Tobias Choji - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Tobias Choji

Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 2001

In this study, rats were made to inhale cigarette smoke in a specifically prepared container for ... more In this study, rats were made to inhale cigarette smoke in a specifically prepared container for different periods. The lung tissue samples of the subjects were examined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Malonaldehyde, one of the free oxygen radicals was determined in lungs and plasma. The catalase activity level of erythrocyte and arginase levels were determined. Three groups were formed. The rats in the Ist and IInd groups were made to inhale cigarette smoke for 30 and 60 minutes a day for a total period of 3 months. Control group, the rats in the IIIrd group (controls) were made to inhale clean air during the same periods. An increase in the number of macrophages was observed in the pulmonary tissue of the exposed groups. Especially in the group that inhaled the smoke for long periods, the number of macrophages and the inclusion bodies contained in them increased. These differences could easily be observed in TEM studies. In the light microscopy and SEM observations, it arouse attention that the alveolar macrophages occurred as sets and their activation increased. Depending on the length of the exposure to cigarette smoke, an increase in the number of macrophages was observed. Statistically significant increases were determined in the malonaldehyde levels of pulmonary tissue and plasma when compared to the control group. Besides significant increases were found in the catalase activity levels of erythrocytes in the experimental groups.

UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research, Jun 30, 2021

Urinary schistosomiasis is a severe threat to global health with uncountable morbidities in Afric... more Urinary schistosomiasis is a severe threat to global health with uncountable morbidities in Africa including Nigeria where control interventions focused on children in public and private schools neglecting Almajiri children. This undermined control interventions as those infected contaminate the environments with infective stages of the parasite. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis amongst Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, Northwestern Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, socio-demographic data was collected in April 2020 on 206 consented Almajiri children in Silame and their urine samples were examined using the sedimentation method. The study showed a prevalence of 35.4% among the Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, Northwestern Nigeria. The highest prevalence was found among children within the age range 16-20 years (63.6%) while the lowest prevalence was among those in the age range 6-10 years (24.4%). There was a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis between the age groups (χ 2 = 11.637 a , df =3, p=0.002). Urinary schistosomiasis was prevalent among Almajiri children in the study area and parasite infection was associated with the participant's socio-demographic factors such as age, level of education, and water contact activities. Hence, the National Schistosomiasis Control Programs should incorporate the Almajiri children in the control interventions

Epidemiological studies have suggested that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a risk factor fo... more Epidemiological studies have suggested that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2; hence, this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of HCV antibodies among diabetic patients attending the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, north central Nigeria. One hundred and eighty (180) diabetic patients made up of seventy-five males (41.7%) and 105 females (58.3%) were recruited for the study. Structured questionnaire on demographic data and risk factors for HCV was administered to the participants. The sera of all the subjects were assayed for antibodies to HCV using a fourth generation Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The overall prevalence of HCV infection among diabetic patients was 5.0%. Of the nine participants’ positive for HCV antibodies, three were males (1.7%), while six were females (3.3%). Although more female attended the diabetic clinic, there was no significant di...

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology, 2018

The use of immunofluorescence (IF) technique to detect and evaluate expression levels and localiz... more The use of immunofluorescence (IF) technique to detect and evaluate expression levels and localization of cellular proteins and other antigens of interest through the antibodies in their cellular or tissue context has become a standard approach among researchers. Optimizing primary antibody concentrations/ dilutions is an essential step in the fluorescent antibody staining protocol. The steps in IF staining are similar to those of the immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique. The use of IHC technique to determine the optimal working dilutions of primary antibodies for IF staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues sections can minimize time wasting and cumbersome approach of using direct IF single labeling using variable dilutions of both primary and secondary antibodies. We used IHC staining technique to determine the working dilutions of the respective primary antibodies by staining 3-µm sections of recommended positive FFPE tissue sections using 3 different dilutions of the primary antibodies and an isotype control (used at the highest concentration). Digital images of sections stained were reviewed in ImageScope by a Consultant Pathologist for positivity, intensity, and histologic distribution. We adopted the IHC predetermined optimal dilutions of primary antibodies to CD4, CD8, CD16, CD21, CD56, CD68, CD163, FOXP3, and PD1 to carry out IF staining of FFPE tissue sections. This approach has helped to remove the complexities associated with grappling with 2 unknown to optimize for both the primary and secondary antibodies using IF technique.

