Francisco Torres Rojas - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Francisco Torres Rojas

PeerJ, 2021

Background Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth leading cause of death from neoplasms in women and ... more Background Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth leading cause of death from neoplasms in women and is caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Several methods have been developed for the screening of cervical lesions and HPV; however, some socio-cultural factors prevent women from undergoing gynecological inspection, which results in a higher risk of mortality from cervical cancer in certain population groups as indigenous communities. This study aimed to compare the concordance in HPV detection from urine and cervical samples, to propose an alternative to cervical scraping, which is commonly used in the cervical cancer screening. Methodology The DNA from cervical scrapings and urine samples was extracted using the proteinase K method followed by precipitation with alcohol, phenol andchloroform; a modification of the proteinase K method was developed in the management of urine sediment. Viral genotyping was performed using INNOLipa. Results The study population consisted of 108 pati...

Oncology letters, 2018

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical carcinoma (CC). Viral integ... more High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical carcinoma (CC). Viral integration into the host chromosomes is associated with neoplastic progression, and epigenetic changes may occur as a result. The objective of the present study was to analyze HPV L1 gene methylation and to compare the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), hybridization (ISH) and L1 methylation analysis as methods for detecting HPV integration. Cervical scrapes or biopsy samples positive for HPV 16 or 18, from 187 female patients with CC, squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) or no intraepithelial lesion (non-IL) were analyzed. Methylation of the L1 gene was determined using bisulfite modification followed by PCR, and HPV integration was subsequently analyzed. HPV 16 L1 gene methylation was revealed to increase with histological grade, with statistically significant differences observed as follows: Low-grade SIL vs. CC, P<0.0001 and non-IL vs. CC, P<0.0001. HPV 18 L1 ...

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2001

Plausible Clocks do not characterize causality [6] but, under appropriate circumstances, their ac... more Plausible Clocks do not characterize causality [6] but, under appropriate circumstances, their accuracy is close to vector clocks. This paper explores the effects that several factors have on the performance of these clocks.

En Matemática existen muchos problemas que involucran conjuntos. Generalmente, estos problemas es... more En Matemática existen muchos problemas que involucran conjuntos. Generalmente, estos problemas están relacionados con un grupo de elementos que deben cumplir una cierta propiedad. Por ejemplo, los conjuntos pitagóricos son aquellos de la forma {x,y,z}, con x<y<z tales que conforman una terna pitagórica: x2 +y2 =z2. Sin embargo, el algoritmo para determinar si un conjunto de cardinalidad 3 es pitagórico o no, es muy eficiente. En Computación Distribuida existen también problemas de conjuntos. Uno de ellos es el problema de los conjuntos imposibles de relojes vectoriales ([9]), que no se ha determinado si posee un algoritmo eficiente que lo resuelva

Biomimetics, 2022

Metabolic pathways provide key information for achieving a better understanding of life and all i... more Metabolic pathways provide key information for achieving a better understanding of life and all its processes; this is useful information for the improvement of medicine, agronomy, pharmacy, and other similar areas. The main analysis tool used to study these pathways is based on pathway comparison, using graph data structures. Metabolic pathway comparison has been defined as a computationally complex task. In a previous work, two new algorithms were introduced to treat the problem of metabolic pathway pairwise comparison. Here we provide an extended analysis with more data and a deeper analysis of metabolic pathway comparison as listed in the discussion and results section.

A lot of material has been written about wavelet theory. Most of these texts provide an elegant f... more A lot of material has been written about wavelet theory. Most of these texts provide an elegant framework from the functional and real analysis point of view. The complete infinite dimensional space (the set of all functions such that) is generally used to develop the theory, but this cannot be directly applied to computer software, because the concept of a non denumerable infinite set of vectors or functions is practically useless here. We provide foundations for a finite, linear-algebra based toolkit of wavelets that supply a rich set of tools that can be used to manage image processing, equalization and compression. We test a frequency criterion to design orthonormal wavelet generators and a multirresolution analysis. We show that this criterion can be easily interpreted graphically. Despite our approach only constructs orthonormal wavelet basis; we believe that this approach is general enough to explore possibilities in other computer graphic fields and solution of integer-diffe...

2018 XLIV Latin American Computer Conference (CLEI), 2018

As educators, we must design, prepare, proctor and grade hundreds of exams during their careers. ... more As educators, we must design, prepare, proctor and grade hundreds of exams during their careers. From this overwhelming task, we collect little or none objective evidence about the quality of the exams themselves. Thus, at most there is an intuitive learning about what characterizes a good or a bad exam. It is very likely that we blindly repeat in our exams rights and wrongs of the past. There exist metrics about the quality of an exam, and even metrics about the quality of each of the individual items in the exam. Using actual college courses, our research found experimental evidence that proves that it is possible to predict with great accuracy, parting from historical statistical data, the quality metrics that an exam will show even before applying it to a standard group of college students. With this result, we built an automatic system that generates "good" exams from an item bank enriched with statistical information from previous exams. Besides, powerful tools for a...

APUs (Accelerated Processing Units) are widely available in personal computers as low-cost proces... more APUs (Accelerated Processing Units) are widely available in personal computers as low-cost processors that have a CPU and an integrated GPU for displaying graphics, in the same die. Using a ray tracing algorithm as a computationally intensive workload and taking advantage of the APU specific characteristics, we compare the performance of this SoC against CPU and GPU solutions in the same price range.

Revista Tecnología en Marcha, 2020

El análisis de flujos metabólicos puede proporcionar información importante para una mejor compre... more El análisis de flujos metabólicos puede proporcionar información importante para una mejor comprensión de la vida y todos sus procesos, beneficiando directamente a áreas como la medicina, la agronomía, la farmacia y otras. Algunas de las principales herramientas utilizadas para estudiar y analizar las rutas metabólicas se han basado en la idea de la comparación de rutas metabólicas, utilizando estructuras de datos como grafos. Algunas de esas tareas se consideran problemas computacionales difíciles. Por otro lado, esas comparaciones aún no han tenido en cuenta el flujo metabólico como parte de la vía o proceso metabólico. Es decir, considerar cuánta cantidad de un metabolito pasa a través de un sistema de reacción con el tiempo. Proponemos aquí una forma simple de comparar rutas metabólicas utilizando su información de flujo relacionada mediante un método simple de comparación de rutas metabólicas introducido en 2017 y ajustándolo a grafos ponderados. Los algoritmos analizan los gra...

CLEI Electronic Journal, 2008

A lot of material has been written about wavelet theory. Most of these texts provide an elegant f... more A lot of material has been written about wavelet theory. Most of these texts provide an elegant framework from the functional and real analysis point of view. The complete infinite dimensional space (the set of all functions such that ) is generally used to develop the theory, but this cannot be directly applied to computer software, because the concept of a non denumerable infinite set of vectors or functions is practically useless here. We provide foundations for a finite, linear-algebra based toolkit of wavelets that supply a rich set of tools that can be used to manage image processing, equalization and compression. We test a frequency criterion to design orthonormal wavelet generators and a multirresolution analysis. We show that this criterion can be easily interpreted graphically. Despite our approach only constructs orthonormal wavelet basis; we believe that this approach is general enough to explore possibilities in other computer graphic fields and solution of integer-diff...

The images obtained by ray tracing are generally more realistic than those obtained by other algo... more The images obtained by ray tracing are generally more realistic than those obtained by other algorithms for graphics. However, given the number and complexity of the mathematical calculations that the ray tracing requires the implementation in software is considerably slower, it is not widely used for applica- tions requiring generation of graphics in real time. Considering the foregoing, the project

Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications

Abstract In systems that support disconnected operations, shared objects must be cached at client... more Abstract In systems that support disconnected operations, shared objects must be cached at client sites to ensure that the objects are accessible while the client is dis-connected. It is desirable that objects cached at a client site are mutually consistent with respect to the level of ...

Distributed Computing, 1999

In a Distributed System with N sites, the detection of causal relationships between events can on... more In a Distributed System with N sites, the detection of causal relationships between events can only be done with vector clocks of size N. This gives rise to scalability and efficiency problems for accurate logical clocks. In this paper we propose a class of logical clocks called plausible clocks that can be implemented with a number of components not affected by the size of the system and yet they provide good ordering accuracy. We develop rules to combine plausible clocks to produce more accurate clocks. Several examples of plausible clocks and their combination are presented. Using a simulation model, we evaluate the performance of these clocks.

Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing - PODC '99, 1999

Ordering and time are two different aspects of consistency of shared objects in a distributed sys... more Ordering and time are two different aspects of consistency of shared objects in a distributed system. One avoids conflicts between operations, the other addresses how quickly the effects of an operation are perceived by the rest of the system. Consistency models such as sequential consistency and causal consistency do not consider the particular time at which an operation is executed to establish a valid order among all the operations of a computation. Timed consistency models require that if a write operation is executed at time t, it must be visible to all nodes by time t +A. Timed consistency generalizes several existing consistency criteria and it is well suited for interactive and collaborative applications, where the action of one user must be seen by others in a timely fashion.

Tecnología en Marcha, 2013

2017 International Conference and Workshop on Bioinspired Intelligence (IWOBI), 2017

Metabolic pathways provide key information to achieve a better understanding of life and all its ... more Metabolic pathways provide key information to achieve a better understanding of life and all its processes; this is useful information for the improvement of medicine, agronomy, pharmacy and other similar areas. The main analysis tool used to study these pathways is based on the idea of pathway comparison, using graph data structures. Graph comparison has been defined as a computationally complex task. We propose two different approaches which simplify the problem of comparing pathways represented as graphs. The first algorithm consists in the transformation of a two-dimensional graph structure to a onedimensional structure, and thus aligning the corresponding data using a reduced 1D structure. The second algorithm consists in performing a pair analysis between graphs and thus eliminating all similarities, finally, showing these differences to the user. Our results show evidence of a quick, simple and effective way to resolve the described problem.

Subdivision is a method to create smooth surfaces through a refinable schema of polygonal or tria... more Subdivision is a method to create smooth surfaces through a refinable schema of polygonal or triangular meshes. From a mathematical point of view, this technique is an application of a second generation wavelet analysis. At the same time, this analysis is based on the lifting schema and does not use any frequency criterion to define scaling functions or wavelets. This simplifies computational cost. Yet, a frequency analysis applied to a polygonal mesh, can provide an intuitive method to modify surface characteristics by creating an analogy to one-dimensional sound equalization. These foundations can be useful not only as a surface generation tool, but they are also naturally associated to finite element techniques and can be applied to a wide variety of simulation problems.

In recent years, Web Caching has been considered one of the key areas to improve web usage effici... more In recent years, Web Caching has been considered one of the key areas to improve web usage efficiency. However, caching web objects proposes many considerations about the validity of the cache. Ideally, it would be valuable to have a consistent cache, where no invalid relationships among objects are held. Several alternatives have been offered to keep consistency in the web cache, each one being better in different situations and for diverse requirements. Usually, web cachers implement just one strategy for maintaining consistency, sometimes giving bad results if circumstances are not appropriate for such strategy. Given that, a web cacher where this policy can be adapted to different situations, will offer good results in an execution with changing conditions. A web caching architecture is proposed as a testbed for consistency models, allowing both timing and ordering issues to be considered.

Debris flows and hiperconcentrated flows are very destructive phenomena that cause damage, injure... more Debris flows and hiperconcentrated flows are very destructive phenomena that cause damage, injures and deaths to property and persons that live near rivers. Existing warning systems for these phenomena are based on fixed instrumentation on certain points of the river, or on remote, indirect measurements. As a result, the information that they provide is limited, neither real-time data about the advance of the flow trough the river, nor its velocity outside the fixed monitoring points is available. In this article, an architecture for a debris flows and hiperconcentrated flows detection method based on a wireless sensor network is proposed. This architecture is distributed and decentralized, since it does not depend on a central coordinator to decide on the presence or absence of the phenomenon. A roadmap for further research is also proposed, in order to solve challenges and problems that must be overcome in order to make possible an implementation of this architecture in a real wor...

CLEI Electronic Journal, 2018

Given a distributed system with several shared objects and many processes concurrently updating a... more Given a distributed system with several shared objects and many processes concurrently updating and reading them, it is convenient that the system achieves convergence on the value of these objects. Such property can be guaranteed depending on the consistency model being employed. Causal Consistency is a weak consistency model that is easy and cheap to implement. However, due to the lack of real-time considerations, this model cannot offer convergence. A solution for overcoming that problem is to include time aspects within the framework of the model. This is the aim of Timed Causal Consistency.

PeerJ, 2021

Background Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth leading cause of death from neoplasms in women and ... more Background Cervical cancer (CC) is the fourth leading cause of death from neoplasms in women and is caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Several methods have been developed for the screening of cervical lesions and HPV; however, some socio-cultural factors prevent women from undergoing gynecological inspection, which results in a higher risk of mortality from cervical cancer in certain population groups as indigenous communities. This study aimed to compare the concordance in HPV detection from urine and cervical samples, to propose an alternative to cervical scraping, which is commonly used in the cervical cancer screening. Methodology The DNA from cervical scrapings and urine samples was extracted using the proteinase K method followed by precipitation with alcohol, phenol andchloroform; a modification of the proteinase K method was developed in the management of urine sediment. Viral genotyping was performed using INNOLipa. Results The study population consisted of 108 pati...

Oncology letters, 2018

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical carcinoma (CC). Viral integ... more High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical carcinoma (CC). Viral integration into the host chromosomes is associated with neoplastic progression, and epigenetic changes may occur as a result. The objective of the present study was to analyze HPV L1 gene methylation and to compare the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), hybridization (ISH) and L1 methylation analysis as methods for detecting HPV integration. Cervical scrapes or biopsy samples positive for HPV 16 or 18, from 187 female patients with CC, squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) or no intraepithelial lesion (non-IL) were analyzed. Methylation of the L1 gene was determined using bisulfite modification followed by PCR, and HPV integration was subsequently analyzed. HPV 16 L1 gene methylation was revealed to increase with histological grade, with statistically significant differences observed as follows: Low-grade SIL vs. CC, P<0.0001 and non-IL vs. CC, P<0.0001. HPV 18 L1 ...

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2001

Plausible Clocks do not characterize causality [6] but, under appropriate circumstances, their ac... more Plausible Clocks do not characterize causality [6] but, under appropriate circumstances, their accuracy is close to vector clocks. This paper explores the effects that several factors have on the performance of these clocks.

En Matemática existen muchos problemas que involucran conjuntos. Generalmente, estos problemas es... more En Matemática existen muchos problemas que involucran conjuntos. Generalmente, estos problemas están relacionados con un grupo de elementos que deben cumplir una cierta propiedad. Por ejemplo, los conjuntos pitagóricos son aquellos de la forma {x,y,z}, con x<y<z tales que conforman una terna pitagórica: x2 +y2 =z2. Sin embargo, el algoritmo para determinar si un conjunto de cardinalidad 3 es pitagórico o no, es muy eficiente. En Computación Distribuida existen también problemas de conjuntos. Uno de ellos es el problema de los conjuntos imposibles de relojes vectoriales ([9]), que no se ha determinado si posee un algoritmo eficiente que lo resuelva

Biomimetics, 2022

Metabolic pathways provide key information for achieving a better understanding of life and all i... more Metabolic pathways provide key information for achieving a better understanding of life and all its processes; this is useful information for the improvement of medicine, agronomy, pharmacy, and other similar areas. The main analysis tool used to study these pathways is based on pathway comparison, using graph data structures. Metabolic pathway comparison has been defined as a computationally complex task. In a previous work, two new algorithms were introduced to treat the problem of metabolic pathway pairwise comparison. Here we provide an extended analysis with more data and a deeper analysis of metabolic pathway comparison as listed in the discussion and results section.

A lot of material has been written about wavelet theory. Most of these texts provide an elegant f... more A lot of material has been written about wavelet theory. Most of these texts provide an elegant framework from the functional and real analysis point of view. The complete infinite dimensional space (the set of all functions such that) is generally used to develop the theory, but this cannot be directly applied to computer software, because the concept of a non denumerable infinite set of vectors or functions is practically useless here. We provide foundations for a finite, linear-algebra based toolkit of wavelets that supply a rich set of tools that can be used to manage image processing, equalization and compression. We test a frequency criterion to design orthonormal wavelet generators and a multirresolution analysis. We show that this criterion can be easily interpreted graphically. Despite our approach only constructs orthonormal wavelet basis; we believe that this approach is general enough to explore possibilities in other computer graphic fields and solution of integer-diffe...

2018 XLIV Latin American Computer Conference (CLEI), 2018

As educators, we must design, prepare, proctor and grade hundreds of exams during their careers. ... more As educators, we must design, prepare, proctor and grade hundreds of exams during their careers. From this overwhelming task, we collect little or none objective evidence about the quality of the exams themselves. Thus, at most there is an intuitive learning about what characterizes a good or a bad exam. It is very likely that we blindly repeat in our exams rights and wrongs of the past. There exist metrics about the quality of an exam, and even metrics about the quality of each of the individual items in the exam. Using actual college courses, our research found experimental evidence that proves that it is possible to predict with great accuracy, parting from historical statistical data, the quality metrics that an exam will show even before applying it to a standard group of college students. With this result, we built an automatic system that generates "good" exams from an item bank enriched with statistical information from previous exams. Besides, powerful tools for a...

APUs (Accelerated Processing Units) are widely available in personal computers as low-cost proces... more APUs (Accelerated Processing Units) are widely available in personal computers as low-cost processors that have a CPU and an integrated GPU for displaying graphics, in the same die. Using a ray tracing algorithm as a computationally intensive workload and taking advantage of the APU specific characteristics, we compare the performance of this SoC against CPU and GPU solutions in the same price range.

Revista Tecnología en Marcha, 2020

El análisis de flujos metabólicos puede proporcionar información importante para una mejor compre... more El análisis de flujos metabólicos puede proporcionar información importante para una mejor comprensión de la vida y todos sus procesos, beneficiando directamente a áreas como la medicina, la agronomía, la farmacia y otras. Algunas de las principales herramientas utilizadas para estudiar y analizar las rutas metabólicas se han basado en la idea de la comparación de rutas metabólicas, utilizando estructuras de datos como grafos. Algunas de esas tareas se consideran problemas computacionales difíciles. Por otro lado, esas comparaciones aún no han tenido en cuenta el flujo metabólico como parte de la vía o proceso metabólico. Es decir, considerar cuánta cantidad de un metabolito pasa a través de un sistema de reacción con el tiempo. Proponemos aquí una forma simple de comparar rutas metabólicas utilizando su información de flujo relacionada mediante un método simple de comparación de rutas metabólicas introducido en 2017 y ajustándolo a grafos ponderados. Los algoritmos analizan los gra...

CLEI Electronic Journal, 2008

A lot of material has been written about wavelet theory. Most of these texts provide an elegant f... more A lot of material has been written about wavelet theory. Most of these texts provide an elegant framework from the functional and real analysis point of view. The complete infinite dimensional space (the set of all functions such that ) is generally used to develop the theory, but this cannot be directly applied to computer software, because the concept of a non denumerable infinite set of vectors or functions is practically useless here. We provide foundations for a finite, linear-algebra based toolkit of wavelets that supply a rich set of tools that can be used to manage image processing, equalization and compression. We test a frequency criterion to design orthonormal wavelet generators and a multirresolution analysis. We show that this criterion can be easily interpreted graphically. Despite our approach only constructs orthonormal wavelet basis; we believe that this approach is general enough to explore possibilities in other computer graphic fields and solution of integer-diff...

The images obtained by ray tracing are generally more realistic than those obtained by other algo... more The images obtained by ray tracing are generally more realistic than those obtained by other algorithms for graphics. However, given the number and complexity of the mathematical calculations that the ray tracing requires the implementation in software is considerably slower, it is not widely used for applica- tions requiring generation of graphics in real time. Considering the foregoing, the project

Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications

Abstract In systems that support disconnected operations, shared objects must be cached at client... more Abstract In systems that support disconnected operations, shared objects must be cached at client sites to ensure that the objects are accessible while the client is dis-connected. It is desirable that objects cached at a client site are mutually consistent with respect to the level of ...

Distributed Computing, 1999

In a Distributed System with N sites, the detection of causal relationships between events can on... more In a Distributed System with N sites, the detection of causal relationships between events can only be done with vector clocks of size N. This gives rise to scalability and efficiency problems for accurate logical clocks. In this paper we propose a class of logical clocks called plausible clocks that can be implemented with a number of components not affected by the size of the system and yet they provide good ordering accuracy. We develop rules to combine plausible clocks to produce more accurate clocks. Several examples of plausible clocks and their combination are presented. Using a simulation model, we evaluate the performance of these clocks.

Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing - PODC '99, 1999

Ordering and time are two different aspects of consistency of shared objects in a distributed sys... more Ordering and time are two different aspects of consistency of shared objects in a distributed system. One avoids conflicts between operations, the other addresses how quickly the effects of an operation are perceived by the rest of the system. Consistency models such as sequential consistency and causal consistency do not consider the particular time at which an operation is executed to establish a valid order among all the operations of a computation. Timed consistency models require that if a write operation is executed at time t, it must be visible to all nodes by time t +A. Timed consistency generalizes several existing consistency criteria and it is well suited for interactive and collaborative applications, where the action of one user must be seen by others in a timely fashion.

Tecnología en Marcha, 2013

2017 International Conference and Workshop on Bioinspired Intelligence (IWOBI), 2017

Metabolic pathways provide key information to achieve a better understanding of life and all its ... more Metabolic pathways provide key information to achieve a better understanding of life and all its processes; this is useful information for the improvement of medicine, agronomy, pharmacy and other similar areas. The main analysis tool used to study these pathways is based on the idea of pathway comparison, using graph data structures. Graph comparison has been defined as a computationally complex task. We propose two different approaches which simplify the problem of comparing pathways represented as graphs. The first algorithm consists in the transformation of a two-dimensional graph structure to a onedimensional structure, and thus aligning the corresponding data using a reduced 1D structure. The second algorithm consists in performing a pair analysis between graphs and thus eliminating all similarities, finally, showing these differences to the user. Our results show evidence of a quick, simple and effective way to resolve the described problem.

Subdivision is a method to create smooth surfaces through a refinable schema of polygonal or tria... more Subdivision is a method to create smooth surfaces through a refinable schema of polygonal or triangular meshes. From a mathematical point of view, this technique is an application of a second generation wavelet analysis. At the same time, this analysis is based on the lifting schema and does not use any frequency criterion to define scaling functions or wavelets. This simplifies computational cost. Yet, a frequency analysis applied to a polygonal mesh, can provide an intuitive method to modify surface characteristics by creating an analogy to one-dimensional sound equalization. These foundations can be useful not only as a surface generation tool, but they are also naturally associated to finite element techniques and can be applied to a wide variety of simulation problems.

In recent years, Web Caching has been considered one of the key areas to improve web usage effici... more In recent years, Web Caching has been considered one of the key areas to improve web usage efficiency. However, caching web objects proposes many considerations about the validity of the cache. Ideally, it would be valuable to have a consistent cache, where no invalid relationships among objects are held. Several alternatives have been offered to keep consistency in the web cache, each one being better in different situations and for diverse requirements. Usually, web cachers implement just one strategy for maintaining consistency, sometimes giving bad results if circumstances are not appropriate for such strategy. Given that, a web cacher where this policy can be adapted to different situations, will offer good results in an execution with changing conditions. A web caching architecture is proposed as a testbed for consistency models, allowing both timing and ordering issues to be considered.

Debris flows and hiperconcentrated flows are very destructive phenomena that cause damage, injure... more Debris flows and hiperconcentrated flows are very destructive phenomena that cause damage, injures and deaths to property and persons that live near rivers. Existing warning systems for these phenomena are based on fixed instrumentation on certain points of the river, or on remote, indirect measurements. As a result, the information that they provide is limited, neither real-time data about the advance of the flow trough the river, nor its velocity outside the fixed monitoring points is available. In this article, an architecture for a debris flows and hiperconcentrated flows detection method based on a wireless sensor network is proposed. This architecture is distributed and decentralized, since it does not depend on a central coordinator to decide on the presence or absence of the phenomenon. A roadmap for further research is also proposed, in order to solve challenges and problems that must be overcome in order to make possible an implementation of this architecture in a real wor...

CLEI Electronic Journal, 2018

Given a distributed system with several shared objects and many processes concurrently updating a... more Given a distributed system with several shared objects and many processes concurrently updating and reading them, it is convenient that the system achieves convergence on the value of these objects. Such property can be guaranteed depending on the consistency model being employed. Causal Consistency is a weak consistency model that is easy and cheap to implement. However, due to the lack of real-time considerations, this model cannot offer convergence. A solution for overcoming that problem is to include time aspects within the framework of the model. This is the aim of Timed Causal Consistency.