discharged batteries for charged ones at battery swap stations. This factor would extend the driving range for EV service subscribers but with increased costs to build and operate the stations. This analysis centers around a base-case scenario from 2012 to 2027 that includes a set of assumptions about subscriber membership levels, gasoline and electricity prices, corporate level expenditures, and the capital costs of batteries, charging stations, and battery swap stations. The base-case set of assumptions is then systematically varied, and a few combinations are explored to determine whether and how such a service might be economically viable. Key sensitivities include buildup of the number of subscribers, the price of gasoline, capital costs of the batteries, distribution of total annual driving mileage of subscribers, and the number of corporate employees needed to operate and manage the subscription service business. Focusing on a network in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, the analysis suggests that, with current gasoline prices and the base-case scenario assumptions, the economics of this business model are challenging.

Research paper thumbnail of Plug-In Electric Vehicles in California

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2012

ABSTRACT California's emissions reduction goals for criteria air pollutants (CAPs) and gr... more ABSTRACT California's emissions reduction goals for criteria air pollutants (CAPs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) have encouraged policies that support plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). This paper explores current and planned policies that promote PEVs, potential emissions benefits from PEV adoption in California by 2020, and future policy directions. The reviewed policies include the zero-emission vehicle regulations, the low-carbon fuel standard, and the clean car standards, which all require GHG reductions. Policies prompted by the California Public Utilities Commission Alternative-Fueled Vehicle Rulemaking decision and existing and planned PEV incentive programs are among the forthcoming and expected policies that are discussed. An analysis was conducted to estimate and to value GHG and CAP emissions reductions from PEVs in California by 2020. Results of this analysis show that the reduction in tailpipe emissions dominate any added power plant emissions and value the benefits at 750to750 to 750to1,500 per vehicle in an expected PEV penetration scenario (where PEVs are predominantly plug-in hybrid vehicles) and 1,000to1,000 to 1,000to2,500 per vehicle in an aggressive penetration scenario (in which battery electric vehicles comprise one-third of all PEVs). The assignment of monetary value to benefits provided a basis for justifying future PEV subsidy programs. The policy review and emissions analysis set the stage for a discussion of California's PEV-related policy outlook, including possible policy directions that would coordinate PEV-related programs, distinguish electric fuel from electricity used for other purposes, and provide stable, long-term incentives for PEV deployment.

Research paper thumbnail of Lessons learned from the installation and operation of Northern California's first 70-MPa hydrogen fueling station

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013

Compressed gas Dispensing 70-MPa a b s t r a c t A hydrogen dispensing facility capable of provid... more Compressed gas Dispensing 70-MPa a b s t r a c t A hydrogen dispensing facility capable of providing rapid 70-MPa vehicle fills became operational in May 2011 as the first such hydrogen dispensing facility in Northern California. The facility is operated by the University of California e Berkeley in support of fuel cell vehicle research with automakers, regional and state agencies, and industrial groups.

Research paper thumbnail of Grand challenges for life-cycle assessment of biofuels

To address energy security and climate-change concerns, substitutes are needed for petroleum-base... more To address energy security and climate-change concerns, substitutes are needed for petroleum-based transportation fuels. In addition to electricity and natural gas, biofuels are emerging as an important class of substitutes, today dominated by ethanol that is produced from corn and sugar cane. For the future, many alternative pathways are being explored. Features of these alternatives include diversity in feedstocks, fuel composition, and byproducts. Decision-making tools are needed to support choices among these alternatives....

Research paper thumbnail of Behavioral Response to Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Refueling: A Comparative Analysis of Short and Long-Term Exposure

Over the last several decades, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have recently emerged as a zero... more Over the last several decades, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have recently emerged as a zero tailpipe-emission alternative to the battery electric vehicle (EV). FCVs have some important differences from gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles, and they have only been on the road for a few years. There are key questions about consumer reaction and response to operations and refueling.