British Biotechnology Journal, 2015

Aims: This work aims to reduce the time of tissue processing, exclude xylene from tissue processi... more Aims: This work aims to reduce the time of tissue processing, exclude xylene from tissue processing as well as to reduce the total quantity of reagents used per cycle of paraffin wax processing technique. Stu dy Design : Harvesting and fixation of tissues. Grossing into triplicates, processing using three different techniques. Staining and grading of sections. Place and Duration of Study: Apparently healthy rabbits from the animal house, National Veterinary rese arch Institute, Vom, Jos, Nigeria, between August and December, 2014. Methodology: Two apparently healthy rabbits were sacrificed and the Trachea, Lungs, Heart, Liver, Kidney, Stomach, Skin, Brain, and the Spleen were harvested and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for

UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 2021

Urinary schistosomiasis is a severe threat to global health with uncountable morbidities in Afric... more Urinary schistosomiasis is a severe threat to global health with uncountable morbidities in Africa including Nigeria where control interventions focused on children in public and private schools neglecting Almajiri children. This undermined control interventions as those infected contaminate the environments with infective stages of the parasite. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis amongst Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, North-western Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, socio-demographic data was collected in April 2020 on 206 consented Almajiri children in Silame and their urine samples were examined using the sedimentation method. The study showed a prevalence of 35.4% among the Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, North-western Nigeria. The highest prevalence was found among children within the age range 16-20 years (63.6%) while the lowest prevalence was among those in the age range 6-10 years (...

Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 2019

Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important avian diseases. Virulent strains of Newc... more Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important avian diseases. Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have the potential of rapid spread, and may cause serious economic impact and international trade restrictions for the poultry industry. The objective was to study the clinical, gross and histo-pathological and immunohistopathological changes of Newcastle disease infection in apparently healthy and sick indigenous chickens, ducks, pigeons and some wild birds in Plateau State. Methodology: The indigenous chickens used in this study were randomly selected from apparently healthy and from those with suggestive clinical signs of ND. A total of 638 birds were used for the study. Out of the total number of birds sampled, 349 were indigenous chickens, 98 pigeons, 96 ducks and 95 from different species of wild birds. Out of the number sampled from indigenous chickens, 169 (44.01%) were live birds, while 180 (46.90%) were carcasses. Tissues were collected from indigenous...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES, 2019

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2016

Cervical smear samples of one hundred (100) copper intra uterine contraceptive device (IUCD) user... more Cervical smear samples of one hundred (100) copper intra uterine contraceptive device (IUCD) users, attending family planning clinic in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi, were collected and stained with Papanicolaou method. The subjects were categorized based on the duration of IUCD usage and samples collected using Ayres spatula with the aid of speculum. Smears were made on pre-labelled slides which were inserted immediately into jars of 95% ethanol fixative for 30 minutes, before staining by Papanicolaou method. Nineteen (19) percent showed abnormal changes while 81% had normal and benign changes. Moreover, 19% revealed perinuclear halo characteristic of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Only 6% of the subjects had gone for Pap smear test before. Pap smear test should be performed before insertion of IUCD.

Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 2015

Aims: To evaluate the quality of paraffin blocks produced using the microwave and without the use... more Aims: To evaluate the quality of paraffin blocks produced using the microwave and without the use of xylene. To evaluate the compatibility of the rapid microwave processing techniques on the histochemistry of collagen and muscle fibre as well as nuclear, cytoplasmic and extracellular components. Study Design: Harvesting and fixation of tissues in 10% formalin. Grossing into triplicates, processing using three different techniques, checking for retraction of blocks, checking the quality of paraffin ribbon, Staining using the Masson Trichrome technique, grading of section quality and staining characteristics. Methodology: Liver, kidney and oesophagus were harvested from an apparently healthy rabbit. Human cervix, prostate, testis and prostate were obtained. All samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, cut into triplicates and processed using the three techniques, sectioned and stained simultaneously using the Masson Trichrome technique and evaluated. Results: Processing cycles and reagent consumption per cycle were greatly reduced in the microwave techniques. Paraffin blocks as well as ribbons produced from the three techniques were of comparable quality. Though tissue integrity was comparable among the three techniques, the stroma of the cervix was better retained in the microwave with vacuum method. Dye uptake as well as section thickness were comparable among the three techniques. Nuclear, cytoplasmic and extracellular components presented with comparable histochemistry. Conclusion: The rapid microwave techniques are cheap and fast with good ribonning. Reagent toxicity is greatly reduced as xylene is excluded. Muscle fibre and collagen fibre histochemistry for the rapid microwave methods are comparable to that of the conventional method. Cervical stroma is better retained in the rapid microwave methods than in the conventional method of paraffin wax processing. Microwave techniques should be encouraged since they can help to produce quality paraffin section within the shortest time possible at a cheaper rate than the conventional method without compromising section quality and tissue histochemistry.

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2019

A study of Newcastle disease virus (NDVs) using molecular characterization in indigenous chickens... more A study of Newcastle disease virus (NDVs) using molecular characterization in indigenous chickens in Plateau State was carried out. The birds were obtained from three geographical locations in Plateau State. Three ribonucleic acids (RNAs) of Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) obtained from normal indigenous chickens, which were never vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) were characterized. These RNAs were named Lc 3, Lc 4 and Lc5, respectively. These three samples were genotypically analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers specific to the viral fusion (F) protein gene. The deduced amino acid sequences at the F0 of these three RNA between positions 112 and 117 were all the same. The three NDV RNA had phenylalanine (F) residue at position 117, confirming their high virulence to indigenous chicken in Plateau State, Nigeria. The existence of virulent NDVs in circulation in indigenous chicken could be a serious threat to commercial chicken. ...

Coccidiosis is a disease that is caused by protozoan parasite belonging to the subclass coccidia ... more Coccidiosis is a disease that is caused by protozoan parasite belonging to the subclass coccidia and family Eimeridae, developing within the intestine of most domestic and wild animals and birds. Seven species of Eimeria (E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. praecox and E. tenella) are recognized as infecting chickens. This study is part of the diagnostic investigations carried out to record the incidence of coccidiosis in chickens from different poultry farms sent to Central Diagnostic Laboratory of National veterinary research institute Vom Nigeria for diagnosis. The clinical signs observed include greenish, yellowish, brown bloody stool, inactivity, off feed, weight lost, huddling, drop in feed intake, drop in production, emaciation, comb and wattles pale, anemia and sudden death. Gross lessions include ballooned and haemorrhagic intestine while histopathological lesions revealed loss of epithelial tissue, congestion of blood vessels which indicated di...

Annual research & review in biology, 2016

British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2016

Aims: To utilise the laboratory microwave as an instrument for a faster, cheaper and reliable tis... more Aims: To utilise the laboratory microwave as an instrument for a faster, cheaper and reliable tissue processing in the paraffin technique, to establish a processing schedule that eliminates xylene and replace it with a suitable alternative. To check the effect of microwave processing techniques on glycogen reactions as well as tissue morphology. Study Design: Animal acquisition, sacrifice, harvesting and fixation of tissues. Grossing into triplicates, processing using three different techniques namely the conventional paraffin wax Original Research Article Ngokere et al.; BJAST, 12(2): 1-14, 2016; Article no.BJAST.19710 2 method, the microwave without vacuum method and the microwave with vacuum method. Staining using the PAS-Diastase as well as Haematoxylin and eosin staining techniques. Assessment and grading of morphology and staining characteristics. Place and Duration of Study: Apparently healthy rabbits from the animal house, National Veterinary research Institute, Vom, Jos, Ni...

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology

The use of immunofluorescence (IF) technique to detect and evaluate expression levels and localiz... more The use of immunofluorescence (IF) technique to detect and evaluate expression levels and localization of cellular proteins and other antigens of interest through the antibodies in their cellular or tissue context has become a standard approach among researchers. Optimizing primary antibody concentrations/dilutions is an essential step in the fluorescent antibody staining protocol. The steps in IF staining are similar to those of the immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique. The use of IHC technique to determine the optimal working dilutions of primary antibodies for IF staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues sections can minimize time wasting and cumbersome approach of using direct IF single labeling using variable dilutions of both primary and secondary antibodies. We used IHC staining technique to determine the working dilutions of the respective primary antibodies by staining 3-µm sections of recommended positive FFPE tissue sections using 3 different dilutions of the primary antibodies and an isotype control (used at the highest concentration). Digital images of sections stained were reviewed in ImageScope by a Consultant Pathologist for positivity, intensity, and histologic distribution. We adopted the IHC predetermined optimal dilutions of primary antibodies to CD4, CD8, CD16, CD21, CD56, CD68, CD163, FOXP3, and PD1 to carry out IF staining of FFPE tissue sections. This approach has helped to remove the complexities associated with grappling with 2 unknown to optimize for both the primary and secondary antibodies using IF technique.

Aims: To determine the histopathological and biochemical effects of ethanolic crude extracts of N... more Aims: To determine the histopathological and biochemical effects of ethanolic crude extracts of Nauclea latifolia leaves, fruits, stem and root barks on the liver of Chinchilla rabbit. Study Design: This is an experimental study.

Aims: This work aims to reduce the time of tissue processing, exclude xylene from tissue processi... more Aims: This work aims to reduce the time of tissue processing, exclude xylene from tissue processing as well as to reduce the total quantity of reagents used per cycle of paraffin wax processing technique. Study Design: Harvesting and fixation of tissues. Grossing into triplicates, processing using three different techniques. Staining and grading of sections. 2 three days. They were grossed into triplicates, labeled and processed using the conventional, microwave without vacuum and microwave with vacuum respectively. They were sectioned and stained simultaneously using the haematoxylin and eosin staining technique as well as the Gordon and Sweet's method. They were graded as excellent if they permitted microscopy, fair if not very good but can permit microscopy and poor if they cannot permit microscopy at all. Results: There is a drastic reduction in the duration of processing as well as the quantity of reagents used in the microwave techniques as compared to the conventional met...

Archives of Current Research International, 2015

Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 2001

In this study, rats were made to inhale cigarette smoke in a specifically prepared container for ... more In this study, rats were made to inhale cigarette smoke in a specifically prepared container for different periods. The lung tissue samples of the subjects were examined by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Malonaldehyde, one of the free oxygen radicals was determined in lungs and plasma. The catalase activity level of erythrocyte and arginase levels were determined. Three groups were formed. The rats in the Ist and IInd groups were made to inhale cigarette smoke for 30 and 60 minutes a day for a total period of 3 months. Control group, the rats in the IIIrd group (controls) were made to inhale clean air during the same periods. An increase in the number of macrophages was observed in the pulmonary tissue of the exposed groups. Especially in the group that inhaled the smoke for long periods, the number of macrophages and the inclusion bodies contained in them increased. These differences could easily be observed in TEM studies. In the light microscopy and SEM observations, it arouse attention that the alveolar macrophages occurred as sets and their activation increased. Depending on the length of the exposure to cigarette smoke, an increase in the number of macrophages was observed. Statistically significant increases were determined in the malonaldehyde levels of pulmonary tissue and plasma when compared to the control group. Besides significant increases were found in the catalase activity levels of erythrocytes in the experimental groups.

UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research, Jun 30, 2021

Urinary schistosomiasis is a severe threat to global health with uncountable morbidities in Afric... more Urinary schistosomiasis is a severe threat to global health with uncountable morbidities in Africa including Nigeria where control interventions focused on children in public and private schools neglecting Almajiri children. This undermined control interventions as those infected contaminate the environments with infective stages of the parasite. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis amongst Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, Northwestern Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, socio-demographic data was collected in April 2020 on 206 consented Almajiri children in Silame and their urine samples were examined using the sedimentation method. The study showed a prevalence of 35.4% among the Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, Northwestern Nigeria. The highest prevalence was found among children within the age range 16-20 years (63.6%) while the lowest prevalence was among those in the age range 6-10 years (24.4%). There was a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis between the age groups (χ 2 = 11.637 a , df =3, p=0.002). Urinary schistosomiasis was prevalent among Almajiri children in the study area and parasite infection was associated with the participant's socio-demographic factors such as age, level of education, and water contact activities. Hence, the National Schistosomiasis Control Programs should incorporate the Almajiri children in the control interventions

Epidemiological studies have suggested that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a risk factor fo... more Epidemiological studies have suggested that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2; hence, this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of HCV antibodies among diabetic patients attending the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, north central Nigeria. One hundred and eighty (180) diabetic patients made up of seventy-five males (41.7%) and 105 females (58.3%) were recruited for the study. Structured questionnaire on demographic data and risk factors for HCV was administered to the participants. The sera of all the subjects were assayed for antibodies to HCV using a fourth generation Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. The overall prevalence of HCV infection among diabetic patients was 5.0%. Of the nine participants’ positive for HCV antibodies, three were males (1.7%), while six were females (3.3%). Although more female attended the diabetic clinic, there was no significant di...

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology, 2018

The use of immunofluorescence (IF) technique to detect and evaluate expression levels and localiz... more The use of immunofluorescence (IF) technique to detect and evaluate expression levels and localization of cellular proteins and other antigens of interest through the antibodies in their cellular or tissue context has become a standard approach among researchers. Optimizing primary antibody concentrations/ dilutions is an essential step in the fluorescent antibody staining protocol. The steps in IF staining are similar to those of the immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique. The use of IHC technique to determine the optimal working dilutions of primary antibodies for IF staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues sections can minimize time wasting and cumbersome approach of using direct IF single labeling using variable dilutions of both primary and secondary antibodies. We used IHC staining technique to determine the working dilutions of the respective primary antibodies by staining 3-µm sections of recommended positive FFPE tissue sections using 3 different dilutions of the primary antibodies and an isotype control (used at the highest concentration). Digital images of sections stained were reviewed in ImageScope by a Consultant Pathologist for positivity, intensity, and histologic distribution. We adopted the IHC predetermined optimal dilutions of primary antibodies to CD4, CD8, CD16, CD21, CD56, CD68, CD163, FOXP3, and PD1 to carry out IF staining of FFPE tissue sections. This approach has helped to remove the complexities associated with grappling with 2 unknown to optimize for both the primary and secondary antibodies using IF technique.

British Biotechnology Journal, 2015

Aims: This work aims to reduce the time of tissue processing, exclude xylene from tissue processi... more Aims: This work aims to reduce the time of tissue processing, exclude xylene from tissue processing as well as to reduce the total quantity of reagents used per cycle of paraffin wax processing technique. Stu dy Design : Harvesting and fixation of tissues. Grossing into triplicates, processing using three different techniques. Staining and grading of sections. Place and Duration of Study: Apparently healthy rabbits from the animal house, National Veterinary rese arch Institute, Vom, Jos, Nigeria, between August and December, 2014. Methodology: Two apparently healthy rabbits were sacrificed and the Trachea, Lungs, Heart, Liver, Kidney, Stomach, Skin, Brain, and the Spleen were harvested and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for

UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 2021

Urinary schistosomiasis is a severe threat to global health with uncountable morbidities in Afric... more Urinary schistosomiasis is a severe threat to global health with uncountable morbidities in Africa including Nigeria where control interventions focused on children in public and private schools neglecting Almajiri children. This undermined control interventions as those infected contaminate the environments with infective stages of the parasite. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis amongst Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, North-western Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, socio-demographic data was collected in April 2020 on 206 consented Almajiri children in Silame and their urine samples were examined using the sedimentation method. The study showed a prevalence of 35.4% among the Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, North-western Nigeria. The highest prevalence was found among children within the age range 16-20 years (63.6%) while the lowest prevalence was among those in the age range 6-10 years (...

Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 2019

Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important avian diseases. Virulent strains of Newc... more Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important avian diseases. Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have the potential of rapid spread, and may cause serious economic impact and international trade restrictions for the poultry industry. The objective was to study the clinical, gross and histo-pathological and immunohistopathological changes of Newcastle disease infection in apparently healthy and sick indigenous chickens, ducks, pigeons and some wild birds in Plateau State. Methodology: The indigenous chickens used in this study were randomly selected from apparently healthy and from those with suggestive clinical signs of ND. A total of 638 birds were used for the study. Out of the total number of birds sampled, 349 were indigenous chickens, 98 pigeons, 96 ducks and 95 from different species of wild birds. Out of the number sampled from indigenous chickens, 169 (44.01%) were live birds, while 180 (46.90%) were carcasses. Tissues were collected from indigenous...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES, 2019

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 2016

Cervical smear samples of one hundred (100) copper intra uterine contraceptive device (IUCD) user... more Cervical smear samples of one hundred (100) copper intra uterine contraceptive device (IUCD) users, attending family planning clinic in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching hospital (NAUTH) Nnewi, were collected and stained with Papanicolaou method. The subjects were categorized based on the duration of IUCD usage and samples collected using Ayres spatula with the aid of speculum. Smears were made on pre-labelled slides which were inserted immediately into jars of 95% ethanol fixative for 30 minutes, before staining by Papanicolaou method. Nineteen (19) percent showed abnormal changes while 81% had normal and benign changes. Moreover, 19% revealed perinuclear halo characteristic of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Only 6% of the subjects had gone for Pap smear test before. Pap smear test should be performed before insertion of IUCD.

Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology, 2015

Aims: To evaluate the quality of paraffin blocks produced using the microwave and without the use... more Aims: To evaluate the quality of paraffin blocks produced using the microwave and without the use of xylene. To evaluate the compatibility of the rapid microwave processing techniques on the histochemistry of collagen and muscle fibre as well as nuclear, cytoplasmic and extracellular components. Study Design: Harvesting and fixation of tissues in 10% formalin. Grossing into triplicates, processing using three different techniques, checking for retraction of blocks, checking the quality of paraffin ribbon, Staining using the Masson Trichrome technique, grading of section quality and staining characteristics. Methodology: Liver, kidney and oesophagus were harvested from an apparently healthy rabbit. Human cervix, prostate, testis and prostate were obtained. All samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, cut into triplicates and processed using the three techniques, sectioned and stained simultaneously using the Masson Trichrome technique and evaluated. Results: Processing cycles and reagent consumption per cycle were greatly reduced in the microwave techniques. Paraffin blocks as well as ribbons produced from the three techniques were of comparable quality. Though tissue integrity was comparable among the three techniques, the stroma of the cervix was better retained in the microwave with vacuum method. Dye uptake as well as section thickness were comparable among the three techniques. Nuclear, cytoplasmic and extracellular components presented with comparable histochemistry. Conclusion: The rapid microwave techniques are cheap and fast with good ribonning. Reagent toxicity is greatly reduced as xylene is excluded. Muscle fibre and collagen fibre histochemistry for the rapid microwave methods are comparable to that of the conventional method. Cervical stroma is better retained in the rapid microwave methods than in the conventional method of paraffin wax processing. Microwave techniques should be encouraged since they can help to produce quality paraffin section within the shortest time possible at a cheaper rate than the conventional method without compromising section quality and tissue histochemistry.

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2019

A study of Newcastle disease virus (NDVs) using molecular characterization in indigenous chickens... more A study of Newcastle disease virus (NDVs) using molecular characterization in indigenous chickens in Plateau State was carried out. The birds were obtained from three geographical locations in Plateau State. Three ribonucleic acids (RNAs) of Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) obtained from normal indigenous chickens, which were never vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) were characterized. These RNAs were named Lc 3, Lc 4 and Lc5, respectively. These three samples were genotypically analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers specific to the viral fusion (F) protein gene. The deduced amino acid sequences at the F0 of these three RNA between positions 112 and 117 were all the same. The three NDV RNA had phenylalanine (F) residue at position 117, confirming their high virulence to indigenous chicken in Plateau State, Nigeria. The existence of virulent NDVs in circulation in indigenous chicken could be a serious threat to commercial chicken. ...

Coccidiosis is a disease that is caused by protozoan parasite belonging to the subclass coccidia ... more Coccidiosis is a disease that is caused by protozoan parasite belonging to the subclass coccidia and family Eimeridae, developing within the intestine of most domestic and wild animals and birds. Seven species of Eimeria (E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. praecox and E. tenella) are recognized as infecting chickens. This study is part of the diagnostic investigations carried out to record the incidence of coccidiosis in chickens from different poultry farms sent to Central Diagnostic Laboratory of National veterinary research institute Vom Nigeria for diagnosis. The clinical signs observed include greenish, yellowish, brown bloody stool, inactivity, off feed, weight lost, huddling, drop in feed intake, drop in production, emaciation, comb and wattles pale, anemia and sudden death. Gross lessions include ballooned and haemorrhagic intestine while histopathological lesions revealed loss of epithelial tissue, congestion of blood vessels which indicated di...

Annual research & review in biology, 2016

British Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 2016

Aims: To utilise the laboratory microwave as an instrument for a faster, cheaper and reliable tis... more Aims: To utilise the laboratory microwave as an instrument for a faster, cheaper and reliable tissue processing in the paraffin technique, to establish a processing schedule that eliminates xylene and replace it with a suitable alternative. To check the effect of microwave processing techniques on glycogen reactions as well as tissue morphology. Study Design: Animal acquisition, sacrifice, harvesting and fixation of tissues. Grossing into triplicates, processing using three different techniques namely the conventional paraffin wax Original Research Article Ngokere et al.; BJAST, 12(2): 1-14, 2016; Article no.BJAST.19710 2 method, the microwave without vacuum method and the microwave with vacuum method. Staining using the PAS-Diastase as well as Haematoxylin and eosin staining techniques. Assessment and grading of morphology and staining characteristics. Place and Duration of Study: Apparently healthy rabbits from the animal house, National Veterinary research Institute, Vom, Jos, Ni...

Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology

The use of immunofluorescence (IF) technique to detect and evaluate expression levels and localiz... more The use of immunofluorescence (IF) technique to detect and evaluate expression levels and localization of cellular proteins and other antigens of interest through the antibodies in their cellular or tissue context has become a standard approach among researchers. Optimizing primary antibody concentrations/dilutions is an essential step in the fluorescent antibody staining protocol. The steps in IF staining are similar to those of the immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique. The use of IHC technique to determine the optimal working dilutions of primary antibodies for IF staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues sections can minimize time wasting and cumbersome approach of using direct IF single labeling using variable dilutions of both primary and secondary antibodies. We used IHC staining technique to determine the working dilutions of the respective primary antibodies by staining 3-µm sections of recommended positive FFPE tissue sections using 3 different dilutions of the primary antibodies and an isotype control (used at the highest concentration). Digital images of sections stained were reviewed in ImageScope by a Consultant Pathologist for positivity, intensity, and histologic distribution. We adopted the IHC predetermined optimal dilutions of primary antibodies to CD4, CD8, CD16, CD21, CD56, CD68, CD163, FOXP3, and PD1 to carry out IF staining of FFPE tissue sections. This approach has helped to remove the complexities associated with grappling with 2 unknown to optimize for both the primary and secondary antibodies using IF technique.

Aims: To determine the histopathological and biochemical effects of ethanolic crude extracts of N... more Aims: To determine the histopathological and biochemical effects of ethanolic crude extracts of Nauclea latifolia leaves, fruits, stem and root barks on the liver of Chinchilla rabbit. Study Design: This is an experimental study.

Aims: This work aims to reduce the time of tissue processing, exclude xylene from tissue processi... more Aims: This work aims to reduce the time of tissue processing, exclude xylene from tissue processing as well as to reduce the total quantity of reagents used per cycle of paraffin wax processing technique. Study Design: Harvesting and fixation of tissues. Grossing into triplicates, processing using three different techniques. Staining and grading of sections. 2 three days. They were grossed into triplicates, labeled and processed using the conventional, microwave without vacuum and microwave with vacuum respectively. They were sectioned and stained simultaneously using the haematoxylin and eosin staining technique as well as the Gordon and Sweet's method. They were graded as excellent if they permitted microscopy, fair if not very good but can permit microscopy and poor if they cannot permit microscopy at all. Results: There is a drastic reduction in the duration of processing as well as the quantity of reagents used in the microwave techniques as compared to the conventional met...

Archives of Current Research International, 2015