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Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into marketing has revolutionised this field, offering n... more Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into marketing has revolutionised this field, offering new avenues of innovation and efficacy. This study aims to unveil the prevailing trends and patterns within the current academic literature about AI applications in Marketing and propose future research directions. The study conducted a comprehensive review by analysing 2,255 articles from the Scopus database from 1980 to 2022, employing a Text Mining approach and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modelling. The findings suggest trends in research topics of Learning Models, Expert Systems, Natural Language Processing, Social Media, and Consumer Centricity. Outlier topics related to Health, Market Forecast, and Technology Impact on Youth have caught the researchers’ attention. The associated challenges and risks, ethical considerations, and practical implications were presented for each topic. This study develops literature on AI-driven marketing by unearthing the trend topics and suggesting a research agenda. At the same time, it offers actionable insights for businesses to enhance consumer engagement and ethical AI adoption in marketing practices.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This research examines the role that digital competence and the use of social networking sites (S... more This research examines the role that digital competence and the use of social networking sites (SNS) play in the workplace, focusing on female executives in the tourism sector. It analyzes the intersection between digital culture, technological innovation and its application in professional and everyday contexts. Despite the predominance of women in the sector, persistent gender gaps are observed in the workplace. It is argued that the domain of digital skills can act as a catalyst to mitigate these inequalities. The article offers an enriched definition of digital competence and examines its impact on job performance while addressing the risks and guidelines associated with the use of socio-digital networks. An analytical model is proposed to assess the job performance of female executives in tourism, focusing on digital technology and knowledge transfer. The results indicate a positive correlation between the versatile use of socio-digital networks and job performance. The importance of digital competence in the contemporary era is highlighted, and its implications for organizational culture, job satisfaction, academic performance and employee retention are discussed.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This study explores the growing significance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in tourism, for thei... more This study explores the growing significance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in tourism, for their current and potential applications. It aims to achieve two primary objectives: first, to develop a novel hetero-intelligence framework merging human and artificial intelligence (AI) to address contemporary sustainability challenges in tourism; second, to validate this framework by applying it to sustainable tourism planning, assessing LLMs' capabilities and limitations. The research employs a hetero-intelligence performance test, contrasting human intelligence and AI contributions in sustainable tourism planning with overtourism as a proxy challenge. Results showed that hetero-intelligence could effectively address sustainability issues in tourism, provided human and AI strengths and weaknesses are understood. LLMs proved useful in diagnosing and proposing solutions for sustainability-related issues. However, a rigorous methodological framework is essential to ensure unbiased outcomes. The research offers practical guidelines for applying this approach and significantly contributes to epistemological and empirical dimensions, providing valuable insights for researchers and tourism planners. The study calls for more empirical research to validate the methodology and explore ethical and legal dimensions, extending hetero-intelligence applications to broader sustainability challenges in tourism.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This work presents an analysis of the digitalisation of the tourism sector and evaluates the pote... more This work presents an analysis of the digitalisation of the tourism sector and evaluates the potential of this process for rural areas of the European Union (EU). To do this, we explore aspects of both the supply and demand of rural tourism, proposing a regression model that incorporates indicators that relate the advance of digitalisation with changes in the weight and characteristics of the sector in the regions with low population density included in the NUTS level 2. The research results indicate a positive relationship between the digitalisation of the sector and the supply of rural accommodation, as well as a positive impact on the demand for these facilities. In addition, the study has made it possible to address the potential competition between traditional accommodations and digital platforms, revealing that the greater use of digital platforms for reservations does not negatively affect hotel occupancy rates. The findings underline the importance of digitalisation in the development of rural tourism and suggest possible lines of political action for promoting digital platforms in rural areas.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This paper aims to address the current limitations in knowledge about e-democracy by establishing... more This paper aims to address the current limitations in knowledge about e-democracy by establishing the conceptual, intellectual, and social structure of scientific literature. Hence, this paper offers an in-depth bibliometric analysis of the literature that has addressed this reality since its first publication in 1983. The most important scientific databases currently used in the academic field were consulted to achieve this objective: Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus. In the case of WoS, 540 articles were identified, 572 in the case of Scopus. The results were harmonised to obtain a final 773 articles under study. This harmonisation of results from different databases is a differential element concerning other studies in which the analysis was carried out on a single database, thus reducing a global and homogeneous vision of the possible connections and interrelationships of the realities analysed. The information collected has been processed using the Bibliometrix tool, which provides information on annual scientific production, authors, journals, topics, keywords, etc. The processing and analysis of the results has made it possible to identify research trends in the area, establish relationships between them and detect future research opportunities for the e-democracy phenomenon.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