Research paper thumbnail of Dynamics in Behavioral Response to a Fuel Cell Vehicle Fleet and Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure: An Exploratory Study

Transportation is a major contributor of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions ... more Transportation is a major contributor of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions from human activity. It accounts for approximately 14% of total anthropogenic emissions globally and about 27% in the United States. Growing concern regarding the impacts of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions has led to innovations in automotive and fuel technology. However, behavioral response to the

Research paper thumbnail of Economic Assessment of Electric-Drive Vehicle Operation in California and the United States

This study examines the relative economics of electric vehicle operation in the context of curren... more This study examines the relative economics of electric vehicle operation in the context of current electricity rates in specific utility service territories. The authors examined 14 utility territories offering electric vehicle (EV) rates, focusing on California but also including other regions of the United States. The consumer costs of EV charging were examined in comparison with gasoline price data, geographic

Research paper thumbnail of Reducing Greenhouse Emissions and Fuel Consumption

Climate change is rapidly becoming known as a tangible issue that must be addressed to avoid majo... more Climate change is rapidly becoming known as a tangible issue that must be addressed to avoid major environmental consequences in the future. Recent change in public opinion has been caused by the physical signs of climate change-melting glaciers, rising sea levels, more severe storm and drought events, and hotter average global temperatures annually. Transportation is a major contributor of carbon

Research paper thumbnail of Regulatory impediments to neighborhood electric vehicles: Safety standards and zero-emission vehicle rules

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board

Research paper thumbnail of Forecasting Cost Path of Electric Vehicle Drive System: Monte Carlo Experience Curve Simulation

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board

Research paper thumbnail of Energy Use and Emissions From the Lifecycle of Diesel-Like Fuels Derived From Biomass

Research paper thumbnail of Exploratory Field Test of Early Fleet Niches for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Fueling Infrastructure

Research paper thumbnail of Household Markets for Neighborhood Electric Vehicles in California

Research paper thumbnail of International Assessment of Electric-Drive Vehicles: Policies, Markets, and Technologies

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated Hydrogen and Intelligent Transportation Systems Evaluation for the California Department of Transportation

This "Integrated Hydrogen/Intelligent Transportation Systems Evaluation for the California Depart... more This "Integrated Hydrogen/Intelligent Transportation Systems Evaluation for the California Department of Transportation" project was conceived to investigate hydrogen activities in the State and around the U.S. that might impact the California Department of Transportation's (Caltrans) operations. The project is intended to review these activities and to suggest potential interesting applications of combined hydrogen and intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies. This project was conducted by researchers at the University of California -Berkeley under California Partners for Advanced Transportation and Highways (PATH) Task Order 5112.

Research paper thumbnail of CO$_2$ equivalency factors

Research paper thumbnail of Strategy for Overcoming Cost Hurdles of Plug-In-Hybrid Battery in California

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2010

Page 1. to 1990 levels by 2020, the Pavley law focusing on transportation greenhouse gas emission... more Page 1. to 1990 levels by 2020, the Pavley law focusing on transportation greenhouse gas emissions, and the low carbon fuel standard. • Electric drive technology has advanced in performance and reduced in cost, with much ...

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrogen Energy Stations: Poly-Production of Electricity, Hydrogen, and Thermal Energy

The "hydrogen energy station" is one method of hydrogen production at small and medium scales. Un... more The "hydrogen energy station" is one method of hydrogen production at small and medium scales. Unlike more conventional hydrogen station designs where hydrogen is simply delivered or produced on-site with a fuel "reformer" or water electrolyzer and then compressed and dispensed, energy stations would provide multiple functions in the same facility. They would integrate systems for production of electricity for 1) local uses and/or the utility grid, 2) re-use of thermal energy "waste heat" for building heating/cooling needs, and 3) purified hydrogen for refueling vehicles. eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide.

Research paper thumbnail of Optimizing fermentation process miscanthus-to-ethanol biorefinery scale under uncertain conditions

Environmental Research Letters, 2014

ABSTRACT Ethanol produced from cellulosic feedstocks has garnered significant interest for greenh... more ABSTRACT Ethanol produced from cellulosic feedstocks has garnered significant interest for greenhouse gas abatement and energy security promotion. One outstanding question in the development of a mature cellulosic ethanol industry is the optimal scale of biorefining activities. This question is important for companies and entrepreneurs seeking to construct and operate cellulosic ethanol biorefineries as it determines the size of investment needed and the amount of feedstock for which they must contract. The question also has important implications for the nature and location of lifecycle environmental impacts from cellulosic ethanol. We use an optimization framework similar to previous studies, but add richer details by treating many of these critical parameters as random variables and incorporating a stochastic sub-model for land conversion. We then use Monte Carlo simulation to obtain a probability distribution for the optimal scale of a biorefinery using a fermentation process and miscanthus feedstock. We find a bimodal distribution with a high peak at around 10–30 MMgal yr−1 (representing circumstances where a relatively low percentage of farmers elect to participate in miscanthus cultivation) and a lower and flatter peak between 150 and 250 MMgal yr−1 (representing more typically assumed land-conversion conditions). This distribution leads to useful insights; in particular, the asymmetry of the distribution—with significantly more mass on the low side—indicates that developers of cellulosic ethanol biorefineries may wish to exercise caution in scale-up.

Research paper thumbnail of Renewable Hydrogen: Technology Review and Policy Recommendations for State-Level Sustainable Energy Futures

Hydrogen is emerging beyond its conventional role as an additive component for gasoline productio... more Hydrogen is emerging beyond its conventional role as an additive component for gasoline production, chemical and fertilizer manufacture, and food production to become a promising fuel for transportation and stationary power. Hydrogen offers a potentially unmatched ability to deliver a de-carbonized energy system, thereby addressing global climate change concerns, while simultaneously improving local air quality and reducing dependence on imported

Research paper thumbnail of Business Model for Subscription Service for Electric Vehicles Including Battery Swapping, for San Francisco Bay Area, California

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2011

ABSTRACT A proposed strategy for facilitating the introduction of electric-drive vehicles calls f... more ABSTRACT A proposed strategy for facilitating the introduction of electric-drive vehicles calls for vehicle purchasers to own the vehicle but to lease the battery from a third party to help reduce the first-cost hurdle to consumers. A further extension of this concept for all-battery electric vehicles (EVs) would include the ability for consumers to exchange their discharged batteries for charged ones at battery swap stations. This factor would extend the driving range for EV service subscribers but with increased costs to build and operate the stations. This analysis centers around a base-case scenario from 2012 to 2027 that includes a set of assumptions about subscriber membership levels, gasoline and electricity prices, corporate level expenditures, and the capital costs of batteries, charging stations, and battery swap stations. The base-case set of assumptions is then systematically varied, and a few combinations are explored to determine whether and how such a service might be economically viable. Key sensitivities include buildup of the number of subscribers, the price of gasoline, capital costs of the batteries, distribution of total annual driving mileage of subscribers, and the number of corporate employees needed to operate and manage the subscription service business. Focusing on a network in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, the analysis suggests that, with current gasoline prices and the base-case scenario assumptions, the economics of this business model are challenging.

Research paper thumbnail of Plug-In Electric Vehicles in California

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2012

ABSTRACT California's emissions reduction goals for criteria air pollutants (CAPs) and gr... more ABSTRACT California's emissions reduction goals for criteria air pollutants (CAPs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) have encouraged policies that support plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). This paper explores current and planned policies that promote PEVs, potential emissions benefits from PEV adoption in California by 2020, and future policy directions. The reviewed policies include the zero-emission vehicle regulations, the low-carbon fuel standard, and the clean car standards, which all require GHG reductions. Policies prompted by the California Public Utilities Commission Alternative-Fueled Vehicle Rulemaking decision and existing and planned PEV incentive programs are among the forthcoming and expected policies that are discussed. An analysis was conducted to estimate and to value GHG and CAP emissions reductions from PEVs in California by 2020. Results of this analysis show that the reduction in tailpipe emissions dominate any added power plant emissions and value the benefits at 750to750 to 750to1,500 per vehicle in an expected PEV penetration scenario (where PEVs are predominantly plug-in hybrid vehicles) and 1,000to1,000 to 1,000to2,500 per vehicle in an aggressive penetration scenario (in which battery electric vehicles comprise one-third of all PEVs). The assignment of monetary value to benefits provided a basis for justifying future PEV subsidy programs. The policy review and emissions analysis set the stage for a discussion of California's PEV-related policy outlook, including possible policy directions that would coordinate PEV-related programs, distinguish electric fuel from electricity used for other purposes, and provide stable, long-term incentives for PEV deployment.

Research paper thumbnail of Lessons learned from the installation and operation of Northern California's first 70-MPa hydrogen fueling station

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013

Compressed gas Dispensing 70-MPa a b s t r a c t A hydrogen dispensing facility capable of provid... more Compressed gas Dispensing 70-MPa a b s t r a c t A hydrogen dispensing facility capable of providing rapid 70-MPa vehicle fills became operational in May 2011 as the first such hydrogen dispensing facility in Northern California. The facility is operated by the University of California e Berkeley in support of fuel cell vehicle research with automakers, regional and state agencies, and industrial groups.

Research paper thumbnail of Grand challenges for life-cycle assessment of biofuels

To address energy security and climate-change concerns, substitutes are needed for petroleum-base... more To address energy security and climate-change concerns, substitutes are needed for petroleum-based transportation fuels. In addition to electricity and natural gas, biofuels are emerging as an important class of substitutes, today dominated by ethanol that is produced from corn and sugar cane. For the future, many alternative pathways are being explored. Features of these alternatives include diversity in feedstocks, fuel composition, and byproducts. Decision-making tools are needed to support choices among these alternatives....

Research paper thumbnail of Behavioral Response to Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Refueling: A Comparative Analysis of Short and Long-Term Exposure

Over the last several decades, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have recently emerged as a zero... more Over the last several decades, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have recently emerged as a zero tailpipe-emission alternative to the battery electric vehicle (EV). FCVs have some important differences from gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles, and they have only been on the road for a few years. There are key questions about consumer reaction and response to operations and refueling.

Research paper thumbnail of Dynamics in Behavioral Response to a Fuel Cell Vehicle Fleet and Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure: An Exploratory Study

Transportation is a major contributor of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions ... more Transportation is a major contributor of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions from human activity. It accounts for approximately 14% of total anthropogenic emissions globally and about 27% in the United States. Growing concern regarding the impacts of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions has led to innovations in automotive and fuel technology. However, behavioral response to the

Research paper thumbnail of Economic Assessment of Electric-Drive Vehicle Operation in California and the United States

This study examines the relative economics of electric vehicle operation in the context of curren... more This study examines the relative economics of electric vehicle operation in the context of current electricity rates in specific utility service territories. The authors examined 14 utility territories offering electric vehicle (EV) rates, focusing on California but also including other regions of the United States. The consumer costs of EV charging were examined in comparison with gasoline price data, geographic

Research paper thumbnail of Reducing Greenhouse Emissions and Fuel Consumption

Climate change is rapidly becoming known as a tangible issue that must be addressed to avoid majo... more Climate change is rapidly becoming known as a tangible issue that must be addressed to avoid major environmental consequences in the future. Recent change in public opinion has been caused by the physical signs of climate change-melting glaciers, rising sea levels, more severe storm and drought events, and hotter average global temperatures annually. Transportation is a major contributor of carbon

Research paper thumbnail of Regulatory impediments to neighborhood electric vehicles: Safety standards and zero-emission vehicle rules

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board

Research paper thumbnail of Forecasting Cost Path of Electric Vehicle Drive System: Monte Carlo Experience Curve Simulation

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board

Research paper thumbnail of Energy Use and Emissions From the Lifecycle of Diesel-Like Fuels Derived From Biomass

Research paper thumbnail of Exploratory Field Test of Early Fleet Niches for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Fueling Infrastructure

Research paper thumbnail of Household Markets for Neighborhood Electric Vehicles in California

Research paper thumbnail of International Assessment of Electric-Drive Vehicles: Policies, Markets, and Technologies

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated Hydrogen and Intelligent Transportation Systems Evaluation for the California Department of Transportation

This "Integrated Hydrogen/Intelligent Transportation Systems Evaluation for the California Depart... more This "Integrated Hydrogen/Intelligent Transportation Systems Evaluation for the California Department of Transportation" project was conceived to investigate hydrogen activities in the State and around the U.S. that might impact the California Department of Transportation's (Caltrans) operations. The project is intended to review these activities and to suggest potential interesting applications of combined hydrogen and intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies. This project was conducted by researchers at the University of California -Berkeley under California Partners for Advanced Transportation and Highways (PATH) Task Order 5112.

Research paper thumbnail of CO$_2$ equivalency factors