Visual metaphors are utilised in advertising campaigns to convey knowledge more imaginatively wit... more Visual metaphors are utilised in advertising campaigns to convey knowledge more imaginatively without sacrificing context. The current study investigates the feasibility of using visual metaphors in green advertising campaigns promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt. Using a mixed-method approach, the current study is conducted in two phases. Phase one analyses the 2021 campaign "A Civilisation Inspired by Nature," utilising a checklist and rhetorical analysis guided by an interpretivist approach. A positivist approach was then employed to collect quantitative data by statistically evaluating the responses provided by the participants on the checklist. Two distinct groups were purposefully chosen: individuals with diverse knowledge backgrounds and experts in history and heritage. To ascertain whether there were any statistically significant differences in the participants' interpretations of the metaphorical themes, we employed independent t-tests for sample analysis. The results show that the campaign successfully employs visual metaphors derived from ancient Egyptian culture to convey the significance of valuing nature and sustainability. Nevertheless, certain difficulties arose in comprehending the metaphorical themes. The current study offers practical insights for marketers on the utilisation of visual metaphors in green advertising campaigns that promote sustainable tourist practices.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This study explores the relationships between residents' attitudes in support of tourism, emotion... more This study explores the relationships between residents' attitudes in support of tourism, emotional solidarity with tourists and willingness to engage in pro-tourism behaviours. Residents' support for tourism hinges on their perceived benefits and costs, as influenced by theories such as the Social Exchange Theory and the Theory of Reasoned Action. Despite extensive research on residents' attitudes and tourism support, pro-tourism behaviours remain underexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating how residents' attitudes and emotional solidarity, including newly added indicators of interpersonal connection, impact their intentions for pro-tourism behaviours. Empirical data from a sample of 4,026 residents in the Algarve region, Portugal, were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of this study not only offer theoretical insights but also have practical implications for destination management. These findings underscore the importance of implementing internal marketing strategies that foster a welcoming and empathetic attitude among residents towards tourists. The study's results become directly relevant and beneficial to tourism by fostering a sense of connection and appreciation for tourists among residents.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

Previous studies have investigated brand love in restaurants but have not considered the dynamics... more Previous studies have investigated brand love in restaurants but have not considered the dynamics of online reviews about restaurant brands. To fill this gap, this study aims to understand how consumers with a high level of love towards restaurant brands defend them in the face of negative reviews on social media. This research, carried out in a Brazilian context, adopts a qualitative approach, analysing 3,979 customer reviews sourced from Instagram through sentiment and categorical content analysis. From the dimensions of brand love, the results showed that customers who love restaurant brands react to negative reviews about them on social media, expressing their positive emotional connection with the companies and acting as their defenders. The study shows that for the restaurant segment, it is relevant to have consumers who love the brand once they help mitigate the effects generated by negative comments online. Furthermore, the research highlights how brand love manifests in restaurant brands' digital context.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This study comprehensively reviews the literature since 2000 addressing contemporary tourism and ... more This study comprehensively reviews the literature since 2000 addressing contemporary tourism and hospitality research. The research conducted bibliometric analysis and topic modeling using R software encompassing over 18 thousand articles published in the top journals (first decile) according to the Scopus rankings. Our investigation determines the knowledge structure of research on tourism and hospitality and identifies current research trends through the intersection of the co-occurring themes and topic modeling topics. The impact of technological developments, the significance of sustainability in tourism practices, and the investigation of visitor behavior and decision-making processes are among the focal points. Furthermore, our study proposes directions for future research through the identification of a number of interesting avenues for further investigation that will fill in urgent shortages in the area. They include making tourism more inclusive and accessible, making use of cutting-edge technologies, and utilizing cultural diplomacy to improve the sustainability of tourism.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

Tourism Destination Image (TDI) is complex, dynamic and multidimensional by nature and shaped by ... more Tourism Destination Image (TDI) is complex, dynamic and multidimensional by nature and shaped by a multitude of events, interactions and sensory impressions, especially once the tourist is at the destination, generating tourists' engagement on social media networks. This study aims to measure the online destination image (ODI) portrayed in user-generated content (UGC) on social media by employing the sentiment analysis method. Data were extracted from Facebook and Instagram on the Visit Algarve social media profile. The Algarve region is situated in the south of Portugal and is one of Europe's most popular tourist destinations. The main results shed light on the relevance of intangible heritage experiences as triggers of positive feelings about the destination.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

The world is increasingly changing, with climate change, pandemics, and wars becoming key factors... more The world is increasingly changing, with climate change, pandemics, and wars becoming key factors. The recent pandemic devastated the tourism industry, leading to a sudden collapse of the global tourism economy. Historically disastrous situations are well known for their impact on innovations and technological advances. Therefore, in light of the idea that disasters can act as catalyst for innovation and transformation, the researchers attempted to conceptualise new strategies in destination development and management from a perspective of tourism destination resilience. The findings contribute to research and policy-making and culminate in identifying six dimensions, namely technology and digitalisation, business model innovation, partnerships and coordination, tourist behaviour, domestic tourism, and sustainability, that illuminate innovative and transformative tendencies in tourism resilience. The study's outcomes offer comprehensive knowledge for policymakers, business planners, and students describing the use of innovative ideas and resilience strategies to adapt to and counter sudden disasters and adopt transformational shifts in business.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This research explores the impact of authenticity and involvement on destination image, aiming to... more This research explores the impact of authenticity and involvement on destination image, aiming to comprehend visitor satisfaction, experience quality, re-patronage intentions, willingness to pay more, and word-of-mouth. Structural equation modelling was employed for analysis using data from 394 visitors to Side, Turkey. According to research findings, authenticity and involvement positively influence destination image. The findings demonstrate that developing re-patronage intentions, word-of-mouth recommendations, and willingness to pay more can be facilitated through experience quality and satisfaction. Also, it is proved that satisfaction is positively influenced by destination image. Moreover, authenticity and involvement positively influence destination image. According to research results, to increase willingness to pay, it is imperative to offer a high-quality cultural tourism experience, wherein tourists gain knowledge about the heritage destination and enjoy the experience while deeply engaging with the surroundings. Furthermore, public and private organisations should design visitor experiences that consider authenticity and involvement to enhance destination image and increase customer satisfaction.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This systematic literature review (SLR) explores current state-of-the-art artificial intelligence... more This systematic literature review (SLR) explores current state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) methods for forecasting hotel demand. Since revenue management (RM) is crucial for business success in the hotel industry, this study aims to identify state-of-the-art effective AI-based solutions for hotel demand forecasting, including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DP), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). The study conducted an SLR using the PRISMA model and identified 20 papers indexed in Scopus and the Web of Science. It addresses the gaps in the literature on AI-based demand forecasting, highlighting the need for clarity in model specification, understanding the impact of AI on pricing accuracy and financial performance, and the challenges of available data quality and computational expertise. The review concludes that AI technology can significantly improve forecasting accuracy and empower data-driven decisions in hotel management. Additionally, this study discusses the limitations of AI-based demand forecasting, such as the need for high-quality data. It also suggests future research directions for further enhancing AI forecasting techniques in the hospitality industry.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

The analysis of the impact of Community Based Tourism (CBT) has revealed a significant divergence... more The analysis of the impact of Community Based Tourism (CBT) has revealed a significant divergence in assessments. This paper aims to analyse the factors contributing to the observed "Duality Dilemma" in CBT projects. The research seeks to leave behind a simplistic binary perspective that categorises CBT solely as either beneficial or problematic. The paper identifies three key variables contributing to this dual perspective: a) the Context Variable, which displays how the outcomes of CBT projects m can vary based on the specific circumstances in which they are implemented; b) the Methodological Variable, which underlines the importance of developing long-term and longitudinal fieldwork to avoid a biased analysis based on the short-term observations; c) the Paradigm Variable which takes into account that the researcher's theoretical framework inevitably shapes their focus, potentially emphasising certain outcomes over others. Finally, the paper draws on empirical evidence based on a 30-year longitudinal ethnographic study conducted on Amantaní island (Lake Titicaca, Peruvian Andes).
Keywords: Community

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This study aimed to investigate the German hospitality industry to find out which resilient busin... more This study aimed to investigate the German hospitality industry to find out which resilient business strategies operational managers applied during the COVID-19 pandemic and which are considered viable for the future. Drawing on a multiple case study approach, semi-structured online expert interviews were conducted with twelve operational managers from certain sectors of the German hospitality industry. A manual qualitative content analysis was applied to analyse data and to identify resilient business strategies for the COVID-19 pandemic through an iterative coding process. The study results show that operational managers applied diverse resilient business strategies within six areas: grocery shopping, food processing and menu planning, work environment and workplace, guest and customer world, marketing and sales concepts and under prospective perspectives. The business strategies are resilient, as operational managers responded to the crisis in a situation- and organisation-specific manner and implemented transformative business activities. This study provides valuable insights for organisations, managers and practitioners in the different hospitality industry sectors by identifying resilient business strategies in times of crisis. It also highlights what business strategies are considered viable for the future, which could thus serve as a blueprint for the hospitality industry.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This study examines the effectiveness of a strategy designed to enhance destination perceived val... more This study examines the effectiveness of a strategy designed to enhance destination perceived value (PV) by raising tourists’ awareness and understanding of sustainability. The approach uses information and communications technologies—specifically, gamification—to design an environmental interpretation (EI) program for tourists. While the literature has tended to approach gamification from a systemic perspective, this study addresses a significant gap by adding the experiential dimension. The research (a) designs an EI program based on a holistic gamified approach that takes game objectives, features, the context of the application, and the participant experience into consideration; (b) measures the tourist’s perspective on the design to test whether it successfully generated a motivating and enjoyable (gameful) experience that could positively impact their behaviours; and (c) determines whether a gameful EI experience positively influences destination PV. The results show that the proposed strategy contributes to enhancing destination PV. The gamification of EI experiences is thus found to be a valid strategy for enhancing destination sustainability, tourist behaviours, and, ultimately, destination competitiveness.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

In recent years, it has become evident that gastronomic tourism plays a crucial role in destinati... more In recent years, it has become evident that gastronomic tourism plays a crucial role in destination development. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of a destination's gastronomy image on behavioral intentions toward that destination and to explore whether customer satisfaction potentially serves as a mediating factor. Within this context, we examined the effects of various components contributing to a destination's gastronomic image, such as culinary culture, food and beverage businesses, and gastronomy activities, on behavioral intentions. We also explored the mediating role of customer satisfaction using SPSS and AMOS software. The research findings conclusively show that a destination's gastronomy image significantly influences behavioral intentions, with customer satisfaction partially mediating this influence. Based on the study's results and comparative discussions, we offer recommendations to the relevant literature, destination management entities, businesses in the gastronomy sector, and tourism policy makers. It is anticipated that the implementation of these suggestions will enhance the gastronomic image of destinations, increase overall satisfaction levels, and consequently, boost behavioral intentions.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This study investigates the advantages and disadvantages of using robot guides and the challenges... more This study investigates the advantages and disadvantages of using robot guides and the challenges that tour guides may face when integrating these robotic assistants. Qualitative research methods were employed to explore the viewpoints of tourist guides concerning robotisation in the travel and tourism industry. Semi-structured interviews, conducted via video calls on an online platform with 20 different tourist guides, were selected as the primary data collection method. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data. The results revealed that the tourist guides who participated in the study generally held negative views on using robots in tourist guidance. They expressed scepticism about the immediate impact of robot guides on tourist guidance. However, there was a consensus that in the long term, the introduction of robot guides might reduce the number of human tourist guides. Therefore, this study suggests a collaborative approach between robots and human tour guides could yield mutually beneficial outcomes.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

The main aim of this article is to investigate the effect of perceived greenwashing on consumers'... more The main aim of this article is to investigate the effect of perceived greenwashing on consumers' purchasing behavior of eco-friendly products. Twelve research hypotheses were defined based on contributions from the literature. To test these hypotheses, a quantitative methodology was employed, collecting data through an online survey (N = 270) and using SmartPLS for analysis. The results confirm that perceived both perceived greenwashing and perceived risk have a negative influence on consumer attitudes. While their direct effects on purchase intention were found to be insignificant, both perceived greenwashing and perceived risk had a significant negative indirect effect on purchase intention through attitude. Additionally, it was confirmed that purchase behavior is positively affected by attitude and by willingness to pay more. These results contribute to addressing the limited knowledge regarding the impact of consumers' perceived greenwashing on their behavior, especially concerning different product types. Furthermore, they provide valuable insights for managers, highlighting the importance of mitigating greenwashing and risk perceptions associated with eco-friendly products due to their indirect negative impacts on purchase intention and behavior.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This article presents a bibliometric study that explores the connections between the literature o... more This article presents a bibliometric study that explores the connections between the literature on achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through financial inclusion using a relational approach. The findings highlight key publication trends, the most prolific countries, leading contributors, highly cited articles, and the most impactful journals in this field. Additionally, content analysis reveals four emerging areas of research: “financial technology and SDGs,” “social capital,” “microfinance and women empowerment,” and “green finance.” Based on these insights, the study recommends that managers prioritise adopting digital technologies to foster financial inclusion, build robust networks to enhance resilience, empower women through tailored financial products, and integrate the Sustainable Agenda 2030 into financial strategies. Organisations can promote inclusion, resilience, and sustainable growth by aligning with these evolving research domains while advancing the SDGs. The results aim to inspire and guide management and economic researchers toward achieving the SDGs and serve as a foundation for realising Agenda 2030 objectives.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2025

In the age of social networks, user-generated content has become vital for organizations in touri... more In the age of social networks, user-generated content has become vital for organizations in tourism and hospitality. Traditional sentiment analysis methods often struggle to process large volumes of data and capture implicit sentiments. This study examines the potential of Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) using Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance sentiment analysis. By employing GPT-4o via ChatGPT, we benchmark three approaches: a fuzzy logic-based method, manual human analysis, and a new ChatGPT-based analysis. We analyze a dataset of 500 all-inclusive hotel reviews, comparing these methods to assess ChatGPT's effectiveness in identifying nuanced language and handling subjectivity. The findings reveal a high similarity between ChatGPT and human analysis, showcasing ChatGPT’s ability to interpret complex sentiments and automate sentiment classification tasks. This study highlights the potential of LLMs in transforming customer feedback analysis, providing deeper insights, and improving responsiveness in the hospitality industry. These results contribute to academia by presenting a framework for using LLMs in ABSA and guiding future applications and development.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

Many studies have explored corporate social responsibility (CSR) outcomes in different contexts, ... more Many studies have explored corporate social responsibility (CSR) outcomes in different contexts, but few empirically examine its effects on brand reputation, employer branding, and performance, considering employees' perspectives, particularly in banking. Consequently, this study aims to examine how employees’ perceptions of CSR influence brand reputation, employer branding, and performance in the banking sector, highlighting the mediating role of brand reputation. A quantitative approach was applied using a questionnaire to collect data from employees working in different banks in Pakistan. 254 responses were collected and analysed using PLS-SEM. The findings indicated that CRS positively and significantly impacts brand reputation, employer branding, and performance. Both employer branding and performance are significantly affected by brand reputation, which in turn has a substantial intervening role in the connections between CRS and employer branding and performance. This study contributes to the extant literature on CRS within the banking sector. It provides practical contributions for managers and concerned stakeholders to better understand the consequences of CSR. Limitations and directions for further research are also provided.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

Domestic violence affects all social and economic classes and age groups, but this type of public... more Domestic violence affects all social and economic classes and age groups, but this type of public crime has traditionally not been linked to the workplace. This study sought to provide a new perspective on domestic violence by focusing on how it can be addressed in work contexts. Qualitative research was conducted based on a focus group to clarify what companies in Portugal's Algarve region know about this crime and its repercussions for the workplace. The results include recurring themes, such as domestic violence as a taboo subject, the difficulty of detecting this crime at work despite extant well-established indicators of this problem, its repercussions for teams, unawareness of specifically related labour laws and the need to train and inform workers. The findings also cover two emerging topics – corporate social responsibility and occupational health – as intervention areas. Given these results, an action plan was developed to be implemented in organisations in order to provide support to employees who are domestic violence victims.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

With the aim of investigating shared leadership in conjunction with team members’ proactive behav... more With the aim of investigating shared leadership in conjunction with team members’ proactive behaviours, the main focus of this study is on the role of job crafting and knowledge sharing, as well as psychological empowerment as a potential mediator in the process. A survey research design was utilised in this study to gather data from 186 highly technical and knowledge-based members of different teams of South Korean firms. The results indicated that shared leadership is effective in a team context, positively affects members’ job crafting and knowledge sharing in a team context, and strongly promotes psychological empowerment. Furthermore, we found the intermediary effects of psychological empowerment. As one of the first to theoretically clarify, this study empirically tests and proves that shared leadership is a crucial antecedent for motivation and positive behaviours of team members. With the enlightening findings, the study offers valuable implications for leaders and managers to manage teams effectively.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

This paper aims to understand the effect of content and digital influencer characteristics on the... more This paper aims to understand the effect of content and digital influencer characteristics on their persuasiveness ability and Generation Y's resulting brand attitudes and purchase intentions (Millennials). Based on a sample of 201 individuals and quantitative analysis, data was analysed using Smart PLS. The results show that the quality of the content is the characteristic with the highest impact on the influencer's persuasive power. In terms of influencer characteristics, trust is a critical determinant. The influencer's persuasiveness is essential for developing a positive attitude towards the brand and purchase intention. Our findings update previous studies, focusing on Generation Y and including trust as a variable while simultaneously revealing a fundamental determinant of influence power. For brands, this study confirms the importance of having digital influencers in their strategies. For influencers, it suggests that when targeting Generation Y, they should invest in the quality of their publications and increase trust, as this is strongly linked to their persuasiveness and, consequently, to the purchase intention of their followers.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2024

In international advertising, foreign languages often serve symbolic purposes, each associated wi... more In international advertising, foreign languages often serve symbolic purposes, each associated with distinct characteristics. This study explores whether recognising the language in advertising messages influences the company's perceived image and Word-of-Mouth (WOM). We used a between-subjects experimental design to select five languages as independent variables: Italian, Turkish, Russian, English, and French. An audio-only advertising message for a fictional company was created and translated into these languages. Native Spanish-speaking participants listened to the message in a foreign language and responded to inquiries about the advertised firm. The findings clearly demonstrate that recognising the language significantly impacts both company image and WOM. This underscores the nuanced role of language in shaping perceptions in international advertising. The study provides valuable insights into effective language choices for global advertising strategies, emphasising the necessity of linguistic considerations beyond mere comprehension. Recognising and leveraging the symbolic nature of languages can profoundly influence consumer perceptions and communication strategies across diverse linguistic contexts, contributing to the overall effectiveness of international advertising campaigns.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2023

E-leaders should encourage academics to manage their multi-dimensional work requirements and even... more E-leaders should encourage academics to manage their multi-dimensional work requirements and even to go beyond these requirements to innovate in their tasks and achieve sustainable development in educational institutions. This study aims to examine the relationship between e-leadership, innovative work behavior and proactive work behavior in the presence of work engagement as a mediator. Researchers implemented a quantitative methodology. This study used data from an online survey of 398 academics in Egyptian tourism higher education institutions. The results of structural equation modeling presented strong support for the proposed model. E-leadership has been proven to affect innovative and proactive work behavior among academic staff positively. Work engagement has shown an effective and significant mediating role between the examined variables. Further, the academic department was proven to moderate the relation between e-leadership and innovative work behavior, while age had no moderation effect in this relation. The study draws researchers’ attention to the role of e-leadership in helping academics to cope with the dynamic nature of research and education.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2023

There is an increasing concern regarding the potential misuse of ChatGPT-4 in compromising the in... more There is an increasing concern regarding the potential misuse of ChatGPT-4 in compromising the integrity of examinations and assignments. This study aims to examine the capabilities of ChatGPT-4 in critical thinking abilities, whether it poses a threat to examinations and assignments in higher education, and create a discussion agenda on this issue. ChatGPT-4 was asked to generate, answer, and criticize questions in tourism marketing, tourism management, tourism economics, tourist guidance, and gastronomy. The answers were evaluated according to universal critical thinking standards. The findings obtained from this study showed that ChatGPT-4 had commendable competence in several critical thinking standards and could produce human-like texts. However, there are certain domains that might be improved to comply more effectively with the expectations and norms of academia. Educators were recommended to use comprehensive approaches that combine technological and educational techniques to address the issue of cheating enabled by tools, such as ChatGPT-4, during assessment and exam processes.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2023

Workplace bullying has consistently been observed to have negative impacts on employee well-being... more Workplace bullying has consistently been observed to have negative impacts on employee well-being by researchers. In the field of bullying research, there hasn't been a study that integrates mediators and explains the nexus between the many different factors that have been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impact of bullying on workers' performance at hotels in North Cyprus and the mediating role played by emotional intelligence and psychological resilience. Data were randomly collected from 442 hotel employees, including those from five- and four-star hotels on the island. The data were analysed using descriptive analysis. Furthermore, the heuristic model was tested using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). According to the results, workplace bullying significantly and negatively influences an employee's performance. Secondly, emotional intelligence and psychological resilience positively mediated the relationship between bullying and performance among TRNC hotel employees. More cross-cultural and longitudinal research is needed to determine if these mediators have an enduring effect over time and across different cultures.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2023

The purpose of this paper is to extend the knowledge on the relationships between internal market... more The purpose of this paper is to extend the knowledge on the relationships between internal marketing (IM), job satisfaction, organisational commitment, organisational trust, and job performance, by proposing and testing a model describing the impact of IM on these employees’ attitudes and behaviours. The data collection was carried out using a questionnaire applied to employees of the Portuguese local public sector (namely the five Municipalities of Alto Tâmega region). A total of 565 valid questionnaires were obtained and treated using structural equation modelling. The results show that IM positively and directly influences job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and organisational trust, but do not directly influence job performance. Job performance is influenced by organisational commitment and organisational trust, but not by job satisfaction. However, the indirect effect of job satisfaction on job performance, mediated by organisational commitment and trust, is significant. In turn, job satisfaction directly influences organisational commitment, which, in turn, has a direct impact on organisational trust. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that a study of the relationship between IM and organisational trust has been conducted in the Portuguese local public sector context. Hopefully, the results obtained will significantly contribute to the development of the investigation of the effects of IM on this sector and to future research studies on internal marketing and public management.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2023

This study examined the relationship between job boredom and life satisfaction among recreation a... more This study examined the relationship between job boredom and life satisfaction among recreation and leisure professionals. Data was collected from 346 members of Florida Recreation and Parks Association. A set of regression analyses were used to find out if job boredom improved the prediction of life satisfaction and differences in demographic variables among recreation and leisure professionals. The findings suggest that job boredom is a negative predictor of life satisfaction. Recreational professionals who experience boredom at work were less likely to be satisfied in their lives. Age and years in the recreation profession were significantly related to job boredom of recreation and leisure professionals. Older and more experienced professionals were less likely to get bored at the workplace than younger and less experienced ones. Suggestions were made based on the results of the study. It is implied that administrators may develop appropriate decisions to reduce job boredom levels, increase job satisfaction, and improve individuals’ life satisfaction by examining which employees feel boredom in the workplace.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2022

The main purpose of this study is to determine the visual contents that should be used in food bu... more The main purpose of this study is to determine the visual contents that should be used in food business websites by neuromarketing measurement. It is inevitable that the visual content planning to be made on a website will increase the experience performance of the users on that website. In this research, an experimental design was planned, and two websites were created from twenty-eight visual content items obtained from the literature. By creating the experimental procedure, an experimental area was prepared for eight subjects, and websites were shown to them. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye-tracking measurements were taken over the websites shown during the experiment. The results revealed that the experiment1 website using structured visual contents was more efficient on attention, higher concentration, and total fixation. The findings revealed that the anxiety level of the experiment2 website, which used unplanned visual contents, was more pronounced for the subjects. In light of the findings obtained in this study, professionals can create visual contents that they use on food business websites much more efficiently.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2022

Guerrilla marketing suggests using creative and unexpected messages and channels to stand out in ... more Guerrilla marketing suggests using creative and unexpected messages and channels to stand out in the marketing communication crowd. Despite practitioners' growing interest in the topic, the contributions in the literature are still scarce. This study aims to explore the impacts of guerrilla marketing campaigns on Facebook on brand image and content sharing intentions. Mixed-method research was adopted. The first phase was more exploratory and used focus groups to analyze consumers' perceptions and responses to guerrilla marketing campaigns. It was followed by a quantitative study of 256 Portuguese consumers that answered an online survey after being exposed to a guerrilla marketing campaign on Facebook. Results suggest that customer interaction with guerrilla marketing on Facebook depends on content's characteristics, namely the message appeal. While humour appeal enhances the relationship with customers by increasing the level of interaction, negative appeals (e.g., perceived as offensive) generate adverse reactions. This study also shows that frequent Facebook users are more predisposed to interact with guerrilla marketing content.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2022

Despite the growing interest in consumption experience, literature claims for a unifying perspect... more Despite the growing interest in consumption experience, literature claims for a unifying perspective, combining elements from consumers and marketers, depicting the complexity of this phenomenon. This article addresses this research gap and aims to develop a literature review on consumption experience, drawing its social and intellectual structure, and set a research agenda. In a hybrid literature review composed of bibliometric analysis and a systematic review, we examined 90 papers from high-quality journals on business and management areas. Findings indicate six research interests: escape experiences, virtual experiences, customer journey, customer experience innovation, service experience, and customer experience management. This analysis led us to draw a research agenda composed of the main gaps in consumption experience, engendering the main contribution of this paper. The future of this literature must consider developments in escape experiences, online customer experience, service experience, customer experience management, and the intersection between these themes.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2023

Airbnb is one of the fastest-growing businesses within the sharing economy. In this online market... more Airbnb is one of the fastest-growing businesses within the sharing economy. In this online marketplace, hosts can list their spare rooms, apartments, or houses as accommodation for Airbnb guests in return for money. Since customers tend to be careful when booking a stranger's house, trust is one of the most important elements of Airbnb. One concrete way of establishing trust is self-disclosure. This study explored online marketplaces such as Airbnb and their users with a framework on how self-disclosure in personal descriptions can be used to increase booking intention. An online experimental survey with two conditions was conducted (implicit vs. explicit host self-disclosure). There were 129 Dutch participants and 71 Chinese participants from China. Contrary to our expectations, implicit language in self-disclosure by the Airbnb host led to more trust than explicit language. Airbnb guests from the Netherlands had higher booking intentions and more trust in the Airbnb host after reading an implicit self-disclosure compared to guests from China. These cultural differences disappeared with the explicit self-disclosure profile.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2021

In this study, we assess the main determinants of banks' profitability in Portugal over the perio... more In this study, we assess the main determinants of banks' profitability in Portugal over the period 2015–2018. We divide the factors that can influence bank profitability into several groups: management quality, credit quality, capital adequacy, liquidity (internal bank factors), and GDP growth (an external factor). The panel dataset is composed of annual report data for the 18 major banks operating in Portugal, representing about 98% of the Portuguese banking product. Profitability has been a persistent challenge for banks since the global financial crisis. Moreover, the Portuguese banking system had been facing several structural problems, which makes this topic particularly relevant. The profitability proxy used is the return on equity (ROE). The empirical strategy followed was pooled OLS. Variables relevant for explaining Portuguese banks' profitability are capital adequacy, liquidity and credit risk. As expected, the results show that capital adequacy (TIER 1) and credit quality (CVCT) have a negative and significant impact on banks' profitability, whereas liquidity (RAL) has a positive impact.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2020

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between brand personality and customer ... more The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between brand personality and customer relationship perception in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. We performed a survey with 283 Brazilian visitors of Disney parks, using Structural Equation Modeling. Brand personality, the second-order factor, was formed by first-order factors (Credibility, Joy, Sophistication, Audacity and Sensitivity), all of them with positive effects on customer relationship perception. The prediction was 29%, considered a great effect. Hence, we confirm the relation between brand personality and relationship perception and the Credibility dimension as the main driver of long-term relationships in the T&H sector. Our discussion contributes to the body of knowledge of relationship marketing and branding, especially in identifying the nature of the relationship between these marketing variables. Research on brand management can benefit from our results since they put light into the interaction between brand and customers, and the main aspects sustaining these interactions.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2019

The retail industry's ability to create satisfactory experiences for consumers remains to a consi... more The retail industry's ability to create satisfactory experiences for consumers remains to a considerable degree in the hands of management and retail staff. This research's central purpose was to validate an instrument that assesses the perceived quality of service, brand image, customer satisfaction and loyalty to traditional retail stores in Portugal. The findings suggest that the scale's 28 items can be grouped into four main dimensions and applied to Portuguese traditional retail businesses with good results. In addition, this questionnaire can be a useful tool for traditional retail stores seeking to understand customers' perceptions. The assessment scale also facilitates the ongoing search for customer satisfaction and loyalty by revealing their drivers and moving traditional trade further along the path towards quality service and better brand image. These strategies, in turn, are reflected in excellent organisational performance and higher profitability. A capacidade de criar uma experiência agradável para o consumidor permanece, em grande medida, nas mãos da gerência e da equipa comercial. O objetivo central desta investigação é validar um instrumento para avaliar a qualidade de serviço percebida, a imagem de marca, a satisfação e a lealdade do cliente às lojas de comércio tradicional, em Portugal. Os resultados sugerem que os 28 itens da escala podem ser agrupados em quatro dimensões principais e também podem ser aplicados com confiança ao retalho tradicional Português. Adicionalmente, este estudo pode ser considerado uma ferramenta útil para as lojas de comércio tradicional, ajudando-as a diagnosticar as perceções dos clientes, numa busca contínua pela satisfação e lealdade dos clientes, e ainda para indagar sobre os fatores que fomentam essas mudanças, caminhando rumo ao serviço de qualidade e à imagem corporativa, que se refletem em excelente desempenho organizacional e maior rentabilidade. Palavras-chave: SERVPERF, imagem de marca, satisfação, lealdade, retalho português.

Tourism & Management Studies, 2019

This study’s primary objective was to examine ruminative thought style and workplace ostracism’s ... more This study’s primary objective was to examine ruminative thought
style and workplace ostracism’s effects on hotel employees’ turnover
intention. A secondary objective was to investigate these effects
through the mediator role of organisational identification. The data
were collected by convenience sampling between 1 June and 1
October 2018 from employees of 12 5-star hotel businesses in
Bodrum, Turkey, yielding 432 valid survey forms. The results show
that ruminative thought style and workplace ostracism increase hotel
employees’ turnover intention, while organisational identification
decreases it. In addition, the latter variable plays a significant
mediating role between ruminative thought styles and turnover
intentions. Thus, managers need to create good working
environments, support and participate in social activities with their
team, make employees feel that they are a part of their organisation
and frequently reiterate that each team member is valued.

Tourism & Management Studies

Make or buy in the hotel marketing department: transaction costs, financial and relational perfor... more Make or buy in the hotel marketing department: transaction costs, financial and relational performance Hacer o comprar en el departamento de marketing del hotel: costes de transacción, resultado financiero y relacional Abstract The outsourcing of hotel marketing is one of the strategic decisions that can help hotels manage the distribution channels more efficiently. This study analyzes the factors determining the outsourcing of hotel sales and marketing activities. It uses the transaction costs framework, complemented by the analysis of performance costs and quality. In this context, the possible impact of outsourcing the marketing department on relational and financial performance is analyzed. The results of the study clearly show a close relationship between these variables and current outsourcing. In addition, the increase in outsourcing is determined by low relational quality. These results lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to create new systems and procedures in sales and marketing activities to offer new competitive solutions through outsourcing. Resumo La externalización del marketing hotelero es una de las decisiones estratégicas que pueden ayudar a los hoteles a gestionar los canales de distribución de manera más eficiente. Este estudio analiza los factores que determinan la externalización de las actividades de ventas y marketing del hotel. Para ello se usa el marco de costes de transacción, complementado por el análisis de los costes y la calidad del desempeño. En este contexto, se analiza el posible impacto de la externalización del departamento de marketing en el resultado relacional y financiero. Los resultados del estudio muestran claramente una estrecha relación entre estas variables y externalización actual. Además, el aumento de la subcontratación está determinado por una baja calidad relacional. Estos resultados llevan a la conclusión de que es necesario crear nuevos sistemas y procedimientos en las actividades de ventas y marketing para ofrecer nuevas soluciones competitivas a través de la externalización